Technological changes have opened up new opportunities for historical research, which call for new methodologies to fully realise these opportunities. This paper presents the four-step interactive photo timeline analysis we developed to analyse large volumes of historical photographs from both a quantitative and qualitative perspective. We present the results of a case study (regarding both street design and street use in Vienna from 1860 to 1949) in which we utilised interactive photo timeline analysis. The geographical research scope was limited to the streets around the Vienna Opera: street use and street design were analysed from the perspective of the street as transportation space and as urban living space. The development of the interactive photo timeline analysis methodology and the case study analysis benefited greatly from the interdisciplinary nature of the research team.

De nombreuses œuvres plastiques sont nées d'une réflexion théorique et pratique influencée par les questions politiques et sociales. Hormis des différences dans les procédés utilisés, elles sont fédérées par un esprit de rébellion et de contestation. A travers l'examen des rapports entre l'art et la culture populaire, le street art et les phénomènes socio-critiques dans la société de consommation, notre sujet est organisé sur trois axes en quatre parties. Notre intention première va montrer que les artistes modernes ont découvert la valeur artistique des graffitis et de certaines expressions anonymes inscrites sur les murs avec un caractère intellectuel. Ensuite, nous explorerons le sujet dans la perspective de la culture populaire, du regard critique sur l'époque, et de certains critères plastiques qui ont eu de l'influence sur les street artistes en France. Enfin, dans les troisième et quatrième parties, nous étudierons les querelles posées quant à la fonction sociale de l'œuvre d'art, le rôle de l'artiste, le problème éthique de l'artiste, et la valeur artistique véritable dans la culture industrielle et l'art commercial, en déroulant le panorama des activités des street artistes. C'est sur le fondement de cette hypothèse que nous nous sommes posé la question des contenus sociaux/critiques de ce street art et de ses rapports avec la sphère socio-critique qui, lui, est une représentation de l'ère contemporaine. Quant aux deux axes de « la valeur artistique » et de « l'acte rebelle », traitant de la modernité propre à l'art contemporain et des rapports qu'elle entretient avec la vision critique, ceux-ci fondent le mouvement street art, le caractère rebelle ou activiste de cet art et son approche critique du monde de l'art ou de notre société étant indispensables à sa survie en tant que tel. Les méthodologies visent à analyser et à critiquer l'influence politique et sociale de l'image de telle sorte qu'elles permettent de réfléchir sur le champ pratique et théorique de notre étude. / Many plastic works were born from a theory and practice influenced by political and social issues. Apart from differences in the methods used, they are united by a spirit of rebellion and contestation. We examined the relationship between art and popular culture, street art and socio-critical phenomenon of this period. Our hypothesis is that this relationship can be defined by the concept of street art, understood as an artistic practice whose connotations are both aesthetic and social a critique and order. It is on the basis of this hypothesis that we questioned the social content / critique of street art and its relationship with the socio-critical sphere which is a representation of the contemporary era. Our first intention was to show, through the graffiti testimony that the modern artists discovered the artistic value of graffiti and some anonymous registrant walls with intellectual expression. Then, this part concerns the prospect of popular culture, critical look at the age and plastics criteria that have had an influence on the street artists in France. Finally, the third and fourth parts deepen the street art movement that became the graffiti art in the history of contemporary art. We study the quarrels offered by the social function of works of art, the ethical problem of the artist's work social function, role, and real artistic value in the industrial culture and commercial art, unrolling a panorama of street artists activities. The two axes of “the artistic value” and “rebellious act”, dealing with contemporary art and its relationship with its critical vision of modernity, those are the foundation of the street art movement, which activist and rebel practice, as an art, and a critical approach towards the art world or our society are essential to its survival as it is. This subject will therefore give us the opportunity to question the true art in our society, a consumer society. Any image that is concerned with the meaning of the pictorial discourse is contentious and feeds on cultural and political antagonisms.

Nas duas últimas décadas, o graffiti se impôs como um elemento visual das metrópoles brasileiras. Passou a povoar a rotina urbana e, num embate por espaços, vem disputando a visibilidade pública com as cores dos edifícios, as placas de sinalização e outros elementos da comunicabilidade urbana. E o faz mudando a sua proposta e original essência. Este trabalho procura documentar a trajetória do graffitti de meados da década de 1960 até às vésperas da conclusão da pesquisa, em 2011, acompanhando a sua transformação \"do subversivo ao consagrado\". Através da narrativa visual pontuada por uma seleção de 400 fotografias de autoria do pesquisador, destaca-se, em especial, a cidade de São Paulo, onde o trabalho dos grafiteiros vem despertando interesse mundial e não apenas entre adeptos, simpatizantes e editoras especializadas. O graffiti tem sido um interessante campo de estudo para críticos de arte, antropólogos, semiólogos, etc., porém, é na visualidade urbana que tem o maior impacto. / In the last two decades, graffiti has established itself as a visual element of the metropolis in Brazil. It became part of the urban routine, and in a dispute for space has been struggling for public visibility with building colors, traffic signs and other elements of urban communicability. And it does so by changing its intent and original essence. This paper seeks to document the trajectory of graffiti from the mid 1960s to the conclusion of the research, in 2011, following its transformation \"from subversive to acclaimed\". By means of a visual narrative marked by a selection of 400 photographs taken by the researcher, the city of São Paulo is emphasized, where graffiti is attracting worldwide attention and not only among supporters, sympathizers and specialized publishers. Graffiti has been an interesting field of study for art critics, anthropologists, semiologists, and scholars in general, but the greatest impact of this street art is on the urban scene.

A relação entre os aspectos fílmicos e lúdicos dos jogos vão muito além da palavra videogame. Essa terminologia frente à humanidade é muito recente, apenas com algumas dezenas de anos, porém, trata-se de algo que converge em símbolos, técnicas e práticas, revestindo tais itens contemporâneos e impactando a sociedade significativamente. Logo, configura-se como um objeto de estudo capaz de promover reflexões diversas. No caso desta pesquisa, consideramos que nessa expressão do ato de jogar existe muito de game e pouco de vídeo. As abordagens focando as narrativas e as mecânicas muitas vezes deixam uma lacuna referente aos processos audiovisuais. Em função desta observação, foi realizado um estudo de cunho hipotético-dedutivo e metapórico preconizando uma visão integradora de três métodos distintos: a Ludologia, a Narratologia e a Linguagem Audiovisual. A motivação do título escolhido para o estudo de caso, Super Street Fighter IV, ocorreu por ser um jogo popular, dentro de um gênero típico de jogabilidade, que há mais de duas décadas se reinventa para agradar os fãs. Além disso, dialoga diretamente com temas culturais (costumes asiáticos e artes marciais) e temas cinematográficos (filmes de luta e o ícone representado por Bruce Lee). O estudo focou os resultados visando contribuir para uma compreensão do videogame, de modo que a pesquisa realizada pudesse trazer parâmetros tanto para aprofundar elementos presentes em sua linguagem quanto para o desenvolvimento de questões de ligadas à sua realização. / The relation between cinematographic and ludic aspects of games go well beyond the Word videogame. This term is very recent in human history, having appeared only a few decades ago. However, it is something the converges in symbols, techniques and practices, labelling these contemporary items and significantly impacting society. For this reason, it presents itself as a study subject that is capable of promoting diverse reflections and discussions. In this research, we considered that in this expression of the act of playing there is much more game than video. Approaches that focus on narratives and mechanics often don\'t refer to audiovisual processes. Based on this observation, we devised a hypothetic-deductive, and metaphoric study that considers three distinct methods: Ludology, Narratology, and Audiovisual Language. The motivation behind the chosen subject of study, Super Street Fighter IV, comes form it being a popular game, from a genre that is mainly based on playability, with more than two decades of reinvention in order to please fans. Besides, it directly dialogs with cultural (Asiatic costumes and martial arts) and cinematographic themes (fight movies and the popular icon Bruce Lee). The study focused the results in order to contribute to a comprehension of video-games, in a way that the research could bring parameters both to deepen elements that help better understanding this language, and to aid the development of questions concerned to realization.

Orientador: Eduardo Barros Mariutti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T16:05:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marchetto_BrunoQueiroz_M.pdf: 758262 bytes, checksum: f469466ab46d60dbac7a54b69302d82d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Os efeitos da chamada "Era da Catástrofe" (1914-45) demandaram uma reforma radical nas diretrizes que nortearam a economia mundial no fim do século XIX: o laissez faire cedeu lugar à imposição de controles sociais sobre o mercado, orquestrados em grande medida pelos EUA. A materialização disto, no plano monetário-financeiro, foi à criação do sistema de Bretton Woods. Coube ao plano Marshall, mediante uma expansão da liquidez, dar o impulso inicial aos "Anos Dourados", fase de extraordinário crescimento econômico amparado pela busca do pleno emprego e pela sustentação da demanda. Os anos 1970 marcam a desarticulação deste arranjo internacional. Pretendemos analisar a estratégia monetário-financeira articulada pelos EUA no início da década de 1970, o que, no médio prazo, possibilitou a restauração de sua posição dominante no cenário internacional, promovendo, de forma correlata, a difusão do neoliberalismo e da financeirização. O ponto-chave de nossa análise está nas medidas adotadas pelos EUA para deslocar para seus "aliado-rivais" (Europa Ocidental e Japão) e para a periferia os efeitos adversos do "choque do petróleo", fato que tornou possível restaurar a sua liderança nos setores de ponta da indústria, que caracterizaram a Terceira Revolução Industrial. Partimos da hipótese que os EUA usaram fundamentalmente do seu poder político para deslegitimar as instituições multilaterais (o FMI e OCDE) que poderiam ter sido mobilizadas para conter a crise / Abstract: The "age of catastrophe" (1914-45) effects demanded radical reforms on the guidelines which shaped the world economy in the last years of the nineteenth century: the laissez faire was replaced by the imposition of social controls to the market mechanisms, process which was led, to a great extent, by US. The reflects of this movement, in the monetary and financial fields, was the creation of the Bretton Woods System. The Marshall Plan, through a liquidity expansion, gave the initial impulse to what came to be known as "the golden age of capitalism", a period of extraordinary economic growth characterized by the seek of the full employment and by the demand sustainment. The seventies began with the disarticulation of this international arrangement. We pretend to analyze the financial and monetary strategy articulated by the US in the begging of the seventies, what, in the middle run, made possible to this country to restore its dominant position on the international scenario, promoting, moreover, the neoliberalism diffusion and the "financialization" process. Our key point in this paper is the movements adopted by the US in order to dislocated to its "allies-rivals" (Western Europe and Japan) and to the periphery the adverse effects of the First Petroleum Chock (1973). The hypothesis assumed here is that the US basically used its political power to weaken the legitimacy of the multilateral institutions (the IMF and OEDC), which could have been mobilized to restrain the crisis / Mestrado / Historia Economica / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

M.A. / The aim of organizations working with street children is to reunite the children with their families and communities. Previous research pertaining to street children has focused on the causes and extent of the street child phenomenon, life on the streets, programmes for street children, and host communities (localities where children sleep on the streets). The focus of this study is on source communities (neighbourhoods where the children’s families are located). The attitudes of source communities towards children who are returning to their families is indicative of the level of support these children are likely to experience within the community. The aim of this study has been to explore the attitudes of role-players within a source community towards former street children. The role-player groups identified for the study were educators, neighbours, youth groups, church groups, peers and spaza shop owners. These role-players were perceived as the ones that the children were likely to interact with directly. Focus group discussions were held with educators, neighbours, youth group representatives, church group representatives and peers. Individual interviews were held with spaza shop owners for logistical reasons. For the purpose of this study the concept “attitudes” was understood as having both cognitive and affective components. The study took place in Refilwe, a satellite of Cullinan. The conclusions drawn from this study were as follows: 1. Attitudes towards former street children seem to be based on participants’ perceptions of children living on the streets. 2. Lack of accurate information about street children contributed to the rejection and labelling of the children. 3. There was a widespread assumption that street children inevitably become involved in crime. 4. Fears were expressed that children returning from the street would influence other children in the community negatively. 5. There was ambivalence about whether or not the child could be trusted once he returned home. 6. Participants believed that it was important for the child to return home. 7. Several role-players were identified as being responsible for the child’s well-being and his reintegration into the community. 8. The return of former street children was perceived as an additional burden on an already under-resourced community. 9. Participants perceived a need for programmes to prepare the child, the family and the community. The following recommendations were made: 1. A survey of the attitudes of other source communities would be useful in identifying common themes. 2. Organizations working with street children need to organize awareness campaigns in order to educate source communities about street children. 3. It is important to involve the community in the preparation for the children’s return home 4. Community development programmes are needed in Refilwe. Employment opportunities and additional resources would increase the community’s capacity to care for vulnerable groups. 5. A full-time social service office needs to be established in Refilwe. The focus group discussions unleashed the raising of a range of social issues. The seriousness of these issues warranted the inclusion of a chapter on additional findings. / Ms. H.F. Ellis

The dissertation looks at the city as an emergent product of the lower-level activities of the city components. City components refer to the smaller elements which make up the fabric of a city like buildings, roads, inhabitants, cars etc. Lower-level activities refer to the interaction between these components, and define the consequential feedback into the city as a whole. An understanding of these aspects of emergence allows for the identification of tools and guidelines which, in turn, forms the basis for design and building performance criteria. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Architecture / unrestricted

The experience of how youth get off the street is scarcely documented. The present study explored what helped and hindered youth in their experience as they tried to get off the street and addressed the following research question: “How have youth experienced trying to get off the street: what has helped and hindered?” Twenty youth, aged 19-24 years of age, living in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada who have spent time living on the street were interviewed using Flanagan’s (1954) Critical Incident Technique. The qualitative analysis of the interviews identified 259 critical incidents, forming nine helping categories and six hindering categories when youth tried to leave the streets. The nine helping categories included: (1) Taking Responsibility, (2) Engaging in Constructive Activities, (3) Friends and Family Support, (4) Changing Drug and Alcohol Use, (5) Support from Professional Organizations, (6) Disillusionment of Street Life, (7) Dreams and Hope for a Different Future, (8) Income Assistance and (9) Leaving Negative Influences Behind. The six hindering categories were: (1) Drugs and Alcohol, (2) Emotional Struggles, (3) Lack of Support, (4) Enjoyment of Homelessness, (5) Limited Formal Education, Life Skills and Employment and (6) Income Assistance Difficulties. The results from this study are discussed in relation to implications for theory, practice and future research. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Storgatan 2.0 is a study and design concept investigating the need for change of the main pedestrian street of the city of Växjö, in South Sweden. In order to propose a basis for discussions, and work as an inspiration for further renewal ideas, the design concept presents various, initial redesign visualisations of the site, Storgatan pedestrian street. The theoretical framework of this study leans on conducting urban studies with human-centred approach to city development. The exploratory research phase of the project was performed through several methods, including site observation, interview, and a survey for the local citizens. Also, relevant secondary research and necessary investigation of the context, Sweden, are part of the study. In the end, the project focuses on sorting and analysing the data, by using various visual thinking tools as a method. The outcome of the project is a proposal visualising the possibilities for Storgatan, based on the research results. The visualisations are not meant to provide detail-oriented final solutions, but defend the potential of Storgatan to become a stronger version of the main pedestrian street – an enjoyable, pedestrian-prioritised public place that is actively used and shaped by the citizens.

The present work proposes methods to calculate street-level exposures to solar radiation. The methods comprise a combination of different software algorithms, online databases and real-time standard measurements of solar radiation. Firstly, the use of the free access image database “Google Street View” to reconstruct urban geometries is illustrated. Google Street View represents an enormous source of information readily available for its general use in the field of urban atmospheric studies. With the aid of existing software packages, it was possible to reconstruct urban geometries as projected fisheye images of the canyon upper-hemispheric view, and to model total-shortwave solar irradiance within an urban canyon. The models allowed the calculation of relative street-canyon irradiance as a fraction of that received under a full-sky view, depending on the visibility of the solar disc and the reduced sky view factor. The combined use of the ideal models with real-time data allows for the calculation of street-canyon irradiance under any cloud conditions. Validation of these techniques was obtained by comparing the calculations against in situ measurements of irradiance from a local street canyon. The existing software, however, does not allow the calculation of spectral irradiance, required for inferring, for example, the biological effects of solar radiation. The use of spectral radiative transfer software was explored to provide spectral irradiance, but commonly available models do not include the effects of horizon obstructions. The approach presented here followed the same general guidelines used to calculate total-shortwave irradiance. The spectral models required a spectral partitioning of global irradiance into direct and diffuse components, allowing the independent analysis of horizon obstruction effects on these components at each wavelength. To partition global irradiance, two equations were developed for the calculation of the diffuse-to-global irradiance ratio (DGR) under cloudless conditions: one based on simplified radiative transfer theory, and an empirical fit for local conditions. Afterwards, the effects of horizon obstructions were evaluated in combination with real-time measurements of unobstructed global spectral irradiance. A set of simulated obstructions were used to validate the models. Finally, it was observed that neglecting the anisotropic distribution of the diffuse component of solar radiation in these simple models could produce large uncertainties in some situations. A practical solution for including the anisotropy of diffuse radiation was proposed, requiring images from an unobstructed digital sky camera. The combination of tools described here will allow calculation of total and spectral global irradiance upon a flat horizontal surface whatever the local field of view. This is possible at any geographical location were the urban geometries can be described, either by manually obtaining digital photographs, or through the Google Street View database, and where there is a reasonably local standard measurement of radiation.