The purpose of this thesis was to get a deeper comprehension of how Swedish schools are affected by institutional change, what influence eventual governmental intervention has on the professional autonomy of street-level bureaucrats and towards which direction the educational system is heading.   As a theoretical frame of reference, the study used two primary theories. The first theory consists of a classical work in political science – the theory of street-level bureaucracies by Michael Lipsky. Its insightful pondering on public service workers as policy decisionmakers served as a tool to better understand the crucial part that street-level bureaucrats play in the political game. The second theory is the principal-agent theorem. With its assumtions grounded in rational choice, it aims to explain the agency problem, which occurs when the agent is acting in his own best interest. The principal-agent theory was used in order to explain why the government could have an increased need for control and surveillance. Through empirical evidence, the study found that decentralization leads to an increased governmental need for control and surveillance over Swedish schools. Furthermore, the study found that governmental intervention has a negative impact on the professional autonomy of street-level bureaucrats. The actions taken by the government is indicative of an attempt to strengthen the control of goal fulfillment. Thus, the study concludes that the educational system is heading towards a situation with more political control and less professional autonomy.

This research paper studied the first two weeks after President Donald Trump allegedly called African countries “shithole countries” in a bi-partisan meeting on immigration. It explored the frames and emerging themes used by the media when covering the incident and the surrounding issues. Using the framing theory as a theoretical framework, the study examined the six identified news frames through qualitative content analysis. The six frames used in the coverage of the “shithole countries” incident are racial, conflict, consequences, morality, human interest, and policy. The study examined articles from four news sources that lean liberal, conservative, central-liberal, and central conservative. The study indicated that the four news sources all used five of the six frames, as the Wall Street Journal did not use the morality frame at all. The most used frame was the human interest frame, followed by conflict and consequences. The New York Times and the Wall Street Journal used the conflict frame the most. And CNN and FOX used the consequences frame the most.

This thesis investigates how street performers entertain passers-by and audience members in exchange for money. Specifically, it investigates how this exchange relationship is accomplished in light of exchange happening outside the routine context of “the market”, where payment for goods and services is ordinarily enforceable. In this regard, this thesis seeks to uncover the ways that exchange in street performance is alternatively organised through donations, and how giving donations are produced and recognised as interactionally relevant and morally accountable actions. To that end, this thesis employs the allied approaches of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. It empirically examines video recordings of street performances, mostly collected at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Three kinds of street performance encounter are considered: these are musical busking, living statue performing, and circle show performing. The order of the discussions of these performances reflects the extent to which the performers explicitly recruit interactional resources —including talk, gesture and material objects—to morally obligate audience members and passers-by to give donations. The main thrust of this thesis is that street performers, passers-by and audience members collaboratively produce and recognise street performances as gifts that should be reciprocated. The street performances are initially freely given, but participation entails indebtedness that in various ways make remuneration interactionally relevant. In this regard, this thesis also explores how money, value and materiality feature in the giving and receiving of donations. This thesis provides new knowledge about how street performance encounters are ordered, how moral obligation is interactionally worked up through the sequential organisation of social actions, and how money donations are exchanged in return for entertainment. It also provides new understanding about how different kinds of street performance encounters share organisationally similar properties for solving the “payment problem”, but at the same time possess properties that are distinct.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar a interface do conceito de resiliência com a constituição da rua como habitat/morada possível, ainda que precária, para adolescentes que vivem em situação de rua, em Salvador/BA. Tomando como base as perspectivas teóricas da Abordagem Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento Humano e da Psicologia Positiva, foi adotada uma metodologia qualitativa, com inserção ecológica e estudos de caso. Utilizaram-se vários instrumentos para a coleta de dados: diário de campo, entrevista e cartaz. Esses instrumentos foram adaptados às necessidades de uma abordagem temporal, que se desdobrou em passado, presente e futuro, tentando-se, assim, captar fenômenos em sua dinamicidade natural, apesar dos limites impostos por uma pesquisa transversal. O estudo envolveu a análise de dois casos de adolescentes que vivem em situação de rua permitindo a caracterização dos ambientes físicos e sociais onde eles se inserem, suas histórias de vida, a presença de fatores de proteção e de risco permeando essas histórias e os contextos dos quais elas emergem. A transitoriedade e precariedade das moradas explicitam o sentir, o pensar e o viver de uma adolescência que procura nesse fluir permanente, paradoxalmente, a referência estrutural de um lar que continuamente se esvai. A busca desse lar desfeito e as moradas, mesmo precárias, resultantes trazem, em si, um sentido de adaptação positiva, constituindo processos de resiliência. / The aim of this research was to survey the interface of the concept of resilience with the transformation of the street into an eventual habitat /dwelling, even though precarious, for the adolescents in Salvador/BA who live on the streets. Based on the theoretical perspectives of the Bio-ecological Approach for Human Development and the Positive Psychology, a qualitative approach was adopted, encompassing the ecological insertion and case studies. Several instruments were used for collecting data: field log, interviews and posters. These were adapted bearing in mind the needs of a temporal approach that was unfolded into past, present and future, thus aiming at capturing the phenomena at their natural dynamics, despite the limits that were imposed by a cross-sectional survey. The study comprised the analysis of two cases of adolescents who live on the streets and which enabled the characterization of the physical and social environments where they are inserted, their life histories, the presence of protection and risk factors that permeate these stories and the contexts where they emerge from. The transitoriness and precariousness of their dwellings make explicit these adolescents’ ways of feeling, thinking and living. Although it may seem a paradox, through this continuous flow, they search the structural reference of a home that is continuously fading. The search for this broken home and for the dwellings, even though precarious, brings a sense of positive adaptation leading to resilience projects.

Este trabalho tem como eixos de reflexão a Cidade Contemporânea e o Habitar as Ruas. Partimos de um foco: as pessoas em situação de rua. Mas entendemos que pensar a população de rua não se dá de forma isolada, mas em conexão com a cidade e o habitar as ruas. Buscamos investigar como se dá o processo de subjetivação das pessoas no espaço urbano da cidade contemporânea e, em especial, daquelas em situação de rua. A partir dos pressupostos da pesquisaintervenção, oriunda da Análise Institucional Socioanalítica, estabelecemos o que chamamos de encontro-intervenção com a população de rua. Procuramos dar visibilidade a uma realidade que pouco temos contato, e por muitas vezes, já impregnada, estereotipada, estigmatizada a respeito de quem seja a população em situação de rua. Apostamos, então, na abertura de espaços para a apresentação de falas, discursos, textos, conversas, diálogos com nossos interlocutores na tentativa de constituir um mapeamento das relações que se estabelecem no espaço urbano. Assim, podemos entender de duas formas o enunciado “habitar as ruas”: enquanto espaço de interação, de encontro, espaço da polis. Espaço de pensar a vida, de relacionar-se com o outro, de construir alternativas de vida de qualidade para todos e não apenas para alguns. E também, como espaço de abrigo, refúgio para aqueles que não moram entre quatro paredes, e têm a rua como casa. O habitar as ruas vem num sentido propositivo de abrirmos brechas em nossas relações para o convívio com o outro, com o diferente. Abrir-se a uma cidade múltipla, uma cidade do contato, da vida. / The axes of reflection in this paper are the Contemporary City and Street-Dwelling. Our starting point is the people who are in street situation, but it is our understanding that one cannot isolate the study of the street population without expanding the context to the city and the concept of street-dwelling. We tried to investigate how the process of subjectivation of people in the urban space of the contemporary city takes place, specifically regarding those who live in the streets. Based on the assumptions of interventional research originated from the Socio-institutional Analysis, we established what we called interventional meeting with the street population. We tried to bring to the fore a reality that we are not familiar with; and often causes the population in street situation to be viewed in a prejudiced, stereotyped and stigmatized way. Therefore, we widened our scope to present speeches, discourses, texts, talks and dialogues with our interlocutors, in the attempt of mapping out the relationships that occur in the urban space. Thus, there are two ways one can understand the proposition "street dwelling": as a space for interacting; for meeting; a polis – a space to reflect on life; to relate to one another; to build quality life alternatives for all and not just for some. And also as a shelter, a refuge for those who do not live within four walls and use the streets as a home. The street-dwelling concept bears a notion that we should breach the walls in our relationships to live with otherness; to open up to a multiple city; a city of connection, of life.

This diploma thesis deals with characteristic of the concept urbanonyms and subsequent research urbanonyms in the town Ostrov in terms of their changes in six historical periods of the 20th century. To the group of urbanonyms are included the names of streets, parks, gardens, bridges, churches, chapels, monasteries, famous buildings and monuments of the historical center and the new part of town. The urbanonyms are analyzed and categorized by semantic motivation. Attention is focused on the factors that influence motivation and their subsequent transformations over the years. The development of street nomenclature is monitored with regard to honorific motivation and representation of the types of motives. The aim of the diploma thesis is to explore urbanonyms of the Ostrov and contribute to the local toponymy,which has not yet been analyzed.

This thesis deals with the names of streets, squares, embankments, parks and bridges in Tabor. Based on archival sources, cartographic tracks changes names Tabor streets in five historical periods during the 20th century. In each period, the newly - granted titles arranged in passwords, which explain their semantic motivation. Emphasis is placed on exploring the development honorifikačního motive in naming streets, thus awarding the title by important personalities, events, places and values that do not usually have a designated place of a direct link. The final section analyzes the formal formation of the current and defunct street names and submit their structural classification. The thesis aims to analyze the terminology street in the center of Tabor and their development, and contribute to the local place names, which have so far not been addressed.

This diploma thesis deals with a wide field of performing arts in the public space, the so-called busking, in relation to two main lines of thought - partly to the barriers for implementation of activities, across cities; second, to the cultural development policies within the region. Collected theoretical knowledge and practical experience (eg from historical development of urban communities, studies of numerous legislative documents, cultural development policies, the author's own research, numerous observations and interviews with the artists themselves and with representatives of institutions across the world which are setting up standards, analysis of obstacles to the implementation of activities in public space and more) which the author converts first in comparison of two cities - Prague in the first place, and London with a model approach to artistic activities in public space in the second, and than in a series of specific recommendations for the creation of a standard, strategy and related legislation leading to the implementation of measures related to the topic of this diploma thesis within the capital city of Prague. The author works on the assumption that performing arts do belong to the public space, as they have the potential to improve the quality of life, to educate the people and substantially increase their creativity, to develop the potential of sites, to reduce crime, to generate economic multiplication and more.

Este estudo problematiza práticas culturais de tribos de jovens grafiteiros e pichadores em espaços urbanos de Porto Alegre – RS, entre os anos de 2008 e 2009. Tem como referencial teórico o campo dos Estudos Culturais, da Cultura Visual e busca ferramentas metodológicas da etnografia pós-moderna. O corpus da pesquisa foi construído a partir de fotografias, filmagens, diários de campo, entrevistas e conversas que possibilitaram a construção dos eixos analíticos. O primeiro eixo – Assinaturas rascunhadas num blackbook: esboçando modos de (vi)ver – destacou o uso de cadernos escolares, blocos de desenho e agendas para a realização de esboços iniciais, os quais atuam tanto como espaços para ‗treinamento‘ de letras utilizadas no graffiti como elemento de socialização para a participação em grupos afins. O segundo eixo – Linhas, curvas, cores, poesias e 'kaos': demarcando formas (dis)formes – priorizou as interações dos graffiti e das pichações nos espaços urbanos, atribuindo a tais práticas culturais a localização dos múltiplos interstícios presentes na metrópole. Ao demarcarem territórios, os grafiteiros e pichadores promovem outros mapeamentos urbanos em que o corpo orgânico dos jovens sujeitos e o corpo de concreto da cidade se fundem numa espécie de ‗pele urbana‘. O último movimento analítico – Na fluidez da contemporaneidade: a produção de outras pedagogias – inferiu que, se por um lado, os graffiti e as pichações produzem outras pedagogias que rompem com conceitos formais de educação, por outro, observa-se que suas presenças e usos em espaços institucionais (como escolas, museus e galerias de arte) apontam para uma ‗pedagogização‘ dessas práticas culturais. À guisa de conclusão, compreende-se que, a partir dessas práticas constituídas em meio a uma urbanidade contemporânea, grafiteiros e pichadores atuam em redes sociais móveis, plurais e abertas, reforçando suas condições de ser e estar jovem em contextos contemporâneos. A característica transgressora e ilegal de tais práticas culturais também permitiu uma aproximação às formas plurais de resistências que são manifestadas nos cotidianos juvenis urbanos. / This study discusses cultural practices of youth tribes of grafitters and street writers in urban areas of Porto Alegre – RS through the years of 2008 and 2009. The theoretical support of this thesis is found in the field of Cultural Studies and Visual Cultures. Methodologicaly it uses the theoretical contributions of Postmodern Ethnographic Studies.The empirical corpus of the research was built from photographs, films, field notes, interviews and conversations that enabled the construction of analytical categories related. The first main pivot – Subscriptions drafted at a blackbook: outlining ways of live/view – highlights the use of school notebooks, sketch pads and agendas for the completion of initial sketches, which can be taken both as spaces for 'training' letters used in graffiti and as element of socialization for participation in that kind of youth groups. The second main pivot - Lines, curves, colors, poetry and 'kaos': delimiting forms distorted – prioritizes the interactions of graffiti and street writings in urban spaces, assigning to such cultural practices the location of the multiple interstices present in the metropolis. To demarcate territories, graffiti artists and taggers promote other urban maps through which the organic body of the young subjects and the body of concrete of the city merge into a kind of 'urban skin'. The final analytic pivot – In the fluidity of contemporaneity: the production of other pedagogies – inferred that if, on one hand, the graffiti and the street writings produce other pedagogies that break with formal concepts of education, on the other hand, it is observed that their presences and practices in institutional spaces (such as schools, museums and art galleries) show a 'pedagogization' of these cultural practices. By way of conclusion it is understood that from such practices constituted in the midst of a contemporary urbanity, grafitters and street writers operate in mobile social networks, pluralist and open, strengthening their positions to be young in contemporary contexts. The illegal and transgressive characteristics of such cultural practices also allowed to approach to the plural forms of resistance that are expressed in the urban youth quotidian.

Esta pesquisa aborda, embasada na percepção dos usuários, o mobiliário urbano e a sua relação com a estética da paisagem e com o uso dos espaços abertos públicos. Com relação à estética, foram investigados diferentes modelos de abrigos de transporte, cabines telefônicas e bancas de serviços, considerando os elementos individualmente e inseridos em cenas urbanas. As avaliações foram realizadas com arquitetos, não-arquitetos com curso superior e pessoas sem formação universitária, com o objetivo de verificar as possíveis diferenças nas interpretações desses grupos. Com relação ao uso, foi desenvolvida uma análise relativa ao posicionamento de abrigos de ônibus em diferentes dimensões de calçadas, considerando a percepção de usuários em cadeiras de rodas, pois tais respondentes apresentam maior necessidade de espaço para a sua locomoção. A coleta dos dados foi realizada por meio de levantamentos de arquivo e levantamentos de campo, através da aplicação de questionários pela Internet. A análise dos dados utilizou testes estatísticos não-paramétricos e avaliações qualitativas. Os resultados relativos à estética, de maneira geral, evidenciaram que as características formais do mobiliário urbano mais satisfatórias à maioria das pessoas relacionam-se à neutralidade, a pouca variação entre elementos compositivos e à configuração geométrica simples. Tais constatações foram encontradas na análise dos elementos quando considerados isoladamente e quando inseridos na paisagem. Em relação aos grupos de respondentes, embora tenham sido verificadas diferenças nas avaliações, a pesquisa demonstrou que a formação acadêmica não interfere a ponto de apresentar divergências relevantes quanto às preferências estéticas. A investigação também constatou que as cenas em que o mobiliário se constitui em barreira visual tendem a ser julgadas negativamente. Os resultados relativos ao uso, por sua vez, indicaram que o posicionamento dos abrigos de ônibus que tende a ser mais satisfatório às pessoas em cadeiras de rodas é junto às fachadas das edificações, mantendo uma faixa livre de circulação entre o abrigo e o meio-fio. Por fim, a pesquisa permitiu enaltecer a importância de considerar as opiniões dos usuários no projeto e na implantação do mobiliário urbano para que tais elementos sejam satisfatórios quanto à estética e ao uso. / This research investigates, based on people’s perception, street furniture and its relationship to the aesthetics of the landscape and the use of public open spaces. About the aesthetic, we investigated different models of transport shelters, telephone booths and newstands, considering the elements individually and placed in urban scenes. The evaluations were conducted with architects, non-architects college graduates and people without college graduates, in order to determine possible differences in interpretations of these groups. For use, an analysis was developed on the placement of bus shelters on sidewalks with different dimensions, considering the preferences of users in wheelchairs, as these respondents have greater need for space for its locomotion. Data collection was conducted through archival records and field work with application of questionnaires through the Internet. Data analysis was carried out by means of non-parametric statistical tests and qualitative assessments. The aesthetics’ results, in general, showed that the formal characteristics of street furniture more satisfactory to most people relate to neutrality, little variation between compositional elements and simple geometric configuration. These findings were found in the analysis of the elements when considered separately and when placed in the landscape. Regarding the groups of respondents, although some significant differences in the evaluations, the research showed that education does not interfere as to present relevant differences regarding the aesthetic preferences. The investigation also found that the scenes in which the furniture constitutes visual barrier in the landscape tend to be judged negatively. The use’s results indicated that the placement of bus shelters that tends to be more suitable to people in wheelchairs is along the facades of buildings, keeping free range of movement between the shelter and the curb. Finally, the survey allowed enhance the importance of considering the users’ opinions about the design and implementation of street furniture for such elements as are satisfactory to the aesthetics and use.