En 1991, Philippe Brunet publie une traduction inédite de la poétesse grecque archaïque du VII ème siècle avant J.-C., Sappho. Dans cette traduction, celui-ci a tenté d'imiter et de faire ressentir le mètre grec en français. La difficulté de cette entreprise réside dans le fait que le français n'est pas une langue à accent de mot et qu'il ne ressent pas la quantité des syllabes. Les mètres poétiques du français se basent en effet sur le nombre des syllabes et non sur leur quantité. À la Renaissance, une telle tentative d'imitation du mètre grec avait déjà été entreprise par Jean-Antoine de Baïf. Mais celui-ci, oubliant les particularités accentuelles du français, n'a pas réussi à développer un système adéquat. Philippe Brunet quant à lui a su utiliser ces règles accentuelles françaises pour faire ressentir à son lecteur quelque chose du rythme quantitatif grec. Se servant autant de l'accent tonique que de l'accent initial, son système respecte dans son ensemble la langue française tout en créant un rythme nouveau. Une fois cette traduction comparée à d'autres, on peut également voir à quel point ses recherches sémantiques et prosodiques aident à la réalisation de ce rythme particulier. M ots-clé : Sappho, grec, traduction, rythme, mètre, métrique, accent. / In 1991, Philippe Brunet published a new translation of the seventh century B.C. archaic Greek poet, Sappho. In this translation, he attempted to imitate and instigate the feel of the Greek meter in French. The difficulty of this project stands in the fact that the French language is not one of word accentuation and it doesn't take into account the syllables quantity. The poetic meters in French are indeed based on the syllables number and not on their quantity. During the Renaissance, a similar imitation experiment had already been attempted by Jean-Antoine de Baïf. But dismissing the accentual particularities of the French language, he failed to develop an adequate system. Meanwhile, Phillipe Brunet was able to use the French accentual rules to make his read feel about the quantitative Greek rhythm. Using the tonic accent as well as the initial accent, his system fully respects the French language while creating a new rhythm. When this translation is compared to others, we can see how much his sematic and prosodic research help to the creation of this peculiar system.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal investigar os padrões entoacionais na construção de sentido em produções de crianças do 1 ano do ensino fundamental, utilizando diferentes gêneros textuais. Para isso, foram investigadas crianças de um Colégio particular da Cidade do Recife, na faixa etária entre 6 e 7 anos, tanto do gênero masculino quanto do feminino. Os dados foram coletados durante atividades de leitura, onde a professora contou histórias para seus alunos utilizando diferentes gêneros textuais, como fábula, conto de fadas, história em quadrinhos e carta. A pesquisa apresenta uma análise qualitativa da atividade de leitura, analisando o papel da entoação na construção de sentido. A análise dos dados foi realizada com base no modelo Interativo Entoacional de David Brazil (1985), buscando identificar as pistas entoacionais fornecidas na leitura da professora para seus alunos e sua relação com a construção de sentido. Os resultados mostram que a entoação assume três funções textuais: a organizacional, a informativa e a interacional, que apresentam um papel significativo para a construção de sentido durante a atividade de leitura, e que as palavras com proeminências utilizadas pela professora, em sua grande maioria, foram as mesmas escolhidas por seus alunos, contribuindo para construir o sentido no momento da leitura. A pesquisa oferece subsídios tanto para o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento do olhar do fonoaudiólogo escolar com relação à oralidade e aos seus aspectos prosódicos, na produção de crianças em processo de desenvolvimento da aquisição da leitura-escrita, como para o desenvolvimento de estratégias que possam diminuir as dificuldades na produção oral da criança, através da construção de momentos de interação entre terapeuta e paciente, promovendo a elaboração do texto oral da criança, dando um novo sentido a sua leitura

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O estudo investigou a produÃÃo e a percepÃÃo do padrÃo acentual e a reduÃÃo vocÃlica em pares mÃnimos de lÃngua inglesa em aprendizes brasileiros de lÃngua inglesa, divididos igualmente em trÃs nÃveis diferentes de proficiÃncia, a fim de verificar que fatores lingÃÃsticos e sociais poderiam ser responsÃveis pela mà pronÃncia desses itens lexicais. A produÃÃo dos padrÃes acentuais foi avaliada atravÃs de tarefas de leitura e repetiÃÃo de sentenÃas. A percepÃÃo dos participantes foi mensurada atravÃs de atividades de iscriminaÃÃo acentual e categÃrica. Esperou-se que o nÃvel de proficiÃncia lingÃÃstica fosse diretamente proporcional ao nÃmero total de acertos por testes, hipÃtese que foi confirmada parcialmente, pois os resultados apontaram que em alguns casos, o nÃvel de proficiÃncia do aprendiz nÃo à o Ãnico responsÃvel pelo sucesso na atribuiÃÃo do acento e de reduÃÃo vocÃlica, mas sim o tempo de exposiÃÃo à lÃngua, confirmado pela quantidade de horas-aula anteriores ao inÃcio do curso na instituiÃÃo em que o corpus foi coletado. Uma outra hipÃtese preliminar da pesquisa foi a de que o sucesso na produÃÃo dos pares mÃnimos devia-se a uma boa percepÃÃo deles. No entanto, essa hipÃtese nÃo foi confirmada pelo fato dos totais de acertos dos testes de produÃÃo nÃo acompanharem linearmente os resultados quantitativos dos testes de percepÃÃo, que revelaram capacidades mais do que satisfatÃrias no que diz respeito à percepÃÃo da mudanÃa de acento e determinaÃÃo da categoria lexical. Os testes de produÃÃo apresentaram um nÃmero excessivamente reduzido de emissÃes corretas na reduÃÃo vocÃlica, caracterÃstica fundamental para a inteligibilidade de alguns pares mÃnimos. As variÃveis sociais nÃo influenciaram significativamente no fenÃmeno de mà produÃÃo do acento primÃrio de pares mÃnimos. / The study aimed at investigating the production and perception of English minimal pairs in a group of Brazilian students of English as a foreign language, equally divided in three different proficiency levels in order to verify which linguistic and social factors could be responsible for the mispronunciation of those lexical items. The stress pattern production was evaluated through reading activities and sentence repetition. The perception of the participants was measured through stress and categorical discrimination activities. It was expected that the linguistic proficiency level would be directly proportional to the amount of correct answers per test, which was partially confirmed, for the results revealed that, in some cases, the learnerâs proficiency level is not the only factor responsible for determining the success in stress attribution and vowel reduction, but the amount of hours each one had before studying in the institution where the corpus was collected. Another hypothesis of the research considered that success in the production of the minimal pairs would be a result of a satisfactory perception of those same pairs. However, this hypothesis was not confirmed because the amount of correct answers in the production tests did not accompany the quantitative results of the perception tests, what revealed that learnersâ capacities to perceive stress shift and determining the lexical category are more than satisfactory. The production tests presented an excessively reduced number of correct utterances in vowel reduction, which is a fundamental feature for the intelligibility of some minimal pairs. The social variables did not interfere at all with the minimal pairs stress production.

The English language plays an important role as a lingua franca in Sweden as well as in many countries across the European Union (EU). The ability to communicate well in English is highly valued and as a response to this, communicative competence has had an increasingly major part in the English language education and curriculums all over Europe, including the Swedish curriculum for English language education. (Rindal & Piercy, 2013; Swedish National Agency for Education, 1995; Tornberg, 2015). With communication as a primary goal of the Swedish curriculum for English, the importance of acquiring an inner-circle accent, an accent spoken by native speakers of English, has had to take a step back, without thoroughly studying the effect it has on the communicative competence and speaking confidence of the students. The aim of this study is to investigate, with an empirical approach, if student’s self-perceived English accent impacts positively or negatively on their speaking confidence and communicative competence. The study was conducted using an empirical and descriptive approach, with a quantitative data analysis. The investigation was conducted in an upper-secondary school, using a web-based survey with 80 respondents from the second and third grade. The students took English 6, a course the students must pass to be eligible for further academic studies. The school and the respondents were chosen using a convenience sample. The results were analysed, and the data was shown using figures to explain the results further. The results of the study concluded that students seem to think that having a native-like accent is overvalued and that communication is to favour over their perceived English accent. It is somewhat conclusive that most of the students value communication over perceived accent, and many of them say that they do not care how they sound as long as what they say is conveyed.

Liverpool English, also known as Scouse, is an easily distinguishable accent, but whether or not it contains enough regionally specific grammar and vocabulary to be considered its own dialect is another matter. This Bachelor’s thesis set out to investigate this using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods on data consisting of informal interviews found on the website Youtube with people from Liverpool. These videos were selected based on the assumption that people with discernible accents are most likely to also speak with a dialect. The results of the research showed that discerning whether or not Scouse is a dialect is not as straightforward as it would seem. Depending on the judgment of how many regional features are enough, the conclusion of this project was that the appearance of any items is sufficient to claim that Scouse is indeed a dialect.

The thesis in its theoretical part discusses the rhotics, including the Czech trills, and especially focuses on articulatory, perceptual and acoustic properties of the fricative trill [ř]. Attention is also paid to possible corrections of disorders of pronunciation. In the experimental part the research of the realization of the trill [ř] by non-native speakers of Czech is described. This research mainly deals with differences in articulation, which are produced by the non-native speakers of Czech (specifically the native speakers of German, Polish, Russian and Vietnamese language). Key words: rhotics, trills, devoicing, trilling, foreigner accent, language level.

La présente thèse étudie le rôle de l'accent prosodique (accent de mot vs. accent de syntagme) lors du traitement auditif de paires minimales ambigües (mots composés vs. syntagmes) du chinois mandarin. Deux types de paires minimales ont été utilisés: 1) Mots composés avec un ton neutre (ex: dong3xi0 « chose ») vs. Syntagme avec un ton plein (ex: dong3xi1 « est et ouest ») qui se distinguent par la réalisation du ton sur la syllabe finale ; 2) Mots composés Verbe-Nom (VN) (ex: 'chaofan « riz frit ») vs. Syntagmes Verbe-Objet (VO) (ex: chao'fan « frire du riz ») se distinguant par la position de l'accent prosodique. Nos données comportementales et neurophysiologiques démontrent que : 1) la syllabe finale est plus longue et l'étendue de la F0 est plus large dans les VO que dans les VN, 2) la prosodie assiste le système de traitement pour anticiper la structure morphologique des séquences ambigües, et 3) un traitement hiérarchique « de droite-à-gauche » des informations prosodiques en complément d'un traitement séquentiel « de gauche-à-droite » prend place en chinois mandarin. Prises dans leur ensemble, nos données précisent la description fonctionnelle et structurale du modèle Prosody-Assisted-Processing (PAP) pour le chinois mandarin. / The present thesis investigates the role of prosodic stress (i.e. lexical versus phrasal stress) on the auditory processing of Mandarin Chinese ambiguous compound /phrase minimal pairs. Two types of compound/phrase minimal pairs were used: 1) Compound word with a neutral tone (e.g. dong3xi0 "thing") vs. phrase with a full tone (e.g. dong3xi1 "east and west") distinguished by the final syllable tone realization; 2) Verb-Noun (VN) compound word (e.g. 'chaofan "fried rice") and Verb-Object (VO) phrase (e.g. chao'fan "fry the rice") distinguished by the position of the prosodic stress. Combined behavioral and neurophysiological data demonstrate that 1) the final syllable was more lengthened and the F0 range was larger in VO than in VN, 2) prosodic structure does assist the processing system in anticipating morphological structure, and 3) a right-to-left hierarchical processing of prosodic information in addition to a sequential left-to-right one is involved during the processing of ambiguous spoken sequences in Mandarin Chinese. Taken together, our findings allowed us to precise the functional and structural description of the Prosody-Assisted-Processing (PAP) model for Mandarin Chinese.

The profile of nowadays czech literature's teacher This dissertation is about nowadays literature's teacher. I have focused on schoolmasters who teach at basic schools - second degree. These schools are placed in towns which don't have more than 20.000 people. So it is about small-town educational educational system. The real profile should ensue on grounds of development. The development I have realised through the use of checklists which I have distributed to the both teachers and children. So it isn't scientific profile, but profile, which ensue on grounds of views of 2 different groups - pupils and teachers. The checklists I have tried to evaluate, analyse and interpret carrefully and correctly. The final profile I have combined from pupil's results and adult's results. The questions were both free-hearted and small-minden. People have ought to express themselves in any questions but by any questions they could choose from the choice. I have prepared 21 questions for children and 23 questions for pedagogues. I have encoutered with negative accession of leadership during walking about basic schools where I was asking for help and cooperation.But from any teachers I have taken a ctitique. When I have succeed in giving the checklists to the schools thanks to leadership, not every teacher has helped me. Any...

La présente thèse étudie le rôle de l'accent prosodique (accent de mot vs. accent de syntagme) lors du traitement auditif de paires minimales ambigües (mots composés vs. syntagmes) du chinois mandarin. Deux types de paires minimales ont été utilisés: 1) Mots composés avec un ton neutre (ex: dong3xi0 « chose ») vs. Syntagme avec un ton plein (ex: dong3xi1 « est et ouest ») qui se distinguent par la réalisation du ton sur la syllabe finale ; 2) Mots composés Verbe-Nom (VN) (ex: 'chaofan « riz frit ») vs. Syntagmes Verbe-Objet (VO) (ex: chao'fan « frire du riz ») se distinguant par la position de l'accent prosodique. Nos données comportementales et neurophysiologiques démontrent que : 1) la syllabe finale est plus longue et l'étendue de la F0 est plus large dans les VO que dans les VN, 2) la prosodie assiste le système de traitement pour anticiper la structure morphologique des séquences ambigües, et 3) un traitement hiérarchique « de droite-à-gauche » des informations prosodiques en complément d'un traitement séquentiel « de gauche-à-droite » prend place en chinois mandarin. Prises dans leur ensemble, nos données précisent la description fonctionnelle et structurale du modèle Prosody-Assisted-Processing (PAP) pour le chinois mandarin. / The present thesis investigates the role of prosodic stress (i.e. lexical versus phrasal stress) on the auditory processing of Mandarin Chinese ambiguous compound /phrase minimal pairs. Two types of compound/phrase minimal pairs were used: 1) Compound word with a neutral tone (e.g. dong3xi0 "thing") vs. phrase with a full tone (e.g. dong3xi1 "east and west") distinguished by the final syllable tone realization; 2) Verb-Noun (VN) compound word (e.g. 'chaofan "fried rice") and Verb-Object (VO) phrase (e.g. chao'fan "fry the rice") distinguished by the position of the prosodic stress. Combined behavioral and neurophysiological data demonstrate that 1) the final syllable was more lengthened and the F0 range was larger in VO than in VN, 2) prosodic structure does assist the processing system in anticipating morphological structure, and 3) a right-to-left hierarchical processing of prosodic information in addition to a sequential left-to-right one is involved during the processing of ambiguous spoken sequences in Mandarin Chinese. Taken together, our findings allowed us to precise the functional and structural description of the Prosody-Assisted-Processing (PAP) model for Mandarin Chinese.

I den här kvantitativa studien undersöktes andraspråkstalares uppfattning av svensk satsbetoning i dialekterna skånska respektive stockholmska. Studien syftade till att tillföra ökad kunskap om hur målspråkets prosodi uppfattas av andraspråkstalare, vilket kan ha didaktiska implikationer och är utvecklande för vår förståelse av andraspråksinlärning av prosodi. Två frågeställningar formulerades: hur uppfattas svensk satsbetoning av individer med svenska som andraspråk, som är minst 15 år gamla, i Stockholmjämförelsevis med Skåne samt påverkar vistelsetiden i Stockholmsområdet respektive Skåne uppfattningen av satsbetoning i svenskan? Deltagarna fick, genom ett webbaserat perceptionstest med 16 meningar, bedöma vilket ord som uppfattades som framhävt i varje mening. Resultatet indikerade att det är få av deltagarna som bor i Skåne som uppnår 100% korrekta bedömningar, medan relativt många deltagare från Stockholmsområdet uppnår 100% korrekta bedömningar, oavsett hur länge de har befunnit sig i respektive område. För Skåne antydde resultaten dessutom att vistelsetid i Sverige kan korrelera med korrekta bedömningar. Resultaten är dock lite svårtolkade på grund av brist på data. Utifrån resultatet drogs slutsatsen att olika sätt att realisera satsbetoning kan vara olika svåra att uppfatta och att tid i området inte generellt korrelerar med bearbetning av målspråksprosodi, utan att en sådan korrelation kan vara beroende av hur målspråksprosodin realiseras fonetiskt.