No / AIM: The aim of the study was to determine, objectively and non-invasively, whether changes in accommodative demand modify differentially the peripheral refraction in emmetropic and myopic human eyes. METHODS: Forty subjects (19 male, 21 female) aged 20-30 years (mean 22.7 (SD 2.8) years), 21 emmetropes (mean spherical equivalent refractive error (MSE) -0.13 (SD 0.29) D) and 19 myopes (MSE -2.95 (SD 1.76) D) participated in the study. Ametropia was corrected with soft contact lenses (etafilcon A, 58% water content). Subjects viewed monocularly a stationary, high contrast (85%) Maltese cross at 0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 D of accommodative demand and at 0, 10, 20 and 30 degrees field angle (nasal and temporal) through a +3.0 D Badal optical system. Static recordings of the accommodation response were obtained for each accommodative level, at each field angle, with an objective, open-view, infrared optometer. RESULTS: Peripheral mean spherical equivalent (M) data showed that the emmetropic cohort exhibited relative myopic shifts into the periphery, while the myopic group showed hypermetropic shifts. Increasing accommodative demand did not alter the peripheral refractive profile in either the temporal (p = 0.25) or nasal (p = 0.07) periphery with no differential accommodative effect between refractive groups in either the temporal (p = 0.77) or nasal (p = 0.73) field. Significant shifts in the J(0) astigmatic component were seen in the temporal (p<0.0005) and nasal (p<0.0005) fields with increasing eccentricity. Interaction effects between eccentricity and accommodative demand illustrated that increasing accommodative demand significantly altered the peripheral refractive profile in the temporal J(0) astigmatic component (p<0.0005). The nasal periphery, however, failed to show such an effect (p = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in peripheral refraction augmented by changes in ocular accommodation are relatively unaffected by refractive error for young, healthy human eyes.

VR systems are rapidly becoming more advanced, soon making the Vergence Accommodation Conflict a non-issue. The prospect of having commercially available VR systems without VAC issues invites designers and academics to consider what impact this may have on GUI design in VR. In an effort to provide a foundation for future studies on GUI in VR, this paper explores how a near-eye GUI affects the player experience and suggests what areas should be further studied based on the results.

According to Section 29(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 everyone is entitled to and has the right to basic education. “Everyone” includes disabled learners. The international framework regarding the right to basic education and the accessibility of the infrastructure for physically disabled learners in public schools was examined to determine whether or not South Africa complies with the formalities and obligations prescribed and what the implications are, if the state does not comply. To reach the purpose of the above statement made there has to be determined which legislation is applicable to disabled learners and a definition needs to be provided for the term „physical disability‟ (Chapter 1). Secondly the core of the research question concealed in the above statement and its applicable articles will be discussed as seen in General Comment No. 13 of the International Covenant on the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Chapter 2). Thereafter international legislation will be discussed with the focus on basic education, disability, the accessibility of the infrastructure and the obligations placed on the state (Chapter 3 and 4). The focus will then be moved to the regional framework and the provision made with regards to the right to basic education and disability (Chapter 5). The relevant constitutional sections will then be investigated before reaching a conclusion. The sections that will be taken into account are sections 7, 9, 28, 29, 36, 39 and 233 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The purpose of the investigation of the constitutional sections is to determine what basic education entails and if there is a uniform definition thereof. A further purpose with the investigation of the constitutional provisions is to determine whether there is an infringement of disabled learners„ rights to equality and to basic education. Another purpose is to determine to which extent South African schools are accessible to disabled learners in the provision of infrastructure of school buildings as it is now and the obligation that rests on the state to adapt the infrastructure (Chapter 6). After the discussion of the above mentioned chapters a conclusion will be reached on to what extent the state complies with its constitutional and international obligations to realize disabled children„s right to basic education can be come to (Chapter 7). The inaccessibility of public school buildings in South Africa and disabled children„s need for basic education has led to the research question. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

According to Section 29(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 everyone is entitled to and has the right to basic education. “Everyone” includes disabled learners. The international framework regarding the right to basic education and the accessibility of the infrastructure for physically disabled learners in public schools was examined to determine whether or not South Africa complies with the formalities and obligations prescribed and what the implications are, if the state does not comply. To reach the purpose of the above statement made there has to be determined which legislation is applicable to disabled learners and a definition needs to be provided for the term „physical disability‟ (Chapter 1). Secondly the core of the research question concealed in the above statement and its applicable articles will be discussed as seen in General Comment No. 13 of the International Covenant on the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Chapter 2). Thereafter international legislation will be discussed with the focus on basic education, disability, the accessibility of the infrastructure and the obligations placed on the state (Chapter 3 and 4). The focus will then be moved to the regional framework and the provision made with regards to the right to basic education and disability (Chapter 5). The relevant constitutional sections will then be investigated before reaching a conclusion. The sections that will be taken into account are sections 7, 9, 28, 29, 36, 39 and 233 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The purpose of the investigation of the constitutional sections is to determine what basic education entails and if there is a uniform definition thereof. A further purpose with the investigation of the constitutional provisions is to determine whether there is an infringement of disabled learners„ rights to equality and to basic education. Another purpose is to determine to which extent South African schools are accessible to disabled learners in the provision of infrastructure of school buildings as it is now and the obligation that rests on the state to adapt the infrastructure (Chapter 6). After the discussion of the above mentioned chapters a conclusion will be reached on to what extent the state complies with its constitutional and international obligations to realize disabled children„s right to basic education can be come to (Chapter 7). The inaccessibility of public school buildings in South Africa and disabled children„s need for basic education has led to the research question. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

A descriptive quantitative study was undertaken in the Leribe and Butha-buthe northern districts of Lesotho. Thirty-six trained, twenty-four untrained TBAs and nine nurses involved in training TBAs were recruited. In line with research by Clarke and Lephoto (1989:3) the TBAs were elderly females who had children of their own. In contrast with the MOH (1993: 10) where TBAs were found to be illiterate, most (93%) of the TBAs in this study had at least a primary education. The art of primary midwifery was learned through assisting with a delivery and being taught by mothers or mothers-in-law. The public health nurses conduct formal training ofTBAs in Lesotho over a period of two weeks, where subjects like ante-natal care, delivery of the baby and post- natal care are addressed. The majority (78.8%) provide antenatal care at their homes or the home of the mother. This includes palpation, history taking, and abdominal massage and health education. An important role is identifying women at risk. During labour the progress of labour is monitored and care is given to the mother and baby post-natally. Trained TBAs could identify women at risk more readily than untrained TBAs. Cases referred most frequently were prolonged labour and retained placenta. Trained TBAs practiced hygiene more often and gave less herbs than untrained TBAs. The health care system is providing support to the TBAs through training and supervision, but was found to be inadequate. Community leaders are involved in the selection of TBAs for training. Regular meetings are held with the TB As to discuss problems. Communication is one of the problems the TB As have to face, because of the long distances from health care centres. A lack of infrastructure and supplies is also of concern. It can be concluded that TBAs play an important role in maternal health care in Lesotho and are supported to a lesser degree by the health care system, which causes problems for the TBAs in their practices. It is recommended that the ministry of health becomes more aware of the need for training TBAs and that a programme for training should be more appropriate, taking cultural practices into account. / Advanced Nursing Science / D.Lit. et Phil.

Since the advent of the Internet, the number of individuals and organisations using tools such as the World Wide Web and cell phones has increased, and is continuing to grow at a rapid pace. Social media has provoked fundamentally different ways of doing business, and organisations rapidly had to get on this social media bandwagon to stay up to date with the latest market trends and ahead of the competition. Although social media is already broadly used among South African businesses, the perception regarding the use of social media as a promotional mix element has not been investigated sufficiently in South Africa. The primary purpose of this study was therefore to determine the perception of star-graded accommodation establishments, operating in the Western Cape province of South Africa, regarding the use of social media as a promotional mix element. A broad and in-depth literature review was conducted on the use of social media and social media as a probable promotional mix element. An empirical study was conducted, in which data was collected from star-graded accommodation establishments operating in the Western Cape by means of a web-based (computer-assisted) self-administered questionnaire. A quantitative approach was followed in order to satisfy the research objectives of this study. The results of this research study indicate that social media is perceived to be an instrumental marketing element in star-graded accommodation establishments and can indeed be considered an element of the promotional mix. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Bakgrund: Undernäring förekommer hos uppemot 30 % av äldre personer på särskilda boenden (SÄBO). Det är ett av distriktssköterskans ansvarsområden att upprätthålla en god nutritionsvård. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka förekomst av undernäring bland äldre personer (65 år och äldre) på särskilt boende samt relationer mellan undernäring och fallrisk, risk för trycksår respektive nedsatt munhälsa. Vidare var syftet att undersöka vilka preventiva åtgärder distriktssköterskan erbjöd för att förbygga alternativt behandla undernäring hos äldre personer. Metod: Studien hade en kvantitativ ansats. Antalet studiedeltagare var 436 personer som bodde på SÄBO. Gruppjämförelser gjordes mellan tre oberoende grupper (ej risk för undernäring, risk för undernäring och undernärd) avseende fallrisk, risk för trycksår samt nedsatt munhälsa. Vidare gjordes logistisk regressionsanalys för att undersöka relationen mellan risk för undernäring/undernärd och fallrisk, risk för trycksår samt nedsatt munhälsa. Deskriptiv statistik användes för att beskriva preventiva och behandlande åtgärder. Resultat: Undernäring relaterar starkt till risk för trycksår. Relation kunde inte påvisas mellan undernäring och fallrisk samt munhälsa. Preventiva åtgärder användes i låg utsträckning. Slutsats: Nutritionsomvårdnad är ett komplext område vilket kräver att distriktssköterskan arbetar i ett multidisciplinärt team med riskbedömningar, utredningar, åtgärder och uppföljningar. Nutritionsåtgärder bör erbjudas i högre utsträckning till personer med risk för undernäring eller som är undernärda. / Background: Undernutrition occurs in up to 30 % of older people in special accommodation (SA). It is one of the district nurse's responsibility areas to maintain good nutritional care. Purpose: The purpose was to investigate the prevalence of undernutrition among older people (65 years and older) in special accommodation and relationships between undernutrition and fall risk, risk of pressure ulcers and impaired oral health. A further aim was to investigate the preventive measures district nurse’s offered to prevent alternatively treat undernutrition in older people. Method: The study had a quantitative approach. The number of study participants was 436 people who lived in SA. Group comparisons were made between three independent groups (not at risk of undernutrition, risk of undernutrition and undernourished) regarding fall risk, risk of pressure ulcers and impaired oral health. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between risk of undernutrition/undernourished and fall risk, risk of pressure ulcers and impaired oral health. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the preventive and treatment measures. Results: Undernutrition relate strongly to the risk of pressure ulcers. No relationship was detected between undernutrition and risk of falling and impaired oral health. Preventive measures was used to a low extent. Conclusion: Nutritional care is a complex area that requires that the district nurse work in a multidisciplinary team with risk assessments, investigations, actions and follow up. Nutritional measures should be offered to a greater extent to persons at risk of undernutrition or with manifest undernutrition.

本研究主要係延伸過去記者與消息來源互動關係模式，將老人研究中的「施惠語言」概念納入，探究記者在與年長消息來源互動時是否使用「施惠語言」，其主要形式為何？運用目的為何？與此種語言形式有關的「個人變項」及「情境變項」又是為何？ 本研究以四個新聞訪問個案進行分析，個案之選擇兼顧記者性別與年齡差異，並以語域分析法分析「施惠語言」形式，其後輔以深度訪談法探究記者對消息來源的外表生理特質刻板印象、對彼此互動關係及互動目標等情境認知，以進一步分析記者的個人變項及情境感知變項與「施惠語言」之關聯性。 資料分析結果顯示，「施惠語言」是新聞訪問中常見的語言形式，包括「娃娃腔式談話」、「屈就或過份私密談話」、「命令或直接談話」及「膚淺或無關痛癢談話」等四類「施惠語言」主要形式均可在新聞訪問中出現，其中又以「屈就或過份私密談話」最被普遍運用。此外，記者的個人變項與新聞訪問的情境感知變項均會影響記者的「施惠語言」運用形式，亦即記者依據情境變化不斷調整語言形式以適應消息來源，使得一段新聞訪問中可能同時出現多種「施惠語言」形式。

In most applications concerning a fluid flowing over a solid surface, the no-slip velocity condition was widely used because it is simple and produces the results in agreement with experiments. However, this dynamical boundary condition is not appropriate when the flow under consideration is at a micro or nano length scale.In order to model this effect at the macroscopic scale, the Navier boundary conditions have been introduced, with the slip length as a parameter. When the fluid is a gas, this length is related to the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient (TMAC) and the mean free path, according to the Maxwell model. The aim of this work is to systematically address this model using a multi-scale approach and to extend it by incorporating both the morphology and the anisotropy of a surface. The thesis consists of five chapters. In Chapter 1, the basics of the kinetic theory of gases, the Boltzmann equation and related solutions (Navier-Stokes-Fourier, Burnett, Grad, Direct Simulation Monte Carlo ...) are briefly presented. The models of gas-wall interaction and slip models introduced in the fluid mechanics are also recalled. The chapter ends with a description of the computational method used for the molecular dynamics simulations performed in this work. Chapter 2 is dedicated to the development of a simple technique to simulate the pressure driven flows. The principle is to rely on the atomistic formulas of the stress tensor (Irving Kirkwood, Method of Plane, Virial Stress) and to modify the periodic conditions by maintaining the difference between the kinetic energy of the ingoing and outgoing particles of the simulation domain. Several types of channels are studied with this technique. The results (temperature, velocity ...) are discussed and compared. Chapter 3 deals with the study of the gas-wall interaction potential by the ab-initio method. The code CRYSTAL 09 is used to obtain the potential between an atom of argon (Ar) and a surface of platinum (Pt) <111> as a function of distance. Then the gas-wall potential is decomposed into binary potential and approached by an analytic function. This function is then implemented in a MD code to simulate the gas-wall collisions and determine the TMAC coefficient. In Chapter 4, the effect of morphology is studied. The multi-body Quantum Sutton Chen (QSC) potential is used for Pt <100> solid and the binary potential proposed in the previous chapter for the Ar-Pt couple is employed. The QSC potential is needed to reproduce the surface effects that affect the final results. Different surfaces are treated : smooth, nanostructured surface and, random surface obtained by Chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The TMAC is determined using a generalized approach, i.e. depending on the angle of incident flux of gas atoms on the surface. The surface anisotropy and the scattering kernel are also examined. In Chapter 5, we propose a model of anisotropic slip for fluids based on accommodation tensor. The model is obtained by the analytical approximate calculations developed in the framework of the kinetic theory. We thus generalize Maxwell's equation by showing that the slip length tensor is directly related to the accommodation tensor. The model is in good agreement with the MD results. Thanks to our MD simulations, we develop a suitable technique for reproducing the anisotropy of the accommodation tensor. The thesis ends with a conclusion section in which we suggest some perspectives for a continuation of this work

Hélène Delay The hospitality industry has been subject to enormous changes since the 2010’s with each actor trying to differentiate itself through innovation on architecture and design, comfort, services and especially on the overall traveling experience that is highly affected by technology. This research aims to show how the digital transformation affects the customer relationship management in the hospitality industry with a focus on accommodation services for the leisure segment. After giving a wide overview of the hospitality industry and the trends related to technology, the report will focus on hospitality groups, specialized in accommodation services, and the challenges brought by the digital transformation regarding the customer relationship management with the leisure segment. The analysis of multiple cases studies relying on second-hand data will lead this research to highlight the solutions adopted by hospitality groups to cope with the challenges on the customer relationship management with the leisure segment disrupted by the digital transformation. The digital transformation has brought many challenges: new consumption habits, tech-savvy customers, the rise of digital competitors and an entire new economy based on the sharing of services and commodities. In order to deal with these challenges, hospitality groups have deployed efficient solutions for e-reputation and data management, they have developed new services that are now highly-personalized and automated and offer a mobile and digital experience to customers looking for mobility, ease of use and efficiency. These challenges should not be considered as threats for hospitality groups but rather as opportunities to create value, differentiate and increase sales.