Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Université Paris-Sorbonne. La version intégrale de cette thèse est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU). / Si la vie musicale en France sous l’Occupation est aujourd’hui un champ de recherche bien balisé, le parcours de l’un des compositeurs majeurs de cette période, Marcel Delannoy (1898-1962), n’a encore fait l’objet d’aucune étude approfondie. Appuyé sur un large éventail de sources, dont le riche fonds Delannoy conservé à la BnF, ce travail vise à combler cette lacune en situant Delannoy dans le contexte plus large d’une génération particulièrement exposée sous Vichy. Dans ce contexte coercitif mais favorable à la création musicale, plusieurs compositeurs de cette génération (notamment Poulenc et Honegger) sont en effet impliqués dans diverses activités qui révèlent leurs engagements et leur degré d’accommodation face à la situation d’Occupation. Pour rendre compte des activités de Delannoy sous Vichy, il s’est avéré nécessaire d’élargir la périodisation. D’abord parce que son principal projet et succès de la période, Ginevra, un opéra créé en 1942 à l’Opéra-Comique, est le fruit d’une commande d’État de 1938. Et plus généralement parce que ses choix musicaux et extra-musicaux, comme ceux de ses contemporains, ne peuvent être compris dans le seul contexte des 4 années d’Occupation. Delannoy, qui se fait connaître à la fin des années 1920, est un compositeur actif dans les entreprises de popularisation de la culture des années 1930, tandis que son style musical éclectique et accessible conquiert un large public. En 1942, son opéra Ginevra est très bien accueilli en raison de son inscription dans le genre français de l’opéra-comique, de ses emprunts éclectiques et de ses références à la musique du passé. Mais ce moment de grande médiatisation s’accompagne de plusieurs compromissions : critique musical d’un journal collaborationniste, membre du groupe Collaboration et de la délégation française invitée à Vienne pour la Semaine Mozart du Reich allemand (1941), Delannoy prend part à plusieurs projets de collaboration culturelle. À la Libération, ces compromissions lui sont reprochées : il est sanctionné par différentes instances officielles d’épuration et fait en outre l’objet d’une épuration plus informelle. Au croisement de l’histoire et de la musicologie, cette approche monographique qui situe le compositeur étudié dans sa génération vise plus largement à rendre compte des conséquences de l’Occupation sur les carrières des compositeurs, de leurs engagements et du rôle qu’ils ont tenu dans la politique musicale de Vichy et de l’occupant. / Although the French musical life during the Occupation is now a familiar field of research, no detailed study has been made of Marcel Delannoy (1898-1962), one of the most important composers of the period. Supported by a wide range of sources, including the large collection of Delannoy’s papers conserved at the BnF, the present work aims to fill this gap by situating Delannoy in the larger context of a generation of musicians that were especially visible during the Vichy years. In this context, both coercive and favorable to musical creation, several composers (notably Poulenc and Honegger) were indeed involved in a number of activities that reveal their commitments and the degree of adaptation when faced with the Occupation. To account for Delannoy’s activities under Vichy, it was necessary to extend the period under study: his principal project and success of the period, Ginevra (an opera premiered in 1942 at the Opéra-Comique), was the result of a 1938 State commission; more generally, his musical and extra-musical choices, much like those of his contemporaries, cannot be understood if they are restricted to the four years of the Occupation. Having made his name in the 1920s, Delannoy participated in the 1930’s ventures of cultural popularization, while his eclectic and accessible style won him a large public. In 1942, his opera Ginevra was very well received thanks to its ties to the traditional genre of French opéra-comique as well as its eclectic borrowings and references to the music of the past. Very much in the public eye, Delannoy also compromised himself in different ways: as a musical critic of collaborationist newspaper, as a member of the “Groupe Collaboration” and of the French delegation invited to Vienna for the Mozart Week of the German Reich (1941), he took part in several projects of cultural collaboration. It is because of these activities that the composer was penalized by professional and judicial purges following the Liberation, and also by a kind of more informal épuration. At the intersection of history and musicology, this monographic approach which places the composer in the context of his generation aims at a broader understanding of the Occupation’s consequences on composers’ careers, their political commitments, and the roles they played in the musical politics of Vichy and the German occupier.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des écoulements de gaz raréfiés à travers divers micro-conduits de type circulaire et rectangulaire dans des conditions isotherme et stationnaire. L'objectif de la thèse est de contribuer à l'étude de l'interaction gaz-surface notamment en déterminant le coefficient d'accommodation de la quantité de mouvement pour différent matériaux de surface (Or, Silice, Acier inoxydable et Sulfinert) associés à différents types de gaz (hélium, azote, argon et dioxyde-de-carbone). Afin d'atteindre cet objectif, on adopte un triple point de vue : expérimental, théorique et numérique. L'aspect expérimental est réalisé par des mesures de débit massique à travers les micro-conduits, en utilisant la méthode dite « à volume constant ». L'aspect théorique original est développé à travers une nouvelle approche basée sur la résolution de l'équation de Stokes. Cette approche a permis d'écrire une expression analytique de débit massique en régime de glissement, qui prenne en compte les effets bidimensionnels dans une section de conduit rectangulaire. Cette approche complètement explicite, est conduite au deuxième ordre. Enfin l'aspect numérique permet de calculer le débit massique, en régimes transitionnel et moléculaire libre, en résolvant numériquement l'équation cinétique BGK linéarisée. La comparaison des mesures de débit massique avec l'équation analytique, en régime de glissement, ou avec les calculs numériques, en régimes transitionnel et moléculaire libre, nous a permis de déduire des coefficients de glissement et les coefficients d'accommodation correspondant à chaque couple gaz-surface dans tous les régimes de raréfaction. / This thesis is devoted to the study of rarefied gas flows through micro-channels of various cross sections (circular and rectangular) under isothermal and stationary conditions. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the study of gas-surface interaction by determining the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient for different surface materials (gold, silica, stainless steel and Sulfinert) and associated to various gases (helium, nitrogen, argon and carbon-dioxide). To achieve this goal three aspects are considered: experimental, theoretical and numerical. The experimental aspect is considered by measuring the mass flow rate through microchannels using the constant volume technique. The theoretical aspect is considered by the development of a new approach based on the Stokes equations. This approach yields to the analytical expression of the mass flow rate in the slip regime, which takes into account the second order effects. The last aspect, numerical, is considered by the numerical simulations of the mass flow rate in the transitional and free molecular flow regimes by solving the linearized BGK kinetic model. The comparison between the measured mass flow rates and the analytically expressions in the slip regime or with the results of numerical simulations in the transitional and free molecular regimes enabled to deduce the tangential momentum accommodation coefficients corresponding to each pair gas-surface in all flow regimes.

Bakgrund: Vården av äldre med BPSD är både fordrande och tidsomfattande och ställer höga krav på sjuksköterskors kompetens i bemötande och i omvårdnad. Många äldre med BPSD har omfattande symtom som är svåra att komma tillrätta med av omvårdnadspersonal, sjuksköterskor och personens anhöriga. Genom att undersöka närmare på olika omvårdnadsåtgärder/strategier som distriktsköterskor och sjuksköterskor använder sig av i vården av personer med demens kan en uppfattning erhållas om vilka strategier och tillvägagångssätt det finns att tillgå och som kan ha betydelse för äldre med demens och vilka strategier, tillvägagångssätt det finns anledning att undersöka närmare. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att belysa distriktsköterskors strategier för att minska beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom hos äldre med demens inom korttidsboende. Metod: I denna studie användes en induktiv ansats där datamaterialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehålls analys. Åtta distriktsköterskor och sjuksköterskor inom korttidsboende intervjuades. Resultat: Ur analysen identifierades ett tema Strävan mot harmoni och välbefinnande hos personen med demens samt tre kategorier; Hjälpmedel i omvårdnadsarbetet, Fokusera patienten som person, Involvera anhöriga som medaktör med sex underkategorier. Konklusion: Studien visar att personcentrerad vård där individuella omvårdnadsstrategier tillämpas i syfte att minska BPSD är ett grundläggande förhållningssätt i vården. Med hjälp av BPSD registret, NPI skattningsskala, anhörigas stöd, levnadsberättelse och där läkemedel inte är ett förstahandsval, kan individuella vård- och bemötandeplaner upprättas som har betydelse för äldre med BPSD. / Care of the elderly with behavioral BPSD is many times a both demanding and timeextensive nursing work with high demands on nurses’ skills in response and in treatment. Many older people with BPSD experiencing mentally illness as can be difficult to deal with by health care workers, nurses and the person`s relatives. By examining various nursing strategies as district nurse`s and nurses using in healthcare of people with dementia can an idea be obtained which strategies and approaches may be of importance to elderly with dementia and what strategies and approaches there is reason to investigate further. Purpose: The study’s purpose was to highlight district nurses’ strategies to reduce behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia on the elder with dementia in short-term accommodation. Method: Qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach was used in the study. Eight district nurses and general nurses within short- time accommodation where interviewed. Results: From the analysis the theme Pursuit of harmony and Well-being of people with dementia was identified and three categories; Resources in nursing works, Focus the patient as a person, Involve relatives as co-workers with six subcategories. Conclusion: The study shows that person- centered care their individual inpatient care strategies are applied in order to reduce BPSD is a basic approach in care. Using BPSD, NPI estimation scale, relatives’ support, life story and their drugs are not a first choice can induce care and treatment plans can be established that matter for elderly with BPSD.

This master thesis deals with information systems used by tourism. Its aim was to map the accommodation reservation systems, describe their characteristics from the prospective of both accomodation providers and their clients and describe the associated business processes. Existing reservation systems on the accommodation market were evaluated according to preselected criteria. A perfect the reservation system was proposed based on the investigation of the characteristics and criteria compliance.

Sverige har en åldrande befolkning och år 2070 kommer en fjärdedel av befolkning att vara över 65 år vilket kommer att sätta press på den svenska välfärden. Utmaningar knutet till en åldrande befolkning är ingenting nytt utan uppmärksammades i Långtidsutredningen från år 2000. Ett led i att minska kostnaderna i den offentliga sektorn är och har varit kvarboendeprincipen som innebär att äldre ska ges möjlighet att bo kvar i bostäder på den ordinarie bostadsmarknaden utifrån kvarboendeprincipen. Det juridiska ansvaret att säkra tillgången på bostäder för äldre finns hos kommunerna och till deras hjälp: de allmännyttiga kommunala bostadsbolagen. De kommunala allmännyttiga bostadsbolagen ska enligt lag agera med ett allmännyttigt syfte utifrån affärsmässiga principer. Lagstiftningen som reglerar allmännyttan från 2011 har ifrågasatts av flera forskare avseende om det är möjligt att förena ett allmännyttigt syfte tillsammans med affärsmässiga principer. Syftet med studien är att genom en flerfallsstudie beskriva hur kommunerna och de allmännyttiga kommunala bostadsbolagen arbetar tillsammans med bostadsförsörjning för äldre. Studien avgränsas till kommunerna Ljusdal och Söderhamn i Gävleborgs län. De utvalda kommunerna har negativ befolkningsutveckling och majoriteten av dess bostadsbestånd består av äganderätter vilket utifrån rådande teoribildning ska medföra svårigheter att tillgodose behovet av bostäder anpassade för äldre. För att svara på frågeställningarna har en kvalitativ innehållsanalys avstyrdokument som bostadsförsörjningsprogram, översiktsplaner ochägardirektiv från kommunerna och de allmännyttiga kommunalabostadsbolagen utförts. Dessutom har tjänstemän från planavdelningarna på derespektive kommunerna och representanter från de allmännyttiga kommunala bostadsbolagen intervjuats. Studien påvisar att båda de undersökta fallen jobbar med mellanboendeformer främst i form av trygghetsboenden för att klara av utmaningarna kopplat till bostadsförsörjning för äldre. Studiens resultat visar på betydande skillnader när det kommer till relationerna mellan kommunerna och de kommunala bostadsbolag vilket kan ha betydelse för bostadsförsörjningen och bostadsutvecklingen i kommunerna. / The population in Sweden is growing older. One fourth of the population will be over 65 years of age by the year 2070, a development that will set pressure on the Swedish welfare system. One way to reduce the public expenses has been to introduce kvarboendeprincipen, which is that elderly will be given the possibility to live in ordinary homes instead of nursing homes. By law, it is up to municipalities to secure local housing by conducting appropriate policies and guidelines. An important tool has for a long time been municipal housing companies. The municipal housing companies are obligated by Swedish law to act with a public purpose and at the same time to act in a businesslike way. The legislation from 2011 has been questioned by several researchers whether it is possible to combine a public purpose and still act in a businesslike way. The purpose of the study is by a qualitative multi-case study describing how the municipalities alongside the municipality housing companies are working together to provide housing customized for the elderly. The study is delimited to the municipalities: Söderhamn and Ljusdal in the county of Gävleborg. The selected cases have a negative population growth and most of their housing stock consists of property rights, which according to previous studies and research entails difficulties to provide the elderly with customized housing. To answer the research questions a qualitative content analysis of different municipal guiding documents has been performed: like comprehensive plans, housing supply documents and owner directives of the municipal housing companies. Interviews with public servants from the municipality’s city planning offices and representatives from the municipality housing companies have also been made. The study shows that the current housing stock in the analyzed municipalities: Söderhamn and Ljusdal is outdated which constitutes a problem concerning availability. The analyzed cases promote the production of customized housing for elderly in order to secure the housing needs of an aging population. The relationships between the municipalities and the municipal housing companies differ between the two analyzed cases which may affect the supply of customized housing. The results indicate that the provision of housing for the elderly not only can be understood by economic theories regarding supply and demand.

Esta dissertação objetiva estudar a fala de sergipanos migrantes residentes em São Paulo e em sua região metropolitana, com o intuito de verificar suas taxas de acomodação (TRUDGILL, 1986) à fala paulistana, no que concerne ao grau de abertura das vogais médias pretônicas (como em negócio e coragem), tratado como uma variável numérica (a partir dos valores de F1). Para tanto, os pressupostos teóricos variacionistas (LABOV, 2008 [1972]), o conceito de redes sociais (MILROY, 1987; MILROY & LLAMAS, 2013 [2002]) e algumas definições caras à terceira onda (ECKERT, 2012), como o de identidade (KIESLING, 2013), são tomados como norteadores. O corpus da pesquisa é formado por 27 entrevistas sociolinguísticas realizadas com sergipanos migrantes pertencentes a duas redes sociais distintas. A rede 1 é mais fechada (com uma mobilidade geográfica mais limitada e com um contato menos frequente com paulistanos) e é composta por 16 informantes residentes em Taboão da Serra e Cotia, cidades metropolitanas de São Paulo. A rede 2, por sua vez, é mais aberta (tem mais contato com paulistanos) e é formada por 11 sujeitos, moradores de Osasco, Carapicuíba e São Paulo. Partindo da premissa de que os indivíduos estão se acomodando às pessoas com quem estão conversando rotineiramente, a hipótese central do estudo é que as taxas de acomodação dos migrantes estejam correlacionadas à configuração de suas redes. Dessa maneira, como os sujeitos da rede 2 conversam, com mais frequência, paulistanos, eles tendem a estar mais acomodados à fala paulistana. Além disso, a pesquisa lida com o conceito de identidade com o intuito de testar a hipótese de que o migrante que se identifica mais com Sergipe, do que com São Paulo, tende a estar menos acomodado à nova realidade linguística. Tal teste é realizado com um índice chamado índice de vínculo com Sergipe, criado a partir de um questionário respondido pelos próprios informantes depois da entrevista sociolinguística. O principal resultado das análises é que a hipótese sobre a configuração das redes não se confirma, ou seja, não faz diferença, para as taxas de acomodação, se o informante pertence à rede mais fechada ou à mais aberta. Verificou-se, nesse sentido, que existe uma grande variação entre os indivíduos de uma mesma rede. Ademais, não foi constatada correlação entre o índice de vínculo com Sergipe do migrante e seu grau de acomodação. A análise mais minuciosa de dois migrantes da rede 2 revela que existe uma concentração de vogal /o/ mais baixa quando os falantes estão avaliando as diferentes pronúncias brasileiras e estão discursando sobre sua origem, sobretudo quando usam a palavra nordeste (e suas derivações). Tal descoberta mostra que, em pesquisas sobre acomodação dialetal, é importante voltar-se para a análise do indivíduo e para suas posturas (stance). / This masters thesis presents a study of pre-stressed mid-vowels /e/ (negócio business) and /o/ (coragem courage) in the speech of 27 speakers who migrated from Sergipe to São Paulo. In their original dialect, speakers born and raised in Sergipe (as in other areas of Northeastern Brazil Cardoso, 1999; Callou et al, 2009) tend to open these vowels, relative to their pronunciation by speakers born and raised in São Paulo. Under the assumption that speakers tend to accommodate their speech (TRUDGILL, 1986) to the variety spoken by those with whom they routinely speak, the central hypothesis is that migrants may have different rates of accomodation in the pronunciation of those vowels, depending on the configuration of their networks. That way, migrants whose networks include more Paulistanos would tend to pronounce these vowels more similarly to these speakers, as opposed to migrants whose networks include more Sergipanos and speakers from other Northeastern areas of Brazil. The data were extracted from sociolinguistic interviews, recorded with these migrants according to their participation in two social networks. Network 1 is more closed (limited geographical mobility and less frequent contact with Paulistanos) and comprises 16 migrants living in Taboão da Serra and Cotia, metropolitan cities of São Paulo. Network 2 is more open (more contact with Paulistanos) and comprises 11 subjects, residents of Osasco, Carapicuíba and São Paulo. Data collection and analyses were carried out in accordance with Sociolinguistics (LABOV, 2008 [1972]), the concept of social networks (MILROY, 1987; MILROY & LLAMAS, 2013 [2002]) and third-wave conceptualizations (ECKERT, 2012), such as stance and identity (KIESLING, 2013). Vowel openess was treated as a numeric variable (measured in Praat Boersma & Weenink, 2014 through formant F1, in Hertz). Results do not confirm the network hypothesis, as the degrees of migrants accommodation did not significantly differ according to their network. Rather, there is great variability amongst speakers, including those who are members of the same network. Additionally, there is no correlation between the variable and whether the migrants identify themselves more to the new city or to their Northeastern origins (through an index based on answers to an identity questionnaire performed at the end of the sociolinguistic interviews). Moreover, there is also great variability throughout their interviews. By analyzing more closely the speech of two migrants from Network 2, it is noteworthy that there is a concentration of higher-F1 tokens of /o/ in the word nordeste (Nordeste Northeast), when the speakers are talking about their views on their origins and their original dialect. These findings call for further analysis of individual speech, when it comes to research on dialect accommodation.

Bakgrund: Utvecklingen är att fler och fler drabbas av demenssjukdom vilket innebär att antalet personer som får vård i ordinärt boende kommer att öka. Vården som ges ska vara personcentrerad och underlätta vardagen samt bidra till en ökad livskvalitet för personen.  Syfte: Att undersöka vilka hinder och möjligheter som påverkar sjuksköterskans arbete med att tillämpa personcentrerad vård för personer med demenssjukdom i ordinärt boende. Metod: En kvalitativ design med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Sjuksköterskor som arbetar i hemsjukvården och besöker personer med demenssjukdom har intervjuats. Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studien visar att det som möjliggör personcentrerad vård för sjuksköterskan är att möta personen i dennes bekanta miljö, att se anhöriga som en resurs i vården samt att arbeta som ett team med andra professioner. Det som hindrar sjuksköterskan att tillämpa personcentrerad vård är att begränsas av organisationen, att sakna kompetens i teamet och att inte nå fram till personen. Slutsats: För att kunna bedriva personcentrerad vård behöver sjuksköterskan få de organisatoriska förutsättningarna som möjliggör detta arbete, i form av god tid för hembesök, möjlighet till teamarbete med hemtjänst och demensteam samt möjlighet till att stödja och handleda vårdpersonalen och anhöriga. / Background: The development is that more and more people are suffering from dementia, which will mean that the number of people receiving nursing in ordinary housing will increase. The care provided must be person-centered and facilitate everyday life and contribute to an increased quality of life for the person. Aim: To investigate the obstacles and opportunities that affect the nurse's work of applying person-centered care for persons with dementia in ordinary housing. Method: A qualitative design with semi-structured interviews. Nurses working in home care and visiting people with dementia have been interviewed. The interviews were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Outcome: The study shows that what enables person-centered care for the nurse is to meet the person in his familiar environment, to see relatives as a resource in the care and to work as a team with other professions. What prevents the nurse from applying person-centered care is to be limited by the organization, to lack the competence of the team and not to reach the person. Conclusion: To be able to implement person-centered care the nurse need to have the organizational conditions for enabling this work, in the form of enough time for home visits, the opportunity for teamwork with home care services and dementia teams, as well as the opportunity to support and supervise the carestaff and relatives.

Esta dissertação objetiva estudar a fala de sergipanos migrantes residentes em São Paulo e em sua região metropolitana, com o intuito de verificar suas taxas de acomodação (TRUDGILL, 1986) à fala paulistana, no que concerne ao grau de abertura das vogais médias pretônicas (como em negócio e coragem), tratado como uma variável numérica (a partir dos valores de F1). Para tanto, os pressupostos teóricos variacionistas (LABOV, 2008 [1972]), o conceito de redes sociais (MILROY, 1987; MILROY & LLAMAS, 2013 [2002]) e algumas definições caras à terceira onda (ECKERT, 2012), como o de identidade (KIESLING, 2013), são tomados como norteadores. O corpus da pesquisa é formado por 27 entrevistas sociolinguísticas realizadas com sergipanos migrantes pertencentes a duas redes sociais distintas. A rede 1 é mais fechada (com uma mobilidade geográfica mais limitada e com um contato menos frequente com paulistanos) e é composta por 16 informantes residentes em Taboão da Serra e Cotia, cidades metropolitanas de São Paulo. A rede 2, por sua vez, é mais aberta (tem mais contato com paulistanos) e é formada por 11 sujeitos, moradores de Osasco, Carapicuíba e São Paulo. Partindo da premissa de que os indivíduos estão se acomodando às pessoas com quem estão conversando rotineiramente, a hipótese central do estudo é que as taxas de acomodação dos migrantes estejam correlacionadas à configuração de suas redes. Dessa maneira, como os sujeitos da rede 2 conversam, com mais frequência, paulistanos, eles tendem a estar mais acomodados à fala paulistana. Além disso, a pesquisa lida com o conceito de identidade com o intuito de testar a hipótese de que o migrante que se identifica mais com Sergipe, do que com São Paulo, tende a estar menos acomodado à nova realidade linguística. Tal teste é realizado com um índice chamado índice de vínculo com Sergipe, criado a partir de um questionário respondido pelos próprios informantes depois da entrevista sociolinguística. O principal resultado das análises é que a hipótese sobre a configuração das redes não se confirma, ou seja, não faz diferença, para as taxas de acomodação, se o informante pertence à rede mais fechada ou à mais aberta. Verificou-se, nesse sentido, que existe uma grande variação entre os indivíduos de uma mesma rede. Ademais, não foi constatada correlação entre o índice de vínculo com Sergipe do migrante e seu grau de acomodação. A análise mais minuciosa de dois migrantes da rede 2 revela que existe uma concentração de vogal /o/ mais baixa quando os falantes estão avaliando as diferentes pronúncias brasileiras e estão discursando sobre sua origem, sobretudo quando usam a palavra nordeste (e suas derivações). Tal descoberta mostra que, em pesquisas sobre acomodação dialetal, é importante voltar-se para a análise do indivíduo e para suas posturas (stance). / This masters thesis presents a study of pre-stressed mid-vowels /e/ (negócio business) and /o/ (coragem courage) in the speech of 27 speakers who migrated from Sergipe to São Paulo. In their original dialect, speakers born and raised in Sergipe (as in other areas of Northeastern Brazil Cardoso, 1999; Callou et al, 2009) tend to open these vowels, relative to their pronunciation by speakers born and raised in São Paulo. Under the assumption that speakers tend to accommodate their speech (TRUDGILL, 1986) to the variety spoken by those with whom they routinely speak, the central hypothesis is that migrants may have different rates of accomodation in the pronunciation of those vowels, depending on the configuration of their networks. That way, migrants whose networks include more Paulistanos would tend to pronounce these vowels more similarly to these speakers, as opposed to migrants whose networks include more Sergipanos and speakers from other Northeastern areas of Brazil. The data were extracted from sociolinguistic interviews, recorded with these migrants according to their participation in two social networks. Network 1 is more closed (limited geographical mobility and less frequent contact with Paulistanos) and comprises 16 migrants living in Taboão da Serra and Cotia, metropolitan cities of São Paulo. Network 2 is more open (more contact with Paulistanos) and comprises 11 subjects, residents of Osasco, Carapicuíba and São Paulo. Data collection and analyses were carried out in accordance with Sociolinguistics (LABOV, 2008 [1972]), the concept of social networks (MILROY, 1987; MILROY & LLAMAS, 2013 [2002]) and third-wave conceptualizations (ECKERT, 2012), such as stance and identity (KIESLING, 2013). Vowel openess was treated as a numeric variable (measured in Praat Boersma & Weenink, 2014 through formant F1, in Hertz). Results do not confirm the network hypothesis, as the degrees of migrants accommodation did not significantly differ according to their network. Rather, there is great variability amongst speakers, including those who are members of the same network. Additionally, there is no correlation between the variable and whether the migrants identify themselves more to the new city or to their Northeastern origins (through an index based on answers to an identity questionnaire performed at the end of the sociolinguistic interviews). Moreover, there is also great variability throughout their interviews. By analyzing more closely the speech of two migrants from Network 2, it is noteworthy that there is a concentration of higher-F1 tokens of /o/ in the word nordeste (Nordeste Northeast), when the speakers are talking about their views on their origins and their original dialect. These findings call for further analysis of individual speech, when it comes to research on dialect accommodation.

God is revealed through Scripture and the Incarnation as desiring to establish loving relationships with others beyond the Trinity. In the beginning he did so by creating human beings, and making himself, his desires, and his ways known to them. He chose to do so through particular actions and encounters in history which involved various forms of embodied manifestation, and led up to the supreme manifestation: the enfleshing of Jesus. Following on from the acts of Jesus which perfectly manifested God and his ways to the world in the flesh, human creatures created in the image of God and united to Christ are also called and gifted by God to manifest God's presence, activity, and ways in this world by using their bodies to live faithfully and responsively to the leading of the Spirit. In order to investigate and demonstrate these claims, Part I of the thesis examines a selection of precedent-setting events chronicled in the Old Testament in which God manifested his presence and ways to people in a variety of circumstances. Part II is concerned with a theological examination of God's manifestations and the roles people can and should play in these manifestations. It begins by engaging with reflections on the subject from the early church fathers Irenaeus, Athanasius, and Augustine; and, in keeping with the Reformed approach taken in the thesis generally, this is followed by in-depth treatments of Reformer John Calvin and Reformed theologian Karl Barth on the revelation, manifestation, and proclamation of God by people in this world. Having substantiated the claim that how people live is significant and of concern to God as it can impinge upon his ongoing desire to make himself and his ways known, Part III is designed to provide a fuller understanding of some of the meaning and significance conveyed by bodily expressions in human interactions with an eye towards seeking ways to live more faithfully to God. It identifies the theatre, particularly improvisational theatre, as a laboratory for understanding human living, and so explores the insights of theatre practitioners into everyday living; while also considering the work of philosophers of language and sociologists who do the same. Through this spotlight on the theatricality of life the case is made for attempting to live responsively, in keeping with improvisational actors, in ways that are faithful to God and which can serve to aid those united to Christ as they seek to make God known to others.

Le pluralisme religieux est une réalité objective au Royaume-Uni et en France. Les minorités religieuses, demeurent un sujet récurrent qui suscite d’intarissables réflexions, d’études, de débats scientifiques et politiques. Elles sont une véritable préoccupation pour le politique, l’Europe et l’Etat ; à telle enseigne qu’il faille s’interroger sur ce que l’Etat peut leur proposer comme meilleure protection au XXIème siècle. La France et le Royaume-Uni sont confrontés à ce défi. Outre, la neutralité de l’Etat au regard de la religion rend complexes les rapports de ces minorités religieuses avec l’Etat en France où le concept de minorités religieuses n’est pas connu du droit français en vertu du caractère laïque de l’Etat français proclamé par l’article 1er de sa Constitution et la loi du 9 Décembre 1905 de la Séparation de l’Etat et de l’Eglise. Les minorités religieuses sont un non-sujet en droit français. Mais au Royaume-Uni, les minorités qualifiées de confessions religieuses sont reconnues quand bien même l’Eglise Anglicane est l’Eglise établie et officielle, avec à sa tête la Reine Elizabeth II. Il n’y a pas de séparation entre l’Eglise et l’Etat. En Ecosse, l’Eglise Presbytérienne fait figure d’Eglise établie, mais séparée de l’Etat. Aussi, toujours liée aux minorités religieuses, la question de l’application du principe d’ajustement raisonnable pour écarter des cas de discrimination en matière religieuse. L’ordre juridique britannique connaît ce principe et l’applique. Alors qu’en France, ce principe est ignoré et fait l’objet d’une application purement informelle. Certes, la globalisation apporte des faits positifs en Europe et notamment dans ces deux Etats, mais elle contient aussi des risques auxquels il faut prêter attention au XXIème siècle. Ainsi, les minorités nationales, les communautés linguistiques et les différentes unités constitutives de l’Etat demandent, en faisant appel au principe de la diversité, la reconnaissance de leurs droits collectifs, une multiplication des structures régionales et le perfectionnement de leurs prérogatives. L’apparition des « nouvelles minorités », celles des immigrants posent de nouvelles difficultés. En pratique, la religion historique du pays est privilégiée. Les religions pratiquées par les immigrés – Islam, Bouddhisme, Hindouisme, etc – sont alors l’objet d’une discrimination plus ou moins forte. Le besoin de visibilité de ces religions – et de l’Islam en occurrence – remet en cause le cadre fixé à la fin du XIXème siècle qui régit le fonctionnement des religions dans les divers Etats. Cette évolution touche plus durement les Etats laïcs de tradition catholique comme la France que les pays de tradition protestante où la place du religieux dans l’espace public est par tradition plus facilement acceptée comme le Royaume-Uni. Il faut aussi considérer que les religions importées par les populations migrantes sont souvent des « ethno-religions ». L’enjeu identitaire y est considérable, et il tend même à se substituer à celui de la liberté de croyance. Le Royaume-Uni et la France s’inscrivent dans ce registre à propos de leurs minorités religieuses. / Religious pluralism is an objective reality in France and Great-Britain. The religious minorities remain a recurring subject which inexhaustible reflections, studies, scientific and political debates. They show real concern to policymakers, Europe and State; so much so that it is necessary to wonder about what the State can propose them as better protection in the XXIst century. France and Great-Britain are confronted with this challenge. Besides the neutrality of the State with regard to the religion, makes complex relationships of these religious minorities with the State in France; where the concept of religious minorities is not known of French Law by virtue of the secularity – laic – character of the French State proclaimed by the 1st article of its Constitution and the Law of December 9th, 1905 of the Separation of the State and the Church. The religious minorities are no-subject in French Law. But in Great-Britain, the qualified religious, minorities of religious confessions are recognized when well even the Church of England is established and official Church with at its head Queen Elizabeth II. There is no separation between the Church and the State. In Scotland, the Kirk as considered as established Church and separated from the State. Also, always related to religious minorities, the question of application of reasonable principle of accommodation to draw aside from the cases of discrimination out of religious matter. The British legal order knows this principle and applies. Whereas in France this principle is ignored and is the object of purely abstract application. Admittedly, the globalization brings positive facts to Europe and in particular in these two States, but it contains also risks for which it is necessary to pay attention to the XXIst century. Thus, the national minorities, the speech communities and the various constitutional units of the State require, by calling on the principle of diversity, recognition of their collective rights, a multiplication of regional structures and improvement of their prerogative. The appearance of the “new minorities”, those of immigrants raises new difficulties. In practice, the historical religion of the country is often privileged. The religions practiced by immigrants – Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, etc – are then the object of more or less strong discrimination. The need for the visibility of these religions – Islam I occurrence – calls into question the framework fixed at the end of XIXth century which governs the operation of religions in the various States. This evolution touches hardly the secular States of Catholic tradition like France, than the countries of Protestant tradition where the place of religious in public space is by tradition more easily accepted like Great-Britain. It as should be considered as the religions imported by migrant populations are often “ethno-religions”. The identity challenge is considerable there, and it even tends to replace that of freedom of belief. Great-Britain and France fall under this register in connection with their religious minorities.