Den här uppsatsen utforskar de nya reglerna om bristande tillgänglighet som blev en form av diskriminering i den svenska diskrimineringslagen 2015. Studien undersöker den praktiska erfarenheten av att tillämpa de nya reglerna, genom att analysera avgöranden i svenska domstolar. Uppsatsen söker svar på huruvida diskrimineringslagens regler om bristande tillgänglighet kan uppfylla de krav i praktiken som ställs om tillgänglighet i FN:s konvention om rättigheter för personer med funktionsnedsättning (CRPD). Uppsatsen tillämpar den rättsdogmatiska metoden och den rättsanalytiska metoden. Materialen för analysen består av diskrimineringslagen och dess förarbeten, CRPD, domar gällande bristande tillgänglighet och juridisk doktrin. Analysen av rättstillämpningen sker utifrån ett funktionshinderperspektiv som ger uppsatsen sitt teoretiska ramverk. Uppsatsen hävdar att diskrimineringslagens regler om bristande tillgänglighet är otillräckliga för att öka tillgängligheten i samhället för att personer med funktionsnedsättning ska kunna vara delaktiga på lika villkor som andra. Enligt uppsatsens förslag bör det övervägas huruvida diskrimineringslagens förbud mot diskriminering i form av bristande tillgänglighet ska utvidgas till alla samhällsområden; vidare behövs det att domstolarna tillämpar den fördragskonforma tolkningen konsekvent eller att CRPD inkorporeras för att de krav som ställs i konventionen om tillgänglighet ska få större genomslag i det svenska rättssystemet. / The present thesis explores the rules concerning denial of reasonable accommodation that became a new form of discrimination in the Swedish Discrimination Act in 2015. The thesis examines the practical experiences of applying the new rules, by analyzing judgments of Swedish courts. The thesis seeks to answer whether the new rules concerning denial of reasonable accommodation can meet the requirements for accessibility set in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The thesis is carried out by employing both the legal dogmatic method and the legal analytical method. The thesis is based on the Swedish Discrimination Act, the CRPD, judgements regarding denial of reasonable accommodation as well as legal doctrine. The analysis of the judgements is based on a disability perspective that provides a theoretical framework for this thesis. It is argued that the rules concerning denial of reasonable accommodation in the Swedish Discrimination Act are insufficient to increase accessibility for persons with disabilities to be able to participate in society on equal terms with others. This thesis argues that the prohibition of discrimination in the form of denial of reasonable accommodation should be extended to all areas of society. Furthermore, it is argued that the courts shall apply the treaty-based interpretation consistently, alternatively the CRPD shall be incorporated in order to better ensure that the requirements on accessibility set in the CRPD are met by the Swedish legal system.

Discursive markers are a set of linguistic items that work in the cognitive, expressive, social, and textual domains, with two aspects of communicative knowledge closely related to one another: the expressive and the social, which are the speaker's ability to use language to show his personal and social identities, to convey attitudes and perform actions, and to negotiate relationships between self and other (SCHIFFRIN, 2001). Interactional discourse markers arising from speech in interaction and one of its functions is to attract for itself the or to draw closer to the attention of the interlocutor, maintaining the speaker/listener interaction in the discourse process. In this perspective and in the light of the Accommodation Theory (GILES; COUPLAND; COUPLAND, 1991) and Audience Design (BELL, 1984), the aim is to analyze how the speakers adjust their linguistic behavior during the interaction and makes use of discursive strategies to control differences, to approach or to move away from their listeners, and shift the speech style to get approval from the participants in the interaction. This research analyzes the interactional discourse markers of verbal nature entendeu?, sabe? e viu? [you understand?, you know?, you see?], from the observation of the speech in the interaction of young students in the State College Atheneu Sergipense speech community, taking into account that in a school community the social universe is culturally shared among its members that, to greater or lesser extent of participation, share communicative needs, as well as lexical and semantic structures. The samples used in this study are part of the Falares Sergipanos database (FREITAG, 2013). From this proposal, we investigate: (i) the uses, the functions and the distribution of frequencies of interactional discourse markers entendeu?, sabe? e viu? [you understand?, you know?, you see?] (ii) the relation of these interactional discourse markers in the process of linguistic accommodation and, (iii) the uses of these discursive markers as traces of social identity. The corpus investigations in this study point out that the specificities of linguistic variations arise from the social relation between the speakers, the nature of the speech community and the sharing of the discursive and social context, where the speaker recognizes himself as a member of a group and adjusts his linguistic behavior, according to their goals and objectives, to express their attitudes and beliefs. / Marcadores discursivos são um conjunto de itens linguísticos que funcionam nos domínios cognitivo, expressivo, social e textual, havendo dois aspectos do conhecimento comunicativo intimamente relacionados entre si: o expressivo e o social, que são a capacidade do falante de usar a linguagem para mostrar suas identidades pessoais e sociais, transmitir atitudes, executar ações e negociar relações entre o eu e o outro (SCHIFFRIN, 2001). Marcadores discursivos interacionais emergem na fala em interação e uma de suas funções é atrair para si a, ou aproximar-se da, atenção do interlocutor, mantendo a interação falante/ouvinte no processo do discurso. Nessa perspectiva e à luz da Teoria da Acomodação (GILES; COUPLAND; COUPLAND, 1991) e Audience Design (BELL, 1984), busca-se analisar como o falante ajusta seu comportamento linguístico durante a interação e faz uso de estratégias discursivas para controlar diferenças, se aproximar ou se afastar do seu ouvinte e alternar seu estilo de fala para obter a aprovação dos participantes da interação. Esta pesquisa analisa os marcadores discursivos interacionais de natureza verbal entendeu?, sabe? e viu?, a partir da observação da fala em interação de adolescentes escolares na comunidade de fala do Colégio Estadual Atheneu Sergipense, tendo-se em conta que em uma comunidade escolar o universo social é culturalmente compartilhado entre seus membros que, em maior ou menor grau de participação, compartilham necessidades comunicativas, além de estruturas lexicais e semânticas. As amostras utilizadas nesta pesquisa integram o banco de dados Falares Sergipanos (FREITAG, 2013). A partir dessa proposta, investiga-se: (i) os usos, as funções e a distribuição de frequências dos marcadores discursivos de base interacional entendeu?, sabe? e viu?; (ii) a relação desses marcadores discursivos interacionais no processo de acomodação linguística e, (iii) os usos desses marcadores discursivos como traços de identidade social. Investigações do corpus apontam que as especificidades das variações linguísticas decorrem da relação social entre os falantes, da natureza da comunidade de fala e do compartilhamento do contexto discursivo e social, onde o falante se reconhece como membro de um grupo e ajusta seu comportamento linguístico, de acordo com suas metas e objetivos, para expressar suas atitudes e crenças.

Submitted by Marcia Silva (marcia@latec.uff.br) on 2016-10-20T18:27:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Karolina Matias Ferreira.pdf: 1958579 bytes, checksum: 7734919c09d0804e0cdb66d556f7d70f (MD5) / Rejected by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br), reason: Favor incluir no trabalho a ficha catalográfica (elemento obrigatório), após a folha de rosto. Atenciosamente, Catarina Ribeiro Bibliotecária BEE - Ramal 5992 on 2017-01-27T10:34:07Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marcia Silva (marcia@latec.uff.br) on 2017-02-08T17:33:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Karolina Matias Ferreira.pdf: 1958579 bytes, checksum: 7734919c09d0804e0cdb66d556f7d70f (MD5) / Rejected by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br), reason: Favor incluir no trabalho a ficha catalográfica (elemento obrigatório), após a folha de rosto. Atenciosamente, Catarina Ribeiro Bibliotecária BEE - Ramal 5992 on 2017-02-15T11:38:43Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marcia Silva (marcia@latec.uff.br) on 2017-05-09T19:21:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Karolina Matias Ferreira.pdf: 2057173 bytes, checksum: 9278f51b6021c18c4dba8d03327fbcd5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-05-15T14:38:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Karolina Matias Ferreira.pdf: 2057173 bytes, checksum: 9278f51b6021c18c4dba8d03327fbcd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-15T14:38:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Karolina Matias Ferreira.pdf: 2057173 bytes, checksum: 9278f51b6021c18c4dba8d03327fbcd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-19 / Ao conectarem diretamente viajantes e proprietários de imóveis, as plataformas online de aluguel por temporada vêm ganhando força, nos últimos anos, e, por representarem um tipo de inovação no setor de turismo, podem afetar diretamente os meios de hospedagem tradicionais. O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar como esse tipo de consumo colaborativo afeta a competitividade dos meios de hospedagem localizados em cinco municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de acordo com a percepção de seus gestores. A pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, foi realizada por meio de aplicação de questionário eletrônico. Quanto à percepção sobre econômica compartilhada, consumo colaborativo e plataformas online, os resultados indicaram duas situações possíveis: os gestores possuem entendimento limitado sobre esses temas e/ou apenas parte do que é reportado na literatura foi percebido por eles em seus empreendimentos. Em relação as estratégias consideradas mais importantes para manutenção da competitividade nessa nova conjuntura econômica, foram identificadas seis estratégias que revelaram, fundamentalmente, a preocupação dos gestores quanto à viabilidade, à diferenciação de seus negócios e ao alinhamento às tendências tecnológicas / The online home-rental platforms have been gaining strength lately, in the tourism sector, and, by connecting hosts and travelers, represent a kind of innovation that may affect traditional lodging enterprises. The present study aimed to investigate how this type of collaborative consumption affects the competitiveness of lodging facilities located in five cities of the State of Rio de Janeiro, according to the managers’ perception. The research is qualitative and exploratory. In respect to the perception of sharing economy, collaborative consumption and online platforms, the results indicated two possible situations: managers have a limited understanding of these themes and/or only part of what is reported in the literature was perceived by them in their businesses. Regarding the strategies considered most important for competitiveness maintenance in this new economic context, six strategies were identified and they fundamentally revealed the concern of managers on the feasibility, the differentiation of their businesses and on the alignment with technology trends

Si la vie musicale en France sous l’Occupation est aujourd’hui un champ de recherche bien balisé, le parcours de l’un des compositeurs majeurs de cette période, Marcel Delannoy (1898-1962), n’a encore fait l’objet d’aucune étude approfondie. Appuyé sur un large éventail de sources, dont le riche fonds Delannoy conservé à la BnF, ce travail vise à combler cette lacune en situant Delannoy dans le contexte plus large d’une génération particulièrement exposée sous Vichy. Dans ce contexte coercitif mais favorable à la création musicale, plusieurs compositeurs de cette génération (notamment Poulenc et Honegger) sont en effet impliqués dans diverses activités qui révèlent leurs engagements et leur degré d’accommodation face à la situation d’Occupation. Pour rendre compte des activités de Delannoy sous Vichy, il s’est avéré nécessaire d’élargir la périodisation. D’abord parce que son principal projet et succès de la période, Ginevra, un opéra créé en 1942 à l’Opéra-Comique, est le fruit d’une commande d’État de 1938. Et plus généralement parce que ses choix musicaux et extra-musicaux, comme ceux de ses contemporains, ne peuvent être compris dans le seul contexte des 4 années d’Occupation. / Although the French musical life during the Occupation is now a familiar field of research, no detailed study has been made of Marcel Delannoy (1898-1962), one of the most important composers of the period. Supported by a wide range of sources, including the large collection of Delannoy’s papers conserved at the BnF, the present work aims to fill this gap by situating Delannoy in the larger context of a generation of musicians that were especially visible during the Vichy years. In this context, both coercive and favorable to musical creation, several composers (notably Poulenc and Honegger) were indeed involved in a number of activities that reveal their commitments and the degree of adaptation in the face of the Occupation. To account for Delannoy’s activities under Vichy, it was necessary to extend the period under study: his principal project and success of the period, Ginevra (an opera premiered in 1942 at the Opéra-Comique), was the result of a 1938 State commission; more generally, his musical and extra-musical choices, much like those of his contemporaries, cannot be understood if they are restricted to the four years of the Occupation.

För många resenärer är internet den främsta källan att använda sig av vid bokning av resor och turismtjänster. Detta har i sin tur bidragit till nya sätt att samla information på inom turismbranschen. Ett av dessa sätt är via recensioner som är internetbaserade, även kallat elektronisk word of mouth (eWOM). Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om eWOM uppfattas trovärdigt nog för att ha inflytande på köpprocessen vid bokning av boende. Studien är baserad på teorier som behandlar köpbeslutsprocessen, eWOMs egenskaper, hur eWOM kan utvärderas, positiva och negativa recensioner samt falska recensioner. Utifrån dessa teorier har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod tillämpats genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjufrågorna bestod av tre till åtta frågor per teman utifrån teorierna nämnda ovan. Studiens urval är baserat på att endast undersöka webbplatsen Tripadvisor, privatresenärer som reser minst två gånger per år och som vid något tillfälle har använt sig av Tripadvisor. Resultatet indikerar att respondenterna har en positiv syn till eWOM och det är en del av deras köpbeslutsprocess vid bokning av boende dock är det inte den enda källan som de använder sig av för att komma fram till ett beslut. Kommunikationssättet är ett smidigt sätt att samla information på och trots att det sprids anonymt anses det inte vara tvivelaktigt. Resultatet visar även att det är viktigt att se om recensionerna överensstämmer med varandra samt att läsa både positiva och negativa recensioner. / The internet is for many travelers the main source for booking trips and tourism services, which has contributed to new ways of gathering information in the tourism industry. One of these ways is through onlinebased reviews, also called electronic word of mouth (eWOM). The aim of this study is to contribute with knowledge if eWOM is perceived to be credible enough to influence the purchasing process when booking accommodation. This study adopts theories that illustrates the purchasing decision process, electronic word of mouth's characteristics, how eWOM can be evaluated, positive and negative reviews as well as fake reviews. Based on these theories a qualitative research method has been applied containing eight semistructured interviews. The interview questions consisted of three to eight questions per theme based on the mentioned theories. The study's selection is based on the website Tripadvisor and private travelers who travel at least twice a year and have used Tripadvisor before. The result indicates that the participated respondents have a positive view of eWOM and it is part of their purchasing decision-making process when booking accommodation, however, it is not the only information source they use. According to the respondents the communication method is a convenient way of gathering information and despite being spread anonymously it is not considered to be doubtful. The result also shows that it is important to evaluate if the reviews are consistent with each other and it is significant to read both positive and negative reviews.

Cette étude s’intéresse aux confins de territoire de la « cité » des Carnutes durant l’Antiquité. L’espace considéréconcerne les confins est (la Beauce) et ouest (le Perche). Cet espace présente la particularité d'avoir fait l'objet derecherches archéologiques anciennes, complétées d’une part par des prospections pédestres sur desagglomérations ou des habitats et d’autre part par des analyses céramologiques. La première et la deuxièmepartie de cette étude sont consacrées à l’historiographie de la recherche et aux méthodes utilisées. Il en résulteune documentation importante présentée dans la troisième partie qui permet de mettre en avant un corpus surlequel se fonde une réflexion sur les confins de territoire. La documentation réunie est une base d’informationssur laquelle on peut construire un raisonnement. Le principal objectif de cette recherche est de réfléchir à lamanière de cerner les dynamiques de peuplement dans un confins de territoire durant l’Antiquité, en essayant decomprendre si on occupe différemment un espace de confins ou non. La quatrième partie présente une synthèsesur le peuplement aux confins des territoires de la cité carnute avec notamment une étude sur la céramiquecarnute comme possible facteur de délimitation d’une civitas. / This study aims at examining the borders of Carnutes’ territory in the ancient time, especially at the east andwest sides, that is Beauce and Perche. Archaeological investigations instituted long ago have been completedwith a few archaeological surveys of urban and rural areas, and also with ceramics analysis. A historiographicstudy of the subject composes the first part; the second part aims at setting out the method that has been used tobuild up an important documentation which is presented in a third and main part. This new corpus constitutes thebase of a reflexion on dynamics of settlement and territory’s borders during Antiquity as the main objective ofthis research. That is to try to understand if one takes up the boundaries in the same way as any other place ornot. The fourth part is a synthesis on the borders settlement of the civitas of the Carnutes, including a study oncarnutes’ ceramics as a possible factor of delimitation of a civitas.

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Att turismen påverkar lokalsamhället är något som forskats kring tidigare. Dessutom tar flera forskare upp vikten kring att utveckla destinationer för att överleva framtida klimatförändringar och på så vis skapa en framtid för destinationen. Det teoretiska ramverket innehåller bland annat delar där turismens effekter samt hantering av dem framställs. Studien syfte är att undersöka hur lokalbefolkning uppfattar turismen på en plats samt platsens utveckling mot att bli en året runtdestination. Studien kommer använda Åre som ett case för undersökningen. Syftet mynnar ut i två frågeställningar där den första är vilka effekter som lokalbefolkningen i Åre upplever av turismen på destinationen samt destinationens satsning på att bli en året runt-destination och hur lokalbefolkningen påverkas av de effekterna. Den andra frågeställningen avser att undersöka hur lokalbefolkningen anser att de effekterna bör nyttjas alternativt hanteras. Undersökningen skedde genom en kvalitativ studie i form av intervjuer med lokalbefolkning från den studerade platsen. Respondenterna utgör endast en liten del av den tänkta populationen, och representerar därmed inte hela samhället även om vi som forskare få utgå från det i studiens framställning. Genom intervjuerna framställdes ett empiriskt material där respondenterna tog upp bland annat att turismen ledde till en viss trängsel, fler arbetsmöjligheter samt ett mer levande samhälle. Respondenterna diskuterade både fördelar och nackdelar med turismen på destinationen. Dessutom sågs det möjligheter i boendeutveckling, hur lokalbefolkningen skulle ses som ambassadörer samt hur infrastrukturen skulle kunna utvecklas på destinationen. Utvecklingens ansvar låg bland annat på Åre kommun och dess samarbete med bland annat SJ (Statens järnvägar) samt staten i form av ändringar kring statlig väg. Vidare analyserades materialet för att se respondenternas åsikter tillsammans med tidigare forskning samt för att se deras åsikter från flera perspektiv. Här framgick det att majoriteten av respondenterna hade en relativt liknande syn på turismen och dess effekter på destinationen. Det leder in studien gentemot dess slutsatser där den huvudsakliga slutsatsen är att lokalbefolkning anser att de negativa effekterna av turismen vägs upp av de positiva. Dock behöver lokalbefolkningen få vara en del av utvecklingen och de beslut som tas på destinationen. Det är viktigt för att kunna bibehålla den positiva synen samt bidra till en hållbar utveckling för platsen. / Turning to the local community and how it is affected by tourism is something that has been researched earlier. In addition, several researchers raise the importance of developing destinations to survive future climate change, thus creating a future for the destination. The theoretical framework also contains elements that explain different effects of tourism and how to manage them. The study aims to explore how locals perceive tourism at their community as well as the community’s development towards becoming a destination with tourism activities the whole year around. For this study Åre will be used as a case. The purpose of the study divides into two research questions. The first one is which effect locals in Åre are experiencing from the tourism on the destination and the destinations investment in becoming a destination with tourism activities the whole year around. The second research question aims to examine how the effects could be used or managed according to the locals. The study also aims to find answers to how locals think that effects can be managed or used even more. This was done through a qualitative study of interviews with locals from the studied destination. These respondents constitute only a small part of the selected population. Therefore do not the respondents represent the whole community, even though we assume this in the study's presentation. The interviews gave us an empirical material in which respondents stated that tourism led to some congestion, more work opportunities and a more alive society. The respondents discussed both the advantages and disadvantages of tourism at the destination. In addition, respondents saw opportunities for housing development, how the locals were to be seen as ambassadors and how the infrastructure could develop at the destination. The responsibility for the development was suggested to be put on the Åre county and its cooperation with SJ (Statens Järnvägar) and the State of Sweden to change the public road in Åre. Furthermore, the material was analyzed to see the respondents' views in conjunction with previous research and to view their opinions from several perspectives. Here, it was found that the majority of respondents had a relatively similar view of tourism and its effects on the destination. That led the study towards the conclusion, where the main conclusion is that locals consider the negative effects of tourism to be less than the positive ones. However, locals need to be part of the development and decisions taken at the destination. This is important in order to maintain the positive view as well as contribute to sustainable development for the destination.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to create a certain overview of tourism services provided currently for free. The theoretical part enlightens the theory of price, its marketing mix functions, price tactics, strategies and its impact on a company image. Furthermore, the benefits of tourism are described as well as the satellite travel account and the unofficial account of WTTC. In connection with this the multiplying effect, grey and shared economy are introduced. In the practical part an overview of services provided for free is created and the implications are also stated. Those were found out via academic studies, interviews and e-mail communication with respondents. The result of this thesis is a summary of implications connected with each type of free tourism services.

Ancestor worship is conceived by some to be an outdated primitive custom with no relevance to modern society. However, this study shows that ancestor worship is still alive and well in numerous cultures and countries around the globe and that it is still practised in different forms today. This study focuses on the phenomenon of ancestor worship in Africa, Japan and Korea and specifically deals with the challenges it has posed to Christian missionaries in these contexts. Furthermore, this study examines the strategies which the Roman Catholic Church, the Protestant Church and Independent Churches have adopted to deal with this problem and the apparent mismatch with Christian theology. Therefore, the analysis of the phenomenon of ancestor worship is situated in the socio-cultural and religious paradigms of each of these countries and is examined in theological, missiological and Biblical terms. Most notably, the thesis attempts to determine whether or not ancestor worship can be considered to be a purely social and cultural phenomenon which carries certain ethical responsibilities in these cultures and whether or not it is congruent with Christian theology. This study has attempted to prove that in spite of the socio-cultural dimensions of ancestor worship and its rituals (with their ensuing ethical responsibilities in the cosmologies of these nations) it is still essentially worship. It is contended that ancestor worship is fundamentally a form of idolatry and contrary to the teachings of the Bible and is therefore does not articulate with Christian theology. The fundamental premise underlying the study is the ultimate authority of the Bible as the inspired word of God. This is a qualitative study which attempts to explore the phenomenon and rituals of ancestor worship on numerous levels. In each case the theological contributions of scholars in the field are evaluated and explored and ultimately benchmarked against the Biblical evidence. In the African context it is necessary therefore to look at African Christology and the attempts of scholars to contextualise the gospel in African terms. As such the continuity and discontinuity between traditional religion and the Bible is explored and the dangers of syncretism are addressed. The ultimate goal was to suggest a suitable approach for the Church to deal with the challenges which ancestor worship poses in these specific contexts. The study will motivate and argue for contextualisation as an appropriate mission principle in this regard. This takes into consideration the social responsibility which missionaries have towards the people to whom they introduce the gospel. The reason is that the close bond which exists between identity, culture and religion is acknowledged. If the religion or cultural practises are rejected because it does not comply with the Gospel’s requirements, then missionaries need to be sensitive to the void which they may create in the identity of the people and take appropriate steps to ameliorate the problem and avoid syncretism. / Thesis (PhD (Science of Religion and Missiology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Science of Religion and Missiology / unrestricted