Este estudo investiga o uso variado da realização do artigo definido em DPs possessivos, no paradigma das três pessoas do discurso, em vídeos e cartas que representam o português paulista dos séculos XX e XXI. Tal fenômeno tem atraído a atenção dos estudiosos, a partir da tradição filológica e normativa, chegando aos estudos linguísticos correntes, uma vez que se verifica o intrigante fato de que o português europeu (PE) e o português brasileiro (PB) se distanciaram no seu percurso histórico em um aspecto crucial: enquanto no PE a presença do artigo diante do possessivo é praticamente categórica, no PB a variação ainda parece ser possível, ora produzindo DP possessivos com artigo (o meu livro está em cima da mesa), ora sem (meu livro está em cima da mesa). Entre os objetivos da pesquisa destacam-se a descrição do fenômeno no português paulista, a apresentação de uma proposta de análise para caracterizar o estatuto variável na realização do artigo em contextos possessivos, bem como o mapeamento dos fatores linguísticos e extralinguísticos que possam estar condicionando a variação. Para tanto, apoiamo-nos numa perspectiva teórica que engloba pressupostos gerativistas, tais como desenvolvidos na Teoria dos Princípios e Parâmetros (CHOMSKY, 1981, 1986), incluindo alguns refinamentos do Programa Minimalista (CHOMSKY, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2001), além de pressupostos da Sociolinguística Variacionista, tais como desenvolvidos em Weinreich, Labov e Herzog (1968) e Labov (1972, 1994). Os resultados da análise quantitativa mostraram um aumento significativo no preenchimento do artigo definido no DP possessivo e mudança nos fatores condicionantes para a variação apontados por pesquisas anteriores. A abordagem teórica está ainda ancorada nos estudos recentes sobre a estrutura sintática do DP possessivo (FLORIPI, 2008; GALO, 2015; BRITO e LOPES, 2016). Finalmente, esta pesquisa buscou caracterizar com mais rigor o estatuto semântico do artigo definido no contexto dos DPs possessivos, com base nas particularidades do licenciamento dos Nomes Nus no PB (CYRINO e ESPINAL, 2016; FERREIRA e CORREIA 2016). A hipótese que assumimos foi a de que, o artigo definido nos DPs possessivos, tanto realizado lexicalmente, como nulo fonologicamente, licencia uma leitura que expressa uma relação possessiva, diferente da leitura denotada pelo artigo definido em DPs definidos. Portanto não se trata de um definido expletivo (CASTRO, 2006). / This thesis investigates the varied use of the definite article in possessives DPs, in the paradigm of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons, in videos and letters that represent the Paulistian Brazilian Portuguese from the 20th and 21st centuries. Such phenomenon has attracted experts attention, from the philological and normative tradition to current linguistic studies, since an intriguing fact is verified: European Portuguese (PE) and Brazilian Portuguese (PB) have distanced themselves in their historical course in a crucial aspect: In PE the use of the definite article in possessive noun phrases is nearly mandatory, while in PB this use of the article is variable. Amongst the goals of this research, the following stand out: to describe this phenomenon in Paulistian Brazilian Portuguese, present a proposal of analysis to characterize the variation status in the presence of the article in possessives contexts, as well as mapping the linguistic and extralinguistic factors that may be conditioning the variation. To achieve them, we adopt an approach based on Principles and Parameters Model (CHOMSKY, 1981, 1986), including some refinements of the Minimalist Program (CHOMSKY, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2001), as well as a Quantitative Sociolinguistics approach (WEINREICH, LABOV and HERZOG, 1968; LABOV, 1972, 1994). The results of the quantitative analysis showed a significant increase in the usage of the definite article in the possessive DP and change of conditioning factors for the variation pointed out by previous researches. The theoretical approach is also anchored in recent studies on the syntactic structure of possessive DP (FLORIPI, 2008; GALO, 2015; BRITTO e LOPES, 2016). Finally, this research attempted to thoroughly characterize the semantic status of the definite article in the context of the possessive DPs, based on the peculiarities of the Bare Nouns licensing in PB (CYRINO e ESPINAL, 2016; FERREIRA e CORREIA, 2016). We assumed the hypothesis that the definite article in the possessive DPs, lexically realized or phonologically null, allows a reading that expresses a possessive relation, different from the reading denoted by the definite article in definite DPs. Therefore, it is not an expletive definite article (CASTRO, 2006).

Este presente estudo comparou o efeito de duas combinações de instrução com foco na forma no ensino da flexão de adjetivos I e NA da língua japonesa, em sua forma predicativa, aplicadas em duas turmas de nível básico. Uma combinação foi baseada no composto: instrução para processamento com uso de técnica de saliência textual atividade de produção estruturada, e a outra, na atividade de consciousness raising com uso de técnica de saliência textual atividade de produção estruturada. A primeira combinação teve como principal intervenção pedagógica a instrução para processamento formulada por VanPatten (1993, 1996, 2004), e a segunda, a atividade de consciousness raising defendida por alguns autores como Fotos & Ellis (1991). O objetivo principal foi avaliar qual das duas intervenções é mais eficaz na aprendizagem a curto e a longo prazo das flexões dos adjetivos. Para tanto, o desempenho dos aprendizes foi avaliado por cinco pós-testes e por um teste postergado, todos em formato de produção escrita, aplicados após os respectivos tratamentos. Os resultados obtidos pela análise estatística constatam que, apesar de ambas as combinações apresentarem um efeito positivo, a instrução para processamento é mais eficaz tanto na aprendizagem a curto prazo como na de longo prazo das flexões dos adjetivos I e NA. / This study focused on comparing the effects of two combinations of form-focused instruction on the learning of Japanese I and NA adjective inflection, in their predicative form, applied to two elementary level student groups. One combination was based on the composite: processing instruction with textual input enhancement technique structured output activity, and the other one was formed by consciousness raising activity with textual input enhancement technique structured output activity. The main classroom intervention of the first combination was the processing instruction formulated by VanPatten (1993, 1996, 2004), and of the second was the consciousness raising activity advocated by some authors like Fotos & Ellis (1991). The main purpose was to evaluate which of the two interventions is more effective in the short and long term learning of adjective inflection. To that end, the learner`s performance was evaluated through five post-tests and one postponed test, all in written production form, applied after the respective treatments. The results obtained by statistical analysis found that, although both combinations of instruction showed positive learning results, the processing instruction appeared more effective in the short and in the long term learning of Japanese I and NA adjective inflection.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A meta principal desta pesquisa é realizar um estudo da semântica dos adjetivos objetivando a sua representação em uma ontologia jurídica. O fato motivador desse interesse foi o estudo de ontologias e léxicos computacionais jurídicos e a constatação de que os adjetivos não recebem um tratamento sistemático nessas ferramentas computacionais de conhecimento especializado. A partir dessa constatação, partiu-se para o estudo de ontologias e léxicos computacionais de linguagem não-especializada, buscando elementos práticos e teóricos para a inclusão sistemática, e não ocasional, de adjetivos em uma ontologia jurídica. Esta pesquisa defende que a eficiência no tratamento computacional da linguagem requer uma combinação de teorias. Assim, a metodologia adotada combina diferentes abordagens teóricas. Através do estudo do corpus e construção da ontologia jurídica, percebe-se a importância dos adjetivos para a organização do conhecimento especializado. Nos domínios de conhecimento especializados, os adjetivos têm a fu / The main goal of this research is to study the semantics of the adjectives in order to codify them into a legal ontology. Through a search for legal ontologies and lexicons one verifies that adjectives are not codified systematically into specialized lexicons and ontologies. Taking the codification of adjectives into a legal ontology as the target of this work, one analyzes non-specialized language ontologies and lexicons. The purpose of such analysis is to find practical and theoretical elements for including adjectives systematically into a legal ontology. This research defends the position that integrating linguistic approaches is more fruitful to natural language processing. Therefore, the methodology applied here combines different theoretical approaches. The corpus analysis and legal ontology construction shows the importance of adjectives in organizing the specialized knowledge. In the specialized domains, adjectives have the main function of classifying entities

Este estudo investiga o uso variado da realização do artigo definido em DPs possessivos, no paradigma das três pessoas do discurso, em vídeos e cartas que representam o português paulista dos séculos XX e XXI. Tal fenômeno tem atraído a atenção dos estudiosos, a partir da tradição filológica e normativa, chegando aos estudos linguísticos correntes, uma vez que se verifica o intrigante fato de que o português europeu (PE) e o português brasileiro (PB) se distanciaram no seu percurso histórico em um aspecto crucial: enquanto no PE a presença do artigo diante do possessivo é praticamente categórica, no PB a variação ainda parece ser possível, ora produzindo DP possessivos com artigo (o meu livro está em cima da mesa), ora sem (meu livro está em cima da mesa). Entre os objetivos da pesquisa destacam-se a descrição do fenômeno no português paulista, a apresentação de uma proposta de análise para caracterizar o estatuto variável na realização do artigo em contextos possessivos, bem como o mapeamento dos fatores linguísticos e extralinguísticos que possam estar condicionando a variação. Para tanto, apoiamo-nos numa perspectiva teórica que engloba pressupostos gerativistas, tais como desenvolvidos na Teoria dos Princípios e Parâmetros (CHOMSKY, 1981, 1986), incluindo alguns refinamentos do Programa Minimalista (CHOMSKY, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2001), além de pressupostos da Sociolinguística Variacionista, tais como desenvolvidos em Weinreich, Labov e Herzog (1968) e Labov (1972, 1994). Os resultados da análise quantitativa mostraram um aumento significativo no preenchimento do artigo definido no DP possessivo e mudança nos fatores condicionantes para a variação apontados por pesquisas anteriores. A abordagem teórica está ainda ancorada nos estudos recentes sobre a estrutura sintática do DP possessivo (FLORIPI, 2008; GALO, 2015; BRITO e LOPES, 2016). Finalmente, esta pesquisa buscou caracterizar com mais rigor o estatuto semântico do artigo definido no contexto dos DPs possessivos, com base nas particularidades do licenciamento dos Nomes Nus no PB (CYRINO e ESPINAL, 2016; FERREIRA e CORREIA 2016). A hipótese que assumimos foi a de que, o artigo definido nos DPs possessivos, tanto realizado lexicalmente, como nulo fonologicamente, licencia uma leitura que expressa uma relação possessiva, diferente da leitura denotada pelo artigo definido em DPs definidos. Portanto não se trata de um definido expletivo (CASTRO, 2006). / This thesis investigates the varied use of the definite article in possessives DPs, in the paradigm of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons, in videos and letters that represent the Paulistian Brazilian Portuguese from the 20th and 21st centuries. Such phenomenon has attracted experts attention, from the philological and normative tradition to current linguistic studies, since an intriguing fact is verified: European Portuguese (PE) and Brazilian Portuguese (PB) have distanced themselves in their historical course in a crucial aspect: In PE the use of the definite article in possessive noun phrases is nearly mandatory, while in PB this use of the article is variable. Amongst the goals of this research, the following stand out: to describe this phenomenon in Paulistian Brazilian Portuguese, present a proposal of analysis to characterize the variation status in the presence of the article in possessives contexts, as well as mapping the linguistic and extralinguistic factors that may be conditioning the variation. To achieve them, we adopt an approach based on Principles and Parameters Model (CHOMSKY, 1981, 1986), including some refinements of the Minimalist Program (CHOMSKY, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2001), as well as a Quantitative Sociolinguistics approach (WEINREICH, LABOV and HERZOG, 1968; LABOV, 1972, 1994). The results of the quantitative analysis showed a significant increase in the usage of the definite article in the possessive DP and change of conditioning factors for the variation pointed out by previous researches. The theoretical approach is also anchored in recent studies on the syntactic structure of possessive DP (FLORIPI, 2008; GALO, 2015; BRITTO e LOPES, 2016). Finally, this research attempted to thoroughly characterize the semantic status of the definite article in the context of the possessive DPs, based on the peculiarities of the Bare Nouns licensing in PB (CYRINO e ESPINAL, 2016; FERREIRA e CORREIA, 2016). We assumed the hypothesis that the definite article in the possessive DPs, lexically realized or phonologically null, allows a reading that expresses a possessive relation, different from the reading denoted by the definite article in definite DPs. Therefore, it is not an expletive definite article (CASTRO, 2006).

The present study addresses, in a comparative Swedish-French perspective, the derived adverb and its modification by a following adjective. From a translational point of view, the structure derived adverb + adjective is interesting, since its translation into French is reputed to generate problems. In this study, a linguistic approach is adopted to these translation problems. For the investigation, a corpus of 510 Swedish tokens representing the structure derived adverb + adjective, and their respective translations into French, was compiled. The tokens originate from 22 contemporary Swedish novels. The number of translators represented in the corpus amount to 14. The tokens were classified into two major groups: intensifying adverb + adjective and qualitative adverb + adjective. The former group was further divided into subcategories according to the semantic nature of the adjective from which the adverb is derived. The main objectives of the study are (1) to investigate the solutions adopted by the translators when rendering the construction derived adverb + adjective in French, (2) to analyse the factors − those inherent to the language and those situated on the contextual level − involved in the cases where the original structure is not maintained in the French translations, (3) to show that the solutions adopted by the translators differ according to which semantic category the adverb belongs to − the intensifying group or the qualitative group. Furthermore, the difficulties of making a clear division between intensifying adverbs and qualitative adverbs placed before the adjective are discussed at some length. The results show that when the adverbial element is intensifying, the same structure is more often maintained in the French translations than in those cases where the adjective is modified by a qualitative adverb. The study also demonstrates the great variety of factors involved in the cases where the structure derived adverb + adjective is not maintained in the French translations. These cases may be due to the fact that the equivalent of the Swedish phrase in question would form a non-established unit in French, to the lack of an equivalent adverb in French, to the tendency of the French language to favour nominal constructions, or to individual preferences of the translator.

Advertisers invest substantial amounts of money in advertising and need to know whether these investments pay off. Given that advertising generally has both short-term and long-term effects and that the behavioral effects of advertising are influenced by numerous other factors, intermediate measures are needed that gauge the mental effects of advertising in the target audience. This thesis explores three broad issues in the measurement of intermediate advertising effectiveness: The relationship between different intermediate measures, the ability of advertising pretest measures to predict the outcome of advertising campaigns, and how measures of certain constructs should be operationalized. These issues were investigated in two empirical studies. The main result from the two studies is that measurement of advertising effectiveness requires multiple measures that are analyzed simultaneously. The results also indicate that some commonly used intermediate measures are not correctly understood and are, therefore, sometimes used for the wrong purposes. This thesis discusses the implications of these and other findings for academics and practitioners. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

This thesis presents a theoretical discussion of meaning creation in general, and interpretive functions of English adjectives in particular. The discussion rests on a dynamic view of meaning and interpretation, according to which there are no fixed linguistics meanings – not even for single lexemes. Instead of symbolising meaning in a more or less static and ‘eternal’ fashion, linguistic items are assumed to effect the creation of meaning and to shape meaning dynamically in the particular communicative event at hand, from some kind of underlying ‘raw material’ (also referred to as purport and schemas). It is suggested that the interpretive functions of linguistic items – that is the effects that such items have in the creation of meaning – may be approached in two main ways, namely from the formal and from the semantic point of view respectively. Effects triggered by the form of a certain item are referred to as formal interpretive functions (FIFs), and effects prompted by the meaning created for the form are referred to as semantic interpretive functions (SIFs). FIFs are claimed to be the same for all items – namely to activate, delimit and shape underlying purport and schemas – whereas SIFs are said to differ between items, and also for one and the same item on different occasions of use. It is furthermore suggested that FIFs affect the creation of meaning for the relevant item itself, whereas SIFs affect the creation of meaning for other items, on any level of conceptual organisation. For instance, a form such as tall typically activates and delimits purport and schemas to do with some kind of extension (notably in space), thereby shaping a basic word meaning tall. The meaning thus created may in turn affect other meaning in the larger context. For instance, tall, as created in default interpretation of a tall man entered the room, affects the meaning of the noun phrase a tall man as a whole, in that it specifies the interpreter’s conception of a certain something that entered a specific room. In this case, the relevant SIF is thus to specify. Other SIFs suggested for adjectives are kind identification, element identification, identity provision and stipulation. The aim of the thesis is two-fold: on the one hand to outline a suggestive theory of meaning creation and interpretive function in general, and, on the other hand, to present a theoretical discussion of adjective functions in particular, with the ultimate goal of providing a general framework from which more specific models for in-depth empirical research can be obtained.

The main results of the PhD thesis are described in the summary. The main objective of the thesis is to define the acquisition of lexical and morphosyntactic features of Lithuanian adjective. The analysis is based on the large quantity of linguistic data (~ 400 000 words), which is the corpus of four children compiled according the method of longitudinal observation. The study has interchangeably applied several methods of analysis: longitudinal observation, corpus linguistics, error analysis and comparative method. Statements to be Defended 1. Lexical features of adjectives are acquired by children with difficulties: they often confuse adjectives of a single semantic group and make many errors. 2. Children easily acquire morphosyntactic features of adjectives: they do not make many errors. Some errors may be observed only in cases, when adjective paradigms do not coincide with noun paradigms. 3. Lexical and morphosyntactic features of adjectives are acquired simultaneously. The meaning of adjective is realised only when multi-word combinations and morphosyntactic features have been acquired. 4. The acquisition of adjectives correlates with the individual language development. Bigger lexical variety of adjectives is more characteristic to children with early and late language development, if compared to children with typical language development. Morphosyntactic features of adjectives do not pose problems to children with late language development. 5. The acquisition of... [to full text] / Santraukoje pateikiami pagrindiniai disertacinio tyrimo metu gauti rezultatai. Aprašomo tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti leksines ir morfosintaksines lietuvių kalbos būdvardžio įsisavinimo ypatybes. Tyrimui pasirinktas didelės apimties šaltinis – keturių vaikų kalbos tekstynas (~ 400 000 žodžių), sukauptas ilgalaikio stebėjimo metodu. Tyrimas atliktas taikant ir derinant kelis metodus: ilgalaikio stebėjimo, tekstynų lingvistikos, klaidų analizės ir lyginamąjį. Atlikus tyrimą darbe pagrindžiami šie ginamieji teiginiai: 1. Vaikams sudėtinga įsisavinti būdvardžio leksines ypatybes: dažnai painiojami vienos leksinės semantinės grupės būdvardžiai, daroma daug klaidų. 2. Vaikai lengvai įsisavina morfosintaksines būdvardžio ypatybes: klaidų nėra daug, dažniau klystama tik retų paradigmų būdvardžius derinant su daiktavardžiais. 3. Būdvardžio leksinės ir morfosintaksinės ypatybės įsisavinamos drauge. Būdvardžio reikšmė suvokiama tik pradėjus vartoti keliažodžius pasakymus, įsisavinus gramatines ypatybes. 4. Būdvardžio įsisavinimas susijęs su individualia vaiko kalbos raida. Ankstyvajai ir vėlyvajai kalbos raidai būdinga didesnė būdvardžių leksinė įvairovė nei įprastai kalbos raidai, o vaikams, kurių kalbos raida vėlyva, nesudėtinga įsisavinti būdvardžio morfosintaksinius požymius. 5. Būdvardžio įsisavinimą veikia ne tik aplinkos veiksniai (vaikiškoji kalba), bet ir kalbos sistema. Kaip ir įsisavinant kitas kalbos dalis, vaikų kalboje vyrauja vaikiškojoje kalboje dažniausiai vartojamos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Disertacijoje aprašomo tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti leksines ir morfosintaksines lietuvių kalbos būdvardžio įsisavinimo ypatybes. Tyrimui pasirinktas didelės apimties šaltinis – keturių vaikų kalbos tekstynas (~ 400 000 žodžių), sukauptas ilgalaikio stebėjimo metodu. Tyrimas atliktas taikant ir derinant kelis metodus: ilgalaikio stebėjimo, tekstynų lingvistikos, klaidų analizės ir lyginamąjį. Atlikus tyrimą darbe pagrindžiami šie ginamieji teiginiai: 1. Vaikams sudėtinga įsisavinti būdvardžio leksines ypatybes: dažnai painiojami vienos leksinės semantinės grupės būdvardžiai, daroma daug klaidų. 2. Vaikai lengvai įsisavina morfosintaksines būdvardžio ypatybes: klaidų nėra daug, dažniau klystama tik retų paradigmų būdvardžius derinant su daiktavardžiais. 3. Būdvardžio leksinės ir morfosintaksinės ypatybės įsisavinamos drauge. Būdvardžio reikšmė suvokiama tik pradėjus vartoti keliažodžius pasakymus, įsisavinus gramatines ypatybes. 4. Būdvardžio įsisavinimas susijęs su individualia vaiko kalbos raida. Ankstyvajai ir vėlyvajai kalbos raidai būdinga didesnė būdvardžių leksinė įvairovė nei įprastai kalbos raidai, o vaikams, kurių kalbos raida vėlyva, nesudėtinga įsisavinti būdvardžio morfosintaksinius požymius. 5. Būdvardžio įsisavinimą veikia ne tik aplinkos veiksniai (vaikiškoji kalba), bet ir kalbos sistema. Kaip ir įsisavinant kitas kalbos dalis, vaikų kalboje vyrauja vaikiškojoje kalboje dažniausiai vartojamos būdvardžio leksemos ir gramatinės kategorijos. Kalbos sistema... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The main objective of the study is to define the acquisition of lexical and morphosyntactic features of Lithuanian adjective. The analysis is based on the large quantity of linguistic data (~ 400 000 words), which is the corpus of four children compiled according the method of longitudinal observation. The study has interchangeably applied several methods of analysis: longitudinal observation, corpus linguistics, error analysis and comparative method. Statements to be Defended 1. Lexical features of adjectives are acquired by children with difficulties: they often confuse adjectives of a single semantic group and make many errors. 2. Children easily acquire morphosyntactic features of adjectives: they do not make many errors. Some errors may be observed only in cases, when adjective paradigms do not coincide with noun paradigms. 3. Lexical and morphosyntactic features of adjectives are acquired simultaneously. The meaning of adjective is realised only when multi-word combinations and morphosyntactic features have been acquired. 4. The acquisition of adjectives correlates with the individual language development. Bigger lexical variety of adjectives is more characteristic to children with early and late language development, if compared to children with typical language development. Morphosyntactic features of adjectives do not pose problems to children with late language development. 5. The acquisition of adjective is influenced by the input, as well as by the linguistic... [to full text]

En esta tesis se ahonda en el conocimiento que en la actualidad se posee sobre el significado de los adverbios en -mente del español. Se propone un análisis que explica los usos que puede tener un adverbio partiendo de sus propiedades semánticas. Con este fin, se analizan siete subclases de adverbios, de las que se seleccionan 84 unidades, con dos resultados principales: 1) se refinan las descripciones previas sobre el adverbio, que suelen basarse en extrapolaciones del comportamiento de las unidades prototípicas; y 2) se reconocen los rasgos semánticos característicos de cada grupo adverbial que explican el comportamiento de sus miembros. La principal novedad radica en que se analiza la vinculación entre la semántica adjetiva y la adverbial; en concreto, se examina la herencia por parte de los adverbios de la estructura argumental de sus bases adjetivas, así como el modo en que esta estructura argumental determina el uso adverbial. / This thesis is an in-depth study of the semantics of -mente adverbs in Spanish. With the goal of explaining the distribution of these adverbs on the basis of their semantic characteristics, 84 adverbs from seven subclasses were analysed, with two important results: 1) a refinement of the existing descriptions of these adverbs, largely thanks to the consideration of a wider array of data; and 2) a description of the semantic features that characterize each of the seven subclasses and predict their behavior. In particular, we get a clear picture of the relationship between the semantics of the base adjectives and the resulting adverbs, including aspects of meaning such as the inheritance of the argument structure of the adjectives by the corresponding adverbs, and the role argument structure plays in determining the adverbs' uses.