University of Macau / Faculty of Law

中國大陸從民主國家引進「聽證會」制度，是一種「有組織、有結構」的表達機制。要瞭解中國「聽證會」制度的全貌與意涵，首先掌握民主國家聽證理論，並在「民主政治」、「自然正義」、「正當法律程序」及「公開與公民參與」等立論原則，來加以探索民主國家對聽證之成因與面貌。另在文獻蒐集與探討中，從1993年至今，完整編織中國「聽證會」的發展背景動機和歷史演變，透過聽證理論與「聽證會」發展之比對分析，藉以說明中國與民主國家在「聽證」觀點上之差異。 在現行中國聽證會制度之法制規範上，從「聽證會」在中國大陸司法、行政立法過程之相關會議資料，和中央、地方近年來之施行情形，探求其制度正處於何種地位，瞭解中國「聽證會」之地位後，陸續歸納中國憲法內相關對聽證的立憲基礎，還有全國人大、全國人大常委會、國務院及地方等行政立法機關，在司法、行政立法聽證的法律規章之聽證法源依據，進而分析聽證在大陸的適法範圍及功能。另由司法賠償、行政立法及行政處罰之聽證個案實例，進一步深層瞭解「聽證會」實際操作面向。 文內採用文獻探討法，就已蒐集中國大陸司法、行政立法聽證之意涵、種類、政策基礎、規範原則、運作程序等百篇文獻，對與主題有關的縱向因素之因果關係加以整理、掌握，並藉以分析聽證之本質內涵，在透由探討與發現問題，將有系統對中國聽證會在司法聽證、行政立法聽證及民主政治等方面的問題影響加以整理說明。最後提出結論與建議，以提供問題解決方向。 / Communist China adopts the hearing system, a well organized and structured expression mechanism, from the western democracies in 1993. With this background, understanding the hearing theories of the western democracies becomes the prerequisite to study the full context and implications of China’s hearing system. Those who are interested in the creation of the western hearing system must realize that the system is based on theories such as democracy, natural justice, due process of law, and public civil participation. With thorough researches of documents and analyses, the motivation and history of China’s hearing system shall be studied and the differences between China and the western democracies shall be analyzed by comparing the theories and evolution of the two hearing systems. In order to identify with the role of China’s current hearing system, related materials collected from several important meetings carried out by China’s judicial and administrative-legislative authorities, as well as implementation of hearing at the central and local levels are investigated. When this investigation is concluded, how hearing system functions within the scope of China’s constitution will be induced. Furthermore, how hearings are functioned and supported by China’s existing laws when they are performed at National People Congress (NPC), NPC’s Standing Committee, State Council and local authorities will also be examined. Case studies of hearings regarding to judicial compensation, administrative-legislative and administrative penalties are provided to further help understand the real performance of the hearing activities in China. The literature review methodology is taken on in this thesis . Over one hundred periodicals, papers, and documents on the subject of hearing are collected and studied. These materials include the definition, types, principles, norms and procedures of China’s judicial and administrative-legislative hearings. By studying the literature and identifying the cause and effect, a systematic explanation of the correlation between China’s judicial and administrative-legislative hearing structure and democracy is concluded and possible solutions are recommended.

Univ., Diss.--Potsdam, 2001. / Literaturverz. S. 305 - 324.

Univ., Diss.--Würzburg, 2001. / Engl. summary. Literaturverz. S. 690 - 703.

In the first part of this article develops concepts and policy aspects of the right to health, in order to reveal the nature of the interference of the State in the field of health and the content of the law that aims to protect and restore with the exercise of administrative powers to impose penalties; also formulates a brief overview of health reform in the Peru, undertaken with the package of legislative decrees issued by the Executive, published between September 12 and December 07, the year 2013, in accordance with the powers conferred by the legislature through the law N ° 30073, in order to explain the context in which was given powers to impose penalties in the field of health the national Superintendence of health (SUSALUD).The central aspect of the proposal is the administrative penalties procedure for SUSALUD: its background, actors, structure, infractions, sanctions, interim measures and corrective measures; finally, a few lines are dedicated to the transfer of the competence to protect the rights of consumers of health services of INDECOPI to SUSALUD. / En la primera parte del presente artículo se desarrollan conceptos y aspectos normativos del derecho a la salud, a fin de evidenciar la naturaleza de la injerencia del Estado en el ámbito de la salud y el contenido del derecho que se pretende proteger y restituir con el ejercicio de la potestad sancionadora administrativa; asimismo, se formula una breve reseña de la Reformade Salud en el Perú, emprendida con el paquete de decretos legislativos emitidos por el Ejecutivo, publicados entre el 12 de septiembre y el 07 de diciembre del año 2013, conforme a las facultades conferidas por el Legislativo mediante la Ley N° 30073, con la finalidad de exponer el contexto en el cual se confirió la potestad sancionadora en materia de salud a la Superintendencia Nacional de Salud (SUSALUD). En el aspecto central de la propuestase presenta el procedimiento administrativo sancionador de SUSALUD: Sus antecedentes, actores, estructura, infracciones, sanciones, medidas provisionales y medidas correctivas; finalmente, se dedican unas líneas a la transferencia de la competencia de proteger los derechos de los consumidores de servicios de salud de INDECOPI a SUSALUD.

Ce travail étudie la possibilité de l’élargissement de l’éventail de participation politique à l’Administration, étant donné que l’État brésilien a des fins, des buts à réaliser et qu’il s’agit d’une démocratie “procéduraledélibérative”, où le peuple doit participer aux décisions touchant sa vie. En plus, la réalisation de l’intérêt général n’a qu’à gagner en efficacité si les décisions de l’État échappent le plus possible à la logique technocratique du “secret administratif” ; en effet, la participation des intéressés possédant la connaissance des données concrètes et des facteurs humains et techniques qui conditionnent une décision peut apporter un élément susceptible de la modifier, en obligeant l’Administration à expliquer les raisons de son action, ce qui en faciliterait l’exécution. C’est pourquoi nous étudions aussi bien le principe démocratique que le principe de la publicité, les formes possibles de participation des citoyens à l’Administration et les concrétisations de la publicité administrative en droit de savoir, droit de contrôle et droit de participation au processus administratif. / O presente trabalho investiga a possibilidade de aumentar o espectro de participação política na Administração, pela consideração de que o Estado brasileiro tem fins, objetivos a realizar e é uma democracia do tipo “procedimental-deliberativa”, em que o povo deve participar das decisões que afetem sua vida. Além disso, a realização do interesse geral só tem a ganhar em eficácia se as decisões estatais escaparem, o mais possível, da lógica tecnocrática do “segredo administrativo”, porque, graças à participação dos interessados, pelo conhecimento dos dados concretos e dos fatores humanos e técnicos que condicionam uma decisão, estes podem trazer algum elemento que a modifique, obrigando a Administração a explicar os motivos de sua ação, facilitando, assim, a execução. Por isso, estuda-se, tanto o significado do princípio democrático quanto do princípio da publicidade, as formas possíveis de participação dos cidadãos na Administração e as concretizações da publicidade administrativa em direito de saber, direito de controle e direito de participar do processo administrativo. / The present work investigates the possibilities of enlargement of the spectrum of political participation in Administration, considering that the Brazilian State has purposes to accomplish and it is a “proceduredeliberative” kind of democracy, one in which the people must participate in the decision processes, specially those concerning their lives. Besides, the accomplishment of general benefits has only to improve the efficacy of the State decisions escape, as much as it is possible, from the technocratic logics of “administrative secret”, thanks to the participation of the parts involved, and by the knowledge of concrete data and the technical and human factors that make contingent on a decision. These parts may bring some elements that could change the decisions, forcing the Administration to explain the reasons behind its actions, thus making it easier their execution. Because of this, the significance of the democratic principle is studied so extensively, as well as the publicity principle and the possible means of participation of citizens in Administration and the realizations of administrative publicity in the rights of knowledge, rights of control and rights of participation in the administrative procedure.

Ce travail étudie la possibilité de l’élargissement de l’éventail de participation politique à l’Administration, étant donné que l’État brésilien a des fins, des buts à réaliser et qu’il s’agit d’une démocratie “procéduraledélibérative”, où le peuple doit participer aux décisions touchant sa vie. En plus, la réalisation de l’intérêt général n’a qu’à gagner en efficacité si les décisions de l’État échappent le plus possible à la logique technocratique du “secret administratif” ; en effet, la participation des intéressés possédant la connaissance des données concrètes et des facteurs humains et techniques qui conditionnent une décision peut apporter un élément susceptible de la modifier, en obligeant l’Administration à expliquer les raisons de son action, ce qui en faciliterait l’exécution. C’est pourquoi nous étudions aussi bien le principe démocratique que le principe de la publicité, les formes possibles de participation des citoyens à l’Administration et les concrétisations de la publicité administrative en droit de savoir, droit de contrôle et droit de participation au processus administratif. / O presente trabalho investiga a possibilidade de aumentar o espectro de participação política na Administração, pela consideração de que o Estado brasileiro tem fins, objetivos a realizar e é uma democracia do tipo “procedimental-deliberativa”, em que o povo deve participar das decisões que afetem sua vida. Além disso, a realização do interesse geral só tem a ganhar em eficácia se as decisões estatais escaparem, o mais possível, da lógica tecnocrática do “segredo administrativo”, porque, graças à participação dos interessados, pelo conhecimento dos dados concretos e dos fatores humanos e técnicos que condicionam uma decisão, estes podem trazer algum elemento que a modifique, obrigando a Administração a explicar os motivos de sua ação, facilitando, assim, a execução. Por isso, estuda-se, tanto o significado do princípio democrático quanto do princípio da publicidade, as formas possíveis de participação dos cidadãos na Administração e as concretizações da publicidade administrativa em direito de saber, direito de controle e direito de participar do processo administrativo. / The present work investigates the possibilities of enlargement of the spectrum of political participation in Administration, considering that the Brazilian State has purposes to accomplish and it is a “proceduredeliberative” kind of democracy, one in which the people must participate in the decision processes, specially those concerning their lives. Besides, the accomplishment of general benefits has only to improve the efficacy of the State decisions escape, as much as it is possible, from the technocratic logics of “administrative secret”, thanks to the participation of the parts involved, and by the knowledge of concrete data and the technical and human factors that make contingent on a decision. These parts may bring some elements that could change the decisions, forcing the Administration to explain the reasons behind its actions, thus making it easier their execution. Because of this, the significance of the democratic principle is studied so extensively, as well as the publicity principle and the possible means of participation of citizens in Administration and the realizations of administrative publicity in the rights of knowledge, rights of control and rights of participation in the administrative procedure.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaimundoMRL_DISSERT_parcial.pdf: 423589 bytes, checksum: 830a06da823f5133052dbc5e144d37d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-06 / The dissertation, which is based on the deductive method, by using general concepts of the theory of the administrative participation in the administrative process, addresses the importance of strengthening administrative and procedural activities of citizen involvement in public administration for the administrative consolidation of democracy in Brazil. The emergence of Administrative Law has particular importance for the understanding of its institutions and, of course, for the different fields of public administration. The authoritarian profile of this area of law still exists as a clear recollection of their origin, mainly based on a relationship of superiority of the state over the individuals. Indeed, does not even modern constitutionalism could print a true democracy administrative, since the constitutions were not properly observed by the Government. Furthermore, only the process of constitutionalization of administrative law legal relations took a more democratic profile. That is, the creation of an environment of dialogue with civil society is a recent achievement of the Brazilian government. As the administrative process involves dilemmas and solutions of state action, because it is revealed the expression government, the strengthening of institutions and principles related to the administrative procedure is important for role in making a more participatory relationship between state and citizen. Thus, administrative participation can be considered not only a mechanism of control and legitimacy of state action, but also for improvement and reduction of administrative costs, as a requirement of the principle of efficiency. The objective of this investigation is to assert as the administrative legal relation, the administrative legality, the administrative jurisdiction, the processuality administrative, the consensuality administrative and administrative justice, together with administrative participation, can contribute to a more democratic role of the Public Administration and, therefore, more dialogic and consolidator of the fundamental rights of citizens. Therefore, we highlight the importance of the administrative process and administrative participation as mechanisms for improving public policy and thus as a means of reducing administrative costs mediate the state / A disserta??o, elaborada com base no m?todo dedutivo, mediante utiliza??o de conceitos gerais da teoria da participa??o administrativa no processo administrativo, trata da import?ncia do fortalecimento da atividade processual administrativa e do envolvimento do cidad?o na Administra??o P?blica para a consolida??o da democracia administrativa no Brasil. O surgimento do Direito Administrativo possui particular import?ncia para a compreens?o dos seus institutos e, claro, para a forma de atua??o da Administra??o P?blica. O perfil autorit?rio desse ramo jur?dico ainda persiste como clara reminisc?ncia de sua origem, notadamente pautada numa rela??o de superioridade do Estado em face dos particulares. Ali?s, nem mesmo o constitucionalismo moderno conseguiu imprimir uma verdadeira democracia administrativa, porquanto os textos constitucionais n?o foram devidamente observados pelo Poder P?blico. Al?m disso, somente com o processo de constitucionaliza??o do Direito as rela??es jur?dicas administrativas assumiram um perfil mais democr?tico. ? dizer, a constitui??o de uma ambi?ncia de di?logo com a sociedade civil ? uma conquista incipiente da Administra??o P?blica brasileira. Como o processo administrativo comporta os dilemas e as solu??es da atua??o do Estado, porque nele ? revelada a manifesta??o estatal, o fortalecimento dos institutos e princ?pios relacionados ? atividade processual administrativa cumpre o importante papel de tornar mais participativa ? rela??o entre o Estado e o cidad?o. Desse modo, a participa??o administrativa pode ser considerada n?o apenas um mecanismo de controle e de legitima??o da atua??o estatal, mas, tamb?m, de aperfei?oamento e de redu??o dos custos administrativos, como exig?ncia do princ?pio da efici?ncia. O objetivo principal do trabalho consiste em afirmar como a rela??o jur?dica administrativa, a juridicidade administrativa, a jurisdi??o administrativa, a processualidade administrativa, a consensualidade administrativa e a justi?a administrativa, conjuntamente com a participa??o administrativa, podem contribuir para uma atua??o mais democr?tica da Administra??o P?blica e, consequentemente, mais dial?gica e consolidadora dos direitos fundamentais do cidad?o. Portanto, destaca-se a import?ncia do processo administrativo e da participa??o administrativa como mecanismos de aperfei?oamento das pol?ticas p?blicas e, dessa forma, como instrumentos de redu??o dos custos administrativos mediatos do Estado

In this academic article, the author analyzes the administrative simplification mechanisms implemented in the Law of General Administrative Procedure, 27444, as amended by Legislative Decree 1272, and in the recent Law of Prevention and Elimination of Bureaucratic Barriers, Legislative Decree 1256. Thus, it can be seen that both laws have taken into account the recommendations of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in order to (i) alleviate the burdens imposed on the citizens in the development of administrative procedures, (ii) empower the Office of the President of the Council of Ministers in order to implement administrative simplification measures and to monitor compliance by entities, and (iii) eliminate bureaucratic barriers in our legal framework. / En el presente artículo, la autora analiza los mecanismos de simplificación administrativa implementados en la Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo General, Ley 27444, modificada por el Decreto Legislativo 1272, y en la reciente Ley de Prevención y Eliminación de Barreras Burocráticas, Decreto Legislativo 1256. Así, se podrá evidenciar que ambas normas han tomado en consideración las recomendaciones de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) para (i) alivianar las cargas impuestas a los administrados en el desarrollo de los procedimientos administrativos, (ii) empoderar a la Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros para que implemente medidas adicionales de simplificación administrativa y supervise el cumplimiento por parte de las entidades, y (iii) eliminar las barreras burocráticas en nuestro ordenamiento.

Ce travail étudie la possibilité de l’élargissement de l’éventail de participation politique à l’Administration, étant donné que l’État brésilien a des fins, des buts à réaliser et qu’il s’agit d’une démocratie “procéduraledélibérative”, où le peuple doit participer aux décisions touchant sa vie. En plus, la réalisation de l’intérêt général n’a qu’à gagner en efficacité si les décisions de l’État échappent le plus possible à la logique technocratique du “secret administratif” ; en effet, la participation des intéressés possédant la connaissance des données concrètes et des facteurs humains et techniques qui conditionnent une décision peut apporter un élément susceptible de la modifier, en obligeant l’Administration à expliquer les raisons de son action, ce qui en faciliterait l’exécution. C’est pourquoi nous étudions aussi bien le principe démocratique que le principe de la publicité, les formes possibles de participation des citoyens à l’Administration et les concrétisations de la publicité administrative en droit de savoir, droit de contrôle et droit de participation au processus administratif. / O presente trabalho investiga a possibilidade de aumentar o espectro de participação política na Administração, pela consideração de que o Estado brasileiro tem fins, objetivos a realizar e é uma democracia do tipo “procedimental-deliberativa”, em que o povo deve participar das decisões que afetem sua vida. Além disso, a realização do interesse geral só tem a ganhar em eficácia se as decisões estatais escaparem, o mais possível, da lógica tecnocrática do “segredo administrativo”, porque, graças à participação dos interessados, pelo conhecimento dos dados concretos e dos fatores humanos e técnicos que condicionam uma decisão, estes podem trazer algum elemento que a modifique, obrigando a Administração a explicar os motivos de sua ação, facilitando, assim, a execução. Por isso, estuda-se, tanto o significado do princípio democrático quanto do princípio da publicidade, as formas possíveis de participação dos cidadãos na Administração e as concretizações da publicidade administrativa em direito de saber, direito de controle e direito de participar do processo administrativo. / The present work investigates the possibilities of enlargement of the spectrum of political participation in Administration, considering that the Brazilian State has purposes to accomplish and it is a “proceduredeliberative” kind of democracy, one in which the people must participate in the decision processes, specially those concerning their lives. Besides, the accomplishment of general benefits has only to improve the efficacy of the State decisions escape, as much as it is possible, from the technocratic logics of “administrative secret”, thanks to the participation of the parts involved, and by the knowledge of concrete data and the technical and human factors that make contingent on a decision. These parts may bring some elements that could change the decisions, forcing the Administration to explain the reasons behind its actions, thus making it easier their execution. Because of this, the significance of the democratic principle is studied so extensively, as well as the publicity principle and the possible means of participation of citizens in Administration and the realizations of administrative publicity in the rights of knowledge, rights of control and rights of participation in the administrative procedure.