Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is the major byproduct generated by the brewing industry, which contains 14–30% protein and 50–70% of fiber. Currently, BSG is predominantly used as low-value cattle feed or buried in landfills, which is a considerable loss of valuable resources, leading to economic loss and environmental problems. Although research has been done on BSG valorization, the studies are limited to producing a single product (e.g., polyphenols, ethanol, or active carbon) and without further utilization of the produced products. Besides, the economic information available about the production of value-added products from BSG is insufficient. The overall goal of this research is to develop an integrated process to convert BSG into value-added protein-rich feedstuff and cellulose absorbent. The objectives of the research detailed here were to 1) develop a process to simultaneously produce protein-rich (PP) and fiber-rich products (FP) from BSG, 2) assess the replacement of fishmeal with PP in shrimp feed, 3) evaluate the economics of the overall process of PP production at a commercial scale, and 4) explore the potential use of cellulose adsorbent obtained from the FP in removing heavy metals from contaminated water. To attain these objectives, BSG was first subjected to a wet fractionation process to produce PP and FP using different chemical/biological treatments, where the effects of sodium hydroxide, sodium bisulfite, and a protease (Alcalase) at different concentrations were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the produced PP contained 46% protein and less than 1% fiber. The effectiveness of using PP to replace fishmeal at increasing levels (10–70%) was then evaluated by performing shrimp feeding trials. The results showed that up to 50% of fishmeal in shrimp feed can be replaced by PP without affecting shrimp growth and feed utilization. Moving forward, a techno-economic analysis was conducted to evaluate the economic feasibility of the production of PP. The experimental conditions and results were input into the process simulation model for determining the mass and energy flows. For a processing plant with a capacity of 590 t wet BSG per day, the minimum selling price of PP to achieve a 5% return was determined to be $1044/t, lower than the price of fishmeal, indicating that the use of PP to replace fishmeal in shrimp feed could potentially reduce shrimp farming cost. The utilization of FP will further improve the economic feasibility of the fractionation process. FP was sequentially treated by dilute acid, alkali, and bleach to produce purified cellulose fibers, which were then modified by 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) oxidation to produce a cellulose adsorbent. The feasibility of the adsorbent in removing heavy metals (especially lead and manganese) from contaminated water was then investigated. Based on the results, the produced cellulose adsorbent showed high adsorption capacities for lead (272.5 mg/g) and manganese (52.9 mg/g). Overall, this study demonstrated that BSG can be upcycled into multiple value-added products via an integrated process. The outcomes of this study not only provide a low-cost and sustainable protein source to the aquaculture industry, and provide a novel adsorbent for the water treatment industry, but also offer alternative ways for the brewing industry to manage BSG. / Doctor of Philosophy / Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is the major byproduct generated by the brewing industry. Currently, BSG is predominantly used as low-value cattle feed or buried in landfills due to its high fiber and low protein contents, which is a considerable loss of valuable resources. Besides, raw BSG contains other nutrients and high water content, the inappropriate management of BSG may introduce environmental concerns. Though technologies have been investigated to valorize BSG by extracting protein from it, the process scaled-up is limited by the high drying costs of wet BSG, heavy chemical consumptions, and a large amount of fiber residue. The overall goal of this research is to develop an integrated process to convert BSG into value-added protein-rich feedstuff and cellulose absorbent. In this study, we developed and optimized a process to produce protein and fiber products from wet BSG. The protein content of the produced protein product was doubled and the fiber content was reduced significantly compared with the raw BSG, which lighted the use of the protein product as an alternative to fishmeal. Fishmeal is an expensive aquafeed ingredient, the aquaculture industry is looking for alternatives to replace it. Herein, we investigated the effectiveness of the protein product as an alternative to fishmeal by conducting shrimp trials. A further economic analysis was conducted to evaluate the economic feasibility of the proposed process for protein and fiber production from BSG. In addition, the fiber product was used for producing a cellulose adsorbent to remove heavy metals from contaminated water. Overall, this study demonstrated that BSG can be upcycled into multiple value-added products via an integrated process. The outcomes of this study not only provide a low-cost and sustainable protein source to the aquaculture industry, and provide a novel adsorbent for the water treatment industry, but also provide alternative ways for the brewing industry to manage BSG.

Les travaux présentés ont pour objectif la valorisation de déchets industriels riches en carbonates pour la préparation de gels phosphocalciques. Ces gels sont destinés à des applications environnementales. Leur synthèse est basée sur la réaction des carbonates de calcium avec une solution de phosphates solubles à température ambiante et à pression atmosphérique. Le procédé élaboré à l’échelle laboratoire consiste à additionner les réactifs en variant les paramètres expérimentaux tels que le Ca/P, la température et la dilution. Cette méthode a été utilisée pour la synthèse de gels à partir de deux types de déchets industriels. Une synthèse de référence a été définie à base de carbonates de calcium purs. Dans la première partie de ce travail, une caractérisation physico-chimique et thermique des poudres synthétisées a été réalisée par différentes techniques telles que le Microscopie Electronique à Balayage (MEB), la diffraction des rayons X (XRD), la spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (FTIR) et la thermogravimétrie. Les résultats obtenus ont montré la formation de précurseurs de Ca-HAp qui évoluent de phosphates de calcium monocalciques à des particules de Ca-HAp amorphe. Une chronologie de cette évolution a été mise en évidence pour les carbonates de calcium purs et confirmée pour les carbonates de calcium issus des déchets industriels. La transformation des carbonates de calcium a été étudiée en réalisant un bilan massique basé sur la consommation des carbonates de calcium. Ce bilan, réalisé à température ambiante, a confirmé un taux de conversion à plus de 90% pour les carbonates de calcium purs, jusqu’à 70% des carbonates issus du premier type de déchet et 50% des carbonates correspondant au deuxième type de déchet. L’influence de certains paramètres expérimentaux s’est avérée primordiale pour l’amélioration de ce taux de conversion et particulièrement l’augmentation de la température. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, les propriétés rhéologiques des gels phosphocalciques ont été étudiées. Le suivi de la viscosité et des caractéristiques élastiques a permis de mettre en évidence la formation d’un gel viscoélastique qui pourrait présenter de nombreux avantages dans des applications environnementales. / The aim of this research was the valorization of industrial wastes rich in carbonates to prepare calcium phosphate gels for environmental applications. The phosphocalcic gel was prepared by precipitation from calcium carbonate industrial waste and a phosphate solution. The process consisted in mixing the reagents under a set of variable parameters (pH, Ca / P, temperature, dilution) to study the influence of each parameter on the conversion rate and the adsorption properties of the synthetized material. A reference hydroxyapatite was prepared following the same procedure with a commercial carbonate grade (98% wt), in order to compare with the waste-made hydroxyapatite. The characterization and chemical analysis of synthetized hydroxyapatites were carried out by means of rheology, particle size, Scanning Electron Microscopy, BET, ThermoGravimetric Analysis – Differential Scanning Calorimetry, X Ray Diffraction and Infrared spectroscopy (Fourrier Transformation Infra Red) analysis. The results obtained led to find out the chronology of the carbonates conversion into Ca-Hap precursors and particles of amorphous Ca-HAp. The kinetics show that the conversion rate is about 90% (wt) for pure CaCO3, 70% for the first waste and 50% for the second waste. Monitoring the viscosity and elastic properties has allowed us to demonstrate the formation of a viscoelastic gel. The synthesis of an elastic gel of calcium phosphate using CaCO3 waste seems to be a promising way to transform calcium residues into a valuable sorbent. Valorization of this gel in environmental applications for pollution remediation seems to be an advantageous perspective.

Les sources secondaires de métaux précieux, tels que les déchets électroniques, ont récemment attiré l’attention générale suite à la sensibilisation sur l’épuissement des ressources naturelles et sur l’industrie du recyclage sur l’emploi et la croissance économique. Developper des technologies de recyclage qui permettent l’extraction de palladium (Pd) et d’or (Au) en très faibles concentrations (10-100 ppm) dans les effluents électroniques s’avère aujourd’hui économiqueemnt viable.Dans ce contexte, notre étude aborde l’utilisation de nanoparticules de ZrO2 modifiées avec des ligands complexants en surface pour capturer efficacement et sélectivement des ions Pd(II) et Au(III) dan les effluents électroniques. Les avantages de l’utilisation de acide thioctique commercial (TOA) par rapport aux acides dialkyldiglycoamide ou (N, N)-dialkylcarbamoylméthylphosphoniques en termes de capacité d’adsorption et de sélectivité ont été démontrés. Des expériences d’adsorption en mode batch combinées à la méthode ICP-OES ont été réalisées et nos résultats ont montré des capacités d’adsorption envers le Pd et l’Au de 6.3 mg/g et de 43 mg/g, respectivement. Les processus d’adsorption suivaient le modèle de Langmuir et les cinétiques chimiques d’adsorption étaient mieux adaptés à l’équation du pseudo-second ordre. Les conditions d’optimisation pour la mise en place du stripping sélectif à l’aide de solutions acidifiées de thiourée ont également été étudiées. En particulier, afin d’améliorer la réutilisation de ce matériau hybride, des processus de modification des surface en deux étapes ont été développés par fonctionnalisation de la surface de nano-ZrO2 avec de l’acide alendronique et par une réaction de couplage peptidique avec du TOA.De plus, les procédés de greffage de nano-ZrO2 sur un textile en polypropylène modifié avec les groupements carboxylique ont été étudiés via des méthodes traditionnelles de revêtement par immersion (dip-coating) et de revêtement couche par couche (LbL). Cette dernière s’est avérée être une méthode prometteuse en termes de flexibilité, de facilité de manipulation et de respect de l’environnment. Les nanocomposites obtenus ont démontré d’excellentes propriétés d’adsorption de Pd et d’Au / Secondary sources of precious metals, such as e-waste, have been recently gaining more attention thanks to raising awareness of natural resources depletion and sound impact of recycling industry on employment and economic growth. Recycling technologies have now to be developed, enabling extraction of very small concentration (10-100 ppm) of precious metals, such as palladium (Pd) and gold (Au), from effluents of recycling factories economically viable.In this context, our study addresses the use of thioctic surface-modified zirconia nanoparticles to capture efficiently and selectively Pd(II) and Au(III) ions from industrial electronic wastewater. The advantages of using the commercial thioctic acid (TOA) over dialkyldiglycoamide or (N,N)-dialkylcarbamoylmethylphosphonic acids ones in terms of adsorption capacity and selectivity were demonstrated. Batch-mode adsorption experiments combined with ICP-OES method were conducted and our findings have displayed adsorption capacities toward Pd and Au of 6.3 mg/g and 43.3 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption processes were found to follow the Langmuir model and adsorption rates were best-fitted to pseudo-second order equation. The optimization conditions for selective stripping set-up using acidified solutions of thiourea were also investigated. Particularly, in order to improve the reusability of this hybrid nanomaterial, two-step surface modification processes were developed through alendronic acid-surface functionalization of nano-ZrO2 and amide coupling reaction with TOA.Furthermore, the grafting processes of nano-ZrO2 onto carboxylic-modified polypropylene textile were studied via traditional dip-coating and layer-by-layer coating methods. It has been realized that layer-by-layer coating method is a promising method in terms of its flexibility, ease of handling, and environmental friendliness

Poor heat and mass transfer inside the adsorbent bed of thermal wave adsorption cooling cycles cause low system performance and is an important problem in the adsorbent bed design. In this thesis, a new adsorbent bed is designed, constructed and tested to increase the heat and mass transfer in the adsorbent bed. The adsorbent bed is constructed from a finned tube in order to enhance the heat transfer. Additionally, the finned bed geometry is theoretically modeled and the model is solved time dependently by using Comsol Multiphysics software program. The distributions of dependent variables, i.e. temperature, pressure and amount adsorbed, are simulated and plotted in Comsol Multiphysics. In the model, the dependent variables are computed by solving the energy, mass and momentum transfer equations in a coupled way and their variations are investigated two-dimensionally. The results are presented with multicolored plots in a 2-D domain. Furthermore, a parametric study is carried out for determining factors that enhance the heat and mass transfer inside the adsorbent bed. In this parametric study, the effects of several design and operational parameters on the dependent variables are investigated. In the experimental study, the finned tube is tested using natural zeolite-water and silica gel-water working pairs. Temperature, pressure and amount adsorbed variations inside the adsorbent bed at various operating conditions are investigated. After that, a second adsorbent bed with a larger size is constructed and tested. The effect of the particle diameter of the adsorbent is also investigated. The experimental and theoretical results are compared.

An experimental pressure swing adsorption unit has been constructed and used to investigate the separation of carbon dioxide from carbon dioxide enriched air using both an activated carbon and a type 5A molecular sieve adsorbent. Continuous, cyclic operation was achievedusing a pair of fixed bed adsorbers. At any one time the feed gas entered one bed at a high pressure and part of the purified gas was returned to the other bed at a reduced pressure to provide countercurrent regeneration of the adsorbent. The beds of adsorbent used were each nominally 0.165m diameter and Im. deep. Separations were carried out at approximately ambient temperature using air flow rates in the range 0.15 to 0.95 kg/m2s and inlet carbon dioxide concentrations'in the range 0.1 to 1.5% v/v. Adsorption pressures of 2 to 6.4 bar were examined, the desorption pressure being maintained throughout at essentially 1.0 bar. The period time was varied from 30 to 900 seconds and the revert ratio (i. e. the ratio of the product gas returned for desorption to the total feed rate to the unit) was varied from 0 to 1.0. The carbon dioxide separation efficiency was found to increase markedly as the adsorption pressure and the revert ratio were increased whereas it was relatively insensitive to variations in feed rate and, more particularly, feed concentration. The performance of the molecular sieve adsorbent was found to be very sensitive to the presence of moisture in the feed gas. In contrast the carbon dioxide efficiencies observed with Lhe activated carbon were unaffected by the presence of small amounts (circa 100 ppm) of moisture in the feed. A theoretical model has been proposed for predicting the performance of pressure swing adsorption systems of the type investigated and approximate analytical equations and more precise numerical techniques have been established to represent its solution. The approximate analytical solutions were found to give close agreement with the more precise methods examined under conditions corresponding to low values of a dimensionless period time parameter. The proposed theoretical model incorporates an effective irean mass transfer coefficient to represent the diffusion process within the adsorbent particles. Methods for estimation of the value of this coefficient based on the limiting conditions of a periodic constant surface flux or a periodic constant surface concentration are presented. The experimental performance data were analysed in terms of the proposed analytical solution to give values of the apparent solid phase mass transfer coefficient for comparison with those predicted theoretically. In general the apparent experimental values were consistently less than the predicted values. In addition the relationship between the experimental and predicted coefficients was found to be dependent on both the nature of the adsorbent and a parameter formed by the product of the revert ratio and the adsorption to desorption pressure ratio. Empirical correlating equations which incorporate this dependence are presented.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-07T18:43:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) natalia_avila_soares.pdf: 1056490 bytes, checksum: 869e513c0faa0977b352060ebd8f23f9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-30T15:05:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) natalia_avila_soares.pdf: 1056490 bytes, checksum: 869e513c0faa0977b352060ebd8f23f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T15:05:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) natalia_avila_soares.pdf: 1056490 bytes, checksum: 869e513c0faa0977b352060ebd8f23f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar os efeitos da inclus?o de n?veis do farelo de crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hoechst), no perfil fermentativo e valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-a??car avaliados em diferentes tempos de abertura dos silos. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental do Moura, pertencente ? Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), localizada no Munic?pio de Curvelo, MG e as an?lises laboratoriais forma realizadas no Laborat?rio de Nutri??o Animal do Departamento de Zootecnia da UFVJM, Campus Diamantina, MG. Foi adotado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, sendo quatro n?veis de adi??o do farelo de crambe (FC: 0; 5, 10 e 20%, com base na mat?ria natural) e quatro tempos de abertura dos silos (10; 20; 30; 60 dias ap?s a confec??o das silagens),com quatro repeti??es. Para a avalia??o da composi??o bromatol?gica usou-se: mat?ria seca (MS); mat?ria org?nica (MO), mat?ria mineral (MM), prote?na bruta (PB), extrato et?reo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e prote?na (FDNcp), fibra em detergente ?cido (FDA), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos n?o fibrosos (CNF) e nutrientes digest?veis totais calculados (NDTcalculado). Para o perfil fermentativo foram avaliados os valores da atividade de ?gua (Aw), potencial hidrogeni?nico (pH), condutividade el?trica (CE), carboidratos sol?veis (CHOs) e nitrog?nio amoniacal (N-NH3). Os dados foram submetidos ? an?lise de regress?o (P>0,05). Para vari?vel EE, foi observado efeito de dose e tempo (P>0,05). Para a intera??o dos fatores (n?veis de inclus?o do FC x tempo de abertura) observou-se efeito para MS, MM, PB, MO, FDNcp, FDA, CT, CNF, NDT calculado, CE, AW, CHOs, pH e N-NH3. A adi??o do farelo de crambe na ensilagem de cana-de-a??car promoveu melhorias na composi??o bromatol?gica, uma vez que houve eleva??o nos teores de MS, PB, CNF, al?m da redu??o nos componentes fibrosos (FDNcp e FDA), proporcionando assim um alimento de melhor qualidade. As altera??es promovidas pela adi??o do FC at? os 20% de inclus?o na ensilagem de cana n?o comprometeram o perfil fermentativo da massa ensilada. A inclus?o do FC ? indicada at? o n?vel de 10% (com base na mat?ria natural), uma vez que maiores inclus?es acarretam em aumento desfavor?vel da mat?ria seca, nitrog?nio amoniacal e redu??o dos teores de carboidratos sol?veis. A partir dos 30 dias ap?s ensilagem, o material ensilado j? apresentava tend?ncia ? estabiliza??o. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inclusion levels of crambe meal (Crambe abyssinica Hoechst) the fermentative profile and nutritional value of the silage sugarcane evaluated in different opening times of the silos. The experiment took place at the Experimental Farm of Moura, belonging to the Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), located in the municipality of Curvelo, MG and the laboratory analyzes performed at the Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Animal Science UFVJM Campus Diamantina, MG. A completely randomized 4 x 4 factorial design was adopted, with four levels of addition of crambe meal (CM: 0, 5, 10 and 20%, based on natural materials) and four days of opening of silos (10; 20; 30; 60 days after the opening of silos), with four replicates. For the evaluation of the chemical composition was used: dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NCF) and total digestible nutrients calculated (TDN calculated. Regarding the fermentative profile were evaluated: water activity (AW), hydrogenionic potential (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), soluble carbohydrates (sCHT), ammonia-nitrogen concentration (N-NH3). Data were subjected to regression analysis (P> 0.05). For variable EE, only dose and time effect was observed (P> 0.05). For the factors? interaction (levels of inclusion of CM x opening time) was observed effect for MS, MM, CP, MO, NDFap, ADF, TC, NFC, TDN, CE, AW, sCHT, pH and N-NH3. The addition of crambe meal in sugarcane silage boosted the chemical composition, since there was an increase in DM, CP, NFC, and a reduction in fibrous components (NDFap and ADF), thus providing better quality food. The changes promoted by the addition of the FC to the 20% inclusion in cane silage did not affect the fermentation characteristics of silage. The inclusion of the FC is given to the level of 10% (based on natural matter), since larger inclusions lead in an unfavorable increase in dry matte, ammonia nitrogen and reduced levels of carbohydrates. From 30 days after ensiling, the ensiled material already presented tendency towards stabilization.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 108218 bytes, checksum: df61a2c6afdaedf6a12bdaee5a6b2ca1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This experiment was conducted to evaluate levels of inclusion of zeolite in diets for growing-finishing pigs on performance, feed intake, carcass characteristics, blood and hepatic parameters and the bone concentration of calcium and phosphorous. Eighty four barrows from commercial hybrids of high genetic potential for meat deposition, with 70 days of age and initial weight of 30.34 ± 1.14 kg were distributed, on the basis of weight, in randomized blocks design, with seven sequences levels of adsorbent (0.0-0.0; 1.0-0.5; 1.0-1.0; 2.0-1.0; 2.0-2.0; 3.0-1.5 and 3.0-3.0, respectively, on growing phase and finishing phase), six replicates with two animals per pen, which was considered the experimental unit. The experimental diets for the growing (70 to 105 days) and finishing (106 to 135 days) phases were formulated with corn, sorghum and soybean meal, supplied with minerals, vitamins and amino acids. The sorghum was used as naturally contaminated source of mycotoxins. The different levels of adsorbent in the diets were obtained by the supplementation of zeolita in the basal diet. The inclusion of zeolite in the diet did not affect the daily feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion and the carcass characteristics of the pigs. In the same way blood and hepatic parameters and the bone concentration of calcium and phosphorous were not affect by the different levels of zeolita. Due to the good performance and carcass characteristics as well the normality of the others analyzed parameters of the animals fed the diets without adsorbents, it can be inferred that the diets had low levels of mycotoxin contamination. It can be concluded that the levels of zeolite do not affect the performance, feed intake, carcass characteristics, blood and hepatic parameters and the bone concentration of calcium and phosphorous in growing-finishing pigs fed diets with low level of mycotoxin contamination. / Este experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar níveis de zeolita em dietas para suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação sobre o desempenho, o consumo de ração, as características de carcaça, os parâmetros sanguíneos e histológicos do parênquima hepático e os teores ósseos de cálcio e fósforo. Foram utilizados 84 suínos machos castrados, híbridos comerciais, de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne, com 70 dias de idade e peso inicial de 30,34 ± 1,14 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com sete seqüências de níveis de zeolita (0,0-0,0; 1,0-0,5; 1,0-1,0; 2,0-1,0; 2,0-2,0; 3,0-1,5 e 3,0-3,0), respectivamente, nas fases de crescimento e terminação, com seis repetições, com dois animais por baia que foi considerada a unidade experimental. Na formação dos blocos levou-se em consideração o peso inicial dos animais. As dietas experimentais para as fases de crescimento (70 aos 105 dias) e terminação (106 aos 135 dias) foram formuladas à base de milho, sorgo baixo tanino e farelo de soja, suplementadas com minerais, vitaminas e aminoácidos com base no conceito de proteína ideal. Utilizou-se o sorgo como fonte de contaminação natural por micotoxinas. Os níveis de adsorvente das dietas experimentais foram obtidos a partir da inclusão de zeolita em substituição a areia lavada. Não houve efeito dos níveis de zeolita nas dietas sobre o consumo de ração diário, ganho de peso diário, conversão alimentar e sobre as características quantitativas de carcaça avaliadas dos animais. Os níveis de zeolita nas dietas também não influenciaram os parâmetros sanguíneos, histológicos do parênquima hepático e os teores ósseos de cálcio e fósforo dos suínos. Devido ao elevado desempenho e características de carcaça bem como a normalidade dos demais parâmetros estudados dos animais que receberam dieta sem adsorvente, pode-se inferir que as dietas continham baixo grau de contaminação por micotoxinas. Conclui-se que os níveis de zeolita não influenciam o desempenho, o consumo de ração, as características de carcaça, os parâmetros sanguíneos e histológicos do parênquima hepático e os teores ósseos de cálcio e fósforo de suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação recebendo dietas com baixo nível de contaminação por micotoxinas.

Resumo: Os efeitos da aflatoxina e fumonisina e sua associação, sobre a produção e a qualidade dos ovos em poedeiras comerciais, foram avaliados bem como a eficácia de um adsorvente glucano em promover a redução e/ou eliminação total destes efeitos. Foram utilizadas 168 poedeiras com 37 semanas de idade, por um período experimental de 56 dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2 + 1 (3 tratamentos com micotoxinas: aflatoxina (AF), fumonisina (FU) e aflatoxina + fumonisina (AF + FU); 2 tratamentos com e sem adsorvente; e grupo controle sem micotoxinas e adsorvente), totalizando 7 tratamentos e 6 repetições com 4 aves/gaiola. As rações foram contaminadas, isoladamente ou em combinação, com 1ppm de AF e 25ppm de FU e o adsorvente foi incluído na concentração de 2kg/ton ração. Os tratamentos com presença de AF apresentaram as menores porcentagens (p = 0,0594) de postura (76,72% para AF e 77,38% para AF+FU). A massa de ovos obteve a menor média (p<0,05) no tratamento com AF+FU (49,49 g) que foi diferente do grupo controle (64,06 g). O tratamento com AF apresentou maior espessura e resistência de casca comparado ao grupo controle e ao tratamento com FU. O uso do adsorvente no tratamento com AF reduziu a resistência da casca voltando aos valores próximos aos do controle. As alterações observadas neste estudo são indicativas da toxicidade da aflatoxina na concentração de 1 ppm. Os efeitos da fumonisina foram menos evidentes em função da baixa dose utilizada neste estudo (25mg/kg). O uso de glucano na concentração de 2 kg/ton foi efetivo em reverter alguns dos efeitos tóxicos da aflatoxina e, em menor extensão da fumonisina, quando estas micotoxinas estavam separadamente na ração de poedeiras comerciais / Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of aflatoxin and fumonisin and their association on production and egg quality in laying hens and was also evaluated the effectiveness of an adsorbent glucan to promote the reduction and/or total elimination of these effects. One hundred and sixty-eight 37-wk-old laying hens were used for a trial period of 56 days. The experimental design was a completely randomized with 3x2+ 1 factorial arrangement (three treatments with mycotoxins: aflatoxin (AF), fumonisin (FU) + fumonisin and aflatoxin (AF + FU), two treatments with and without adsorbent, and the control group without mycotoxin and adsorbent), totaling seven treatments, six replicates and four birds per cage. The mycotoxins were added to rations, singly and in combination, at levels of 1 ppm AF and 25 ppm FU and the adsorbent was included in the dosage of 2kg/ton .The treatments with the presence of AF had the lowest percentages (p = 0,0594) of stance (76,72% to AF and 77,38% to AF + FU). The egg mass received the lowest average (p<0,05) in the treatment with AF + FU (49,49 g) which was different from the control group (64,06 g). Treatment with AF showed higher values of thickness and peel strength compared to the control group and treatment with FU. The use of the adsorbent in the treatment with AF reduced the strength of the shell back to values near baseline. The changes observed in this study are indicative of the toxicity of aflatoxin at a concentration of 1mg/kg. The effects of fumonisin were less evident because of the low levels used in this study (25mg/kg). The level of glucan added to the diets was effective to prevent some of the toxic effects of aflatoxins and to a lesser extent of fumonisin, when the mycotoxins were separately in the diet of laying hens / Orientador: Denise Rangel da Silva Sartori / Coorientador: José Roberto Sartori / Banca: Alice Eiko Murakami / Banca: Daniela Felipe Pinheiro / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese fernanda rocha.pdf: 671877 bytes, checksum: 6b9e0f3e769b8add7590d1d3f1cfe4cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-13 / Two experiments were conducted with 960 Cobb 500 chicks raised in battery heated to 21 days. In the first experiment, birds were fed diets with corn and sorghum non-musty and moldy, or not treated with the mycotoxin adsorbent based glicomanano ester (GME) at concentrations of 0 and 0.1% of the diet. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized in a 2 x 2 x 2 (x grain quality x adsorbent) and five replicates of 12 birds each. For the second experiment, we used four doses of aflatoxin B1 (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 ppm of AFB1) and the same concentrations of GME in a completely randomized in a 4 x 2 (doses of AFB1 x concentrations GME). Diets isonutrient from corn or sorghum and soybean meal meeting the nutritional requirements proposed by the Brazilian tables. We evaluated the weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and digestibility of dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE) and protein (N) in two metabolic tests conducted 4 to 7 and 17 to 21 days of age, for the first experiment and a test for the second aged between four and seven days. We also assessed the biometry of lymphoid organs and digestive systems, the production of antibodies against the vaccine virus disease Newcatle and histological evaluation of the bursa of Fabricius and liver. Statistical analysis was performed by GLM procedure of SAS &#61666; and Tukey (5%) to compare the means in the case of variable performance and metabolism and other variables the data were described. Chickens fed moldy grains not perform better, regardless of the inclusion of mycotoxin adsorbent for. For grains contaminated with fungi, the additive improved the digestibility and retention of nutrients, especially fat, the main substrate for the development of this organism. Moldy grains decreased the development of the organs of the digestive system and did not affect the organs of the lymphoid system and vaccine response, but it altered the histological structure of the organs evaluated. The histological damage was reduced by GME in the bursa and liver. The AFB1 affected the performance of chickens and GME did not reverse the deterioration in performance, but the effects on digestibility were minimized, especially for fats. The presence of AFB1 interfered with the development of lymphoid organs and digestive systems, depressed the response of poultry vaccination and the onset and increased severity of lesions in the liver and bursa of Fabricius, but with the use of GME, the intensity of effect in body of the birds was lower / Foram realizados dois experimentos com 960 pintos Cobb 500 criados em baterias aquecidas até 21 dias. No primeiro experimento, as aves foram alimentadas com rações com grãos de milho e de sorgo não-mofados e mofados, tratados ou não com adsorvente de micotoxinas a base de glicomanano esterificado (GME) nas concentrações de 0 e 0,1% da dieta. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2 (grão x qualidade x adsorvente) e cinco repetições de 12 aves cada. Para o segundo experimento, utilizaram-se quatro dosagens de Aflatoxina B1 (0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,5ppm de AFB1) e as mesmas concentrações de GME em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (dosagens de AFB1 x concentrações do GME). As rações foram isonutritivas a base de milho ou sorgo e farelo de soja atendendo as exigências nutricionais propostas pelas tabelas brasileiras. Foram avaliados o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar e a digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS), do extrato etéreo (EE) e da proteína (N) em dois ensaios metabólicos conduzidos de 4 a 7 e de 17 a 21 dias de idade, para o primeiro experimento e um ensaio para o segundo com idade entre quatro e sete dias. Foram também avaliadas a biometria de órgãos dos sistemas linfóide e digestório, a produção de anticorpos vacinais contra o vírus da doença de Newcatle e a avaliação histológica da bursa de Fabricius e do fígado. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo procedimento GLM do SAS&#61666; e o teste de Tukey (5%) para comparação das médias, no caso das variáveis de desempenho e de metabolismo e para outras variáveis os dados foram descritos. Frangos alimentados com grãos não mofados apresentam melhor desempenho, independente da inclusão do adsorvente para micotoxina. Para grãos contaminados com fungos, o aditivo melhorou a digestibilidade e a retenção de nutrientes, especialmente de gordura, principal substrato para desenvolvimento desse microrganismo. Grãos mofados diminuíram o desenvolvimento dos órgãos do sistema digestório e não afetaram os órgãos do sistema linfóide e a resposta vacinal, porém alterou a estrutura histológica dos órgãos avaliados. Os danos histológicos foram reduzidos pelo GME na bursa e no fígado. A AFB1 afetou o desempenho dos frangos e o GME não reverteu a piora no desempenho, mas os efeitos na digestibilidade foram minimizados, especialmente para gorduras. A presença de AFB1 interferiu no desenvolvimento dos órgãos dos sistemas linfóide e digestório, deprimiu a resposta vacinal das aves e aumentou o aparecimento e a gravidade das lesões histológicas no fígado e na bursa de Fabricius mas, com a utilização do GME, a intensidade desses efeitos no organismo das aves foi menor

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T20:03:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Dalva Americano Soares - 2017.pdf: 2532503 bytes, checksum: 8d316e6aedc3fa70ec38c43e074d3bb3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-16T12:11:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Dalva Americano Soares - 2017.pdf: 2532503 bytes, checksum: 8d316e6aedc3fa70ec38c43e074d3bb3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-16T12:11:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Dalva Americano Soares - 2017.pdf: 2532503 bytes, checksum: 8d316e6aedc3fa70ec38c43e074d3bb3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-29 / The present work presents a study on the use of dry coffee straw and straw from sticky coffee, also known as "bark" of the coffee as adsorbent for metallic ions. Initially, the experiments were carried out in batch and the metal quantification before and after the adsorption experiments was done using Atomic Flame Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). The adsorption of the ions Cd (II), was evaluated and the results indicated that the coffee straw dried in natura, presented an outstanding performance. The optimization parameters studied in the adsorption of the corresponding ion were the pH of the solution and time of contact, presenting the maximum adsorption occurrence in the pH value between 5 to 9 and better contact time starting from 60 minutes. The physical-chemical characterization of the material was done through the use of Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Dispersive Energy Analysis, X-Ray Diffraction Analysis, EDX Elemental Analysis and the zero load point determination. The adsorption kinetics best fit the pseudo-second order model and the adsorption isotherms developed with the objective of determining the maximum adsorptive capacity showed a better fit to the Langmuir model. From data obtained in the batch experiments, the dry coffee straw was used in the development of a solid phase extraction method for adsorption of cadmium. In order to evaluate the chemical and flow variables that possibly influence the system, the multivariate method was used. The variables studied were adsorbent mass, eluent concentration, eluent volume and pre-concentration flow, through a factorial design 24, indicating the eluent volume and pre-concentration flow as the significant variables, which were studied later by means of Doehlert planning. Thus, the best conditions for flow system operation were: adsorbent mass 25 mg, (HCl) eluent concentration 1.0 mol L-1, eluent volume 250 μL and pre-concentration flow 2.0 mL min-1. For the purpose of analyzing the selectivity of the method, a study of the possible interferences was done, based on the calculation of the interference factor (IF). The Cu+2, Fe+2, Mn+2, Zn+2, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+1, K+1, Cr+3 ions were analyzed in different proportions. The pre-concentration factor was calculated as being equal to 20.4; Limit of detection (LD) 7,86 μg L-1, Limit of quantification (LQ) 26,20 μg L-1, precision (DPR) 0,11, linear range between 26,20 - 2000 μg L-1. The accuracy of the method was tested through the analysis of the certified water reference material (APS - 1071).The recovery tests were carried out on samples of cashew, pineapple, orange and guava juices, and the values found were ranged from 100,72 to 109,7%. The method developed was satisfactory for pre-concentration of Cd (II) ions, for the simplicity, efficiency, low cost. Also, the used adsorbent can be easily found in nature and it can be reused. / O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o uso da palha do café seca e palha do café melosa, também conhecida como “casca” do café como adsorvente para íons metálicos. Inicialmente os experimentos foram realizados em batelada e a quantificação dos metais antes e após os experimentos de adsorção foi feita utilizando Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica por Chama (FAAS). A adsorção dos íons Cd(II), foi avaliada e os resultados apontaram que a palha do café seca in natura, apresentou melhor desempenho. Os parâmetros de otimização estudados na adsorção do referido íon foram, pH da solução e tempo de contato, sendo que a máxima adsorção ocorre no valor de pH entre 5 a 9 e melhor tempo de contato a partir de 60 minutos. A caracterização físico-química do material foi feita através do uso da Espectroscopia de Infravermelho, Análise por Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X, Análise de Difração de Raios-X, Análise Elementar por EDX e determinação do ponto de carga zero. A cinética de adsorção ajusta melhor ao modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem e as isotermas de adsorção desenvolvidas com o objetivo de determinar a capacidade máxima adsortiva apresentou melhor ajuste ao modelo de Langmuir. A partir dos dados obtidos nos experimentos em batelada, a palha do café seca foi utilizada no desenvolvimento de um método de extração em fase sólida para adsorção de cadmio. Com objetivo de avaliar as variáveis químicas e de fluxo que possivelmente influenciam o sistema foi empregado o método multivariado. As variáveis estudadas foram, massa do adsorvente, concentração do eluente, volume do eluente e vazão de pré-concentração, por meio de um planejamento fatorial 24, apontando o volume do eluente e vazão de pré-concentração como sendo as variáveis significativas, sendo estudadas posteriormente por meio de um planejamento Doehlert. Assim, as melhores condições para o funcionamento do sistema em fluxo foram: massa do adsorvente 25 mg, concentração do eluente (HCl) 1,0 mol L-1, volume do eluente 250 μL e vazão de pré-concentração 2,0 mL min-1. A fim de analisar a seletividade do método, foi feito um estudo dos possíveis interferentes, a partir do cálculo do fator de interferência (FI). Tendo sido analisados os íons Cu+2, Fe+2, Mn+2, Zn+2, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+1, K+1, Cr+3 em diferentes proporções. O fator de pré-concentração foi calculado como sendo igual a 20,4; Limite de detecção (LD) 7,86 μg L-1, Limite de quantificação (LQ) 26,20 μg L-1, precisão (DPR) 0,11, faixa linear entre 26,20 - 2000 μg L-1. A exatidão do método foi testada através da análise do material certificado de referência de água (APS – 1071). Os testes de recuperação foram desenvolvidos em amostras de sucos de caju, abacaxi, laranja e goiaba, sendo que os valores encontrados apresentaram-se na faixa de 100,72 – 109,7%. O método desenvolvido mostrou-se satisfatório para pré-concentração de íons Cd(II), pela simplicidade, eficiência, baixo custo e o adsorvente utilizado ser encontrado na natureza com facilidade bem como o seu reaproveitamento.