O sistema serotoninérgico há muito tempo vem sendo relacionado ao comportamento agressivo e particularmente o subtipo de receptor 5-HT1A está envolvido na modulação da agressividade. Estudos prévios utilizando agonistas que atuam seletivamente sobre estes receptores demonstraram tanto redução como aumento da agressão. Sabe-se que estes receptores são encontrados em diversas regiões encefálicas onde atuam como auto e heteroreceptores, apresentando diferentes funções, dependendo de sua localização. Heteroreceptores 5-HT1A, além de outras regiões, são encontrados no córtex pré-frontal, uma região encefálica particularmente importante no controle inibitório de comportamentos agressivos e impulsivos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar os possíveis efeitos antiagressivos da microinjeção do agonista seletivo dos receptores 5-HT1A, F15599, na região ventro-orbital do córtex pré-frontal de camundongos machos da linhagem CF-1, previamente submetidos ao protocolo de provocação social, caracterizado por elevar os níveis de agressividade a padrões considerados violentos. Nossos resultados mostraram que a microinjeção das menores doses de F15599 (0,03 e 0,1 μg) reduziu significativamente a frequência de mordidas além de ocorrer uma tendência à redução da frequência de ataques laterais para o grupo de animais que recebeu a dose de 0,03 μg. Estes efeitos anti-agressivos não foram acompanhados por alterações nos demais elementos comportamentais relacionados à agressividade: perseguir o intruso, cheirar o intruso e sacudir a cauda. Também não foram observadas alterações na duração dos elementos comportamentais não agressivos caminhar e rearing. Ocorreu aumento apenas na duração do comportamento de grooming para o grupo de animais que recebeu a dose de 0,03 μg do agonista. Os resultados do presente estudo confirmaram o envolvimento da região VO do CPF e do sistema serotoninérgico, mais precisamente do subtipo de receptor 5-HT1A na modulação da agressividade exacerbada. / The serotonergic system has long been linked to aggressive behavior and particularly 5-HT1A receptor subtype is involved in modulation of aggressiveness. Previous studies using agonists that act selectively on these receptors showed both reduction and increased aggression. It is known that these receptors are found in several brain regions where they act as auto and heteroreceptors, with different functions, depending on their location. 5-HT1A heteroreceptors, as well as other regions, are found in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region particularly important in the inhibitory control of aggressive and impulsive behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible anti-aggressive effects of microinjections of F15599, a selective 5-HT1A agonist, in the ventral orbital prefrontal cortex (VO PFC) of CF-1 male mice, previously submitted to social instigation, characterized by increasing aggression to high levels. Our results showed that the microinjection of the lower doses of F15599 (0.03 and 0.1 μg) significantly reduced attack bite frequency. Furthermore, there was a tendency to reduce sideway threats for the group that received 0.03 μg agonist microinjection. These anti-aggressive effects were not accompanied by changes in other elements of the behavioral repertoire related to aggression: pursuit the intruder, sniff the intruder and tail rattle. There were also no changes observed in the duration of nonaggressive behavioral repertoire elements, walking and rearing. Only for grooming behavior was an increased duration observed for the group that received 0.03 μg agonist dose. The results of this study confirmed the involvement of VO PFC and serotonergic system, specifically de 5- HT1A receptor subtype, in the modulation of escalated aggressive behavior.

O objetivo geral desta dissertação foi investigar o efeito de fatores da família e da escola sobre as habilidades sociais e os comportamentos agressivos entre pares na infância. Foram realizados um estudo teórico e três estudos empíricos. O estudo teórico consistiu numa revisão não sistemática da literatura que demonstrou o papel da qualidade dos relacionamentos pais-criança e professor-aluno e do clima escolar sobre o desenvolvimento socioemocional na infância. O segundo estudo apresentou os procedimentos de adaptação e validação da Escala de Relacionamento Professor-Aluno (ERPA) para o contexto brasileiro. Os resultados da Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) confirmaram a estrutura bifatorial do instrumento original. Análises de validade convergente apresentaram resultados satisfatórios. O terceiro estudo apresentou os procedimentos de adaptação e validação do Questionário de Clima Escolar – Revisado, Versão para Ensino Fundamental – para o contexto brasileiro. Os resultados da ESEM apresentaram índices de ajuste satisfatórios para o modelo de seis fatores. Porém, foram sugeridas modificações na composição de quatro fatores (justiça, ordem e disciplina, envolvimento dos pais, relacionamento entre os estudantes). O QCE-EF apresentou também evidências de validade externa. As versões adaptadas da ERPA e do QCE-EF demonstraram ser medidas úteis para a avaliação de fatores da escola no contexto brasileiro. Por fim, o quarto estudo testou modelos de equações estruturais acerca do efeito independente e interativo da qualidade do relacionamento pais-criança e de fatores da escola sobre as habilidades sociais e os comportamentos agressivos entre pares. A percepção dos estudantes acerca da qualidade do clima escolar teve maior efeito sobre os seus comportamentos na escola, superando o efeito da qualidade dos relacionamentos adultocriança, mensurados pela percepção de pais e professoras. Os resultados enfatizaram a importância do contexto escolar para o desenvolvimento socioemocional na infância, destacando a necessidade de investigações que utilizem as crianças como fontes de informação. / The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the effect of family and school factors on the social skills and peer aggressive behavior in childhood. Theoretical and empirical studies were conducted. The theoretical study was a non-systematic review of the literature. It showed the role of parent-child and student-teacher relationships and school climate on socioemotional development in childhood. The second study showed the procedures for adaptation and validation of the Student-Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS) for the Brazilian context. Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) confirmed the factorial structure of the original instrument. Analysis of convergent validity showed satisfactory results. The third study showed the procedures for adaptation and validation of the School Climate Survey – Revised, Elementary and Middle School Version (SCS-MS) – for the Brazilian context. ESEM provided satisfactory indices of fit for the model of six factors. However, the factors justice, order and discipline, parental involvement and relationships between students were modified. SCS-MS demonstrated evidence of external validity. Adapted version of the STRS and SCS-MS proved to be useful measures for assessing school factors in the Brazilian context. Finally, fourth study tested structural equation models on the independent and interactive effects of the quality of parent-child relationships and school factors on social skills and peer aggressive behavior. The students' perceptions about the quality of school climate had a greater effect on their behavior in school, overcoming the effect of the quality of adult-child relationships, measured by parents and teachers perception. The results emphasized the importance of school context for socioemotional development in childhood, highlighting the need for studies that use children as sources of information.

The Ecologically-Based Activity Plan (EBAP) is proposed as a method to create a transition between special education and general education. It serves as a tool to help classroom teachers assess the environment of the class and as a method for embedding instruction within the naturally occurring context of the endogenous constructivist classroom. In this study the EBAP was used to reduce aggressive behavior and increase prosocial behavior among five children who displayed developmental delays in the social and emotional domains.

No description available.

Opportunities for aggression occur frequently and unpredictably, but little research to our knowledge has investigated the impact of the mere presence of multiple opportunities on aggression over time. Two studies, one with a Canadian sample (163 participants) and one with an American sample (103 participants) were conducted to analyze the impact of the number of opportunities for aggression on justified and unjustified aggressive thoughts, behaviors, and motivations. Individually, these studies yielded the result that justified aggression remains stable over time, but that unjustified aggression decreases when an individual is given multiple opportunities. Combined, they indicated that justified aggression increased when participants had a second opportunity. Future research is proposed to understand the impact of moral licensing on aggression over time, and to understand why unjustified aggression occurs.

Changement climatique, urbanisation, invasions biologiques et hybridation interspécifique constituent des menaces majeures pour la biodiversité. L'objectif de cette thèse a été d'évaluer leurs effets interactifs sur les fourmis du genre Tetramorium de la vallée du Rhône, France. Près de 2000 colonies de 5 espèces de Tetramorium ont été étudiées. Les résultats démontrent que le climat et l'urbanisation limitent leurs aires de répartition et que l'urbanisation impacte leurs distributions simultanément à plusieurs échelles spatiales. Les probabilités d'occurrence de T. immigrans dépendent de l'interaction entre facteurs climatiques et urbains. Quatre populations génétiques de T. immigrans résultent de plusieurs introductions de sources externes, ce qui signifie que cette espèce n’est pas indigène dans les zones urbaines du nord. T. immigrans et T. caespitum produisent des hybrides dans les zones de sympatrie. La détection de rétrocroisements et de discordances entre ADN mitochondrial et nucléaire suggère que cette hybridation conduit à une descendance fertile, donc de l’introgression. Les profils d'hydrocarbures cuticulaires sont bien différenciés entre les deux espèces et sont corrélés à une agression forte contre les hétérospécifiques. Ces espèces présentent un système d'accouplement monogyne polyandre, dans lequel les reines hybrides mais pas les pères hybrides contribuent à la descendance hybride. Les études sur l'hybridation interspécifique n'ont qu'occasionnellement concerné les changements globaux ou invasions biologiques. Ces concepts eux-mêmes sont peu étudiés ensemble et leurs effets interactifs sont négligés dans la littérature actuelle. La prise en compte de ces interrelations et l'exploration de plusieurs échelles sont essentielles pour mieux comprendre les processus qui génèrent des modèles d'échange génétique / Climate change, urbanization, biological invasions and interspecific hybridization are major current threats to biodiversity. The objective of this thesis was to assess their interactive effects in Tetramorium ant species from the Rhône-Saône valley in France. Using a broad array of tools from several fields of biology, I worked on almost two thousand colonies from five Tetramorium species including T. immigrans and T. caespitum. Both climate and urbanization limited the ranges of these species, and urbanization impacted their distributions simultaneously at several spatial scales. The occurrence probabilities of T. immigrans depended on the interaction between climatic and urban factors. Several introductions from external sources seemed to have given rise to four genetically distinct populations of T. immigrans, making it likely that it is not native to the northernmost urban areas. Hybridization and introgression between T. immigrans and T. caespitum was frequent in zones of sympatry, and the detection of nuclear DNA backcrosses and mitochondrial-nuclear DNA discordance between the two species suggested that hybridization lead to fertile offspring (i.e. introgression). Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles were clearly differentiated between the two species and were correlated to heightened interspecific aggression against heterospecifics. Both species presented a monogyne polyandrous mating system, in which hybrid queens but no hybrid fathers contributed to hybrid offspring. Few studies on interspecific hybridization have addressed global change or biological invasions. These concepts are infrequently studied together, and their interactive effects are overlooked in the current literature. Taking these interrelationships into account and exploring multiple scales are essential to better understand the processes that generate patterns of genetic exchange

Bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) and spotted (Stenella frontalis) dolphins are sympatric species, resident to Little Bahama Bank, Bahamas. A unique, dynamic methodology quantified how interspecific aggression changed over time in terms of the individuals participating, context, and behaviors used. The timing of human observation relative to the onset of aggression did not result in differences in the proportion of behaviors observed. Highly intense behaviors were used most often. The synchronous state of spotted dolphin groups, not the presence alone, was a crucial factor in determining the onset and progression of aggression. When synchronous, spotted dolphins successfully dominated the larger bottlenose dolphins. Two levels of dominance were observed. Within a single encounter ("encounter level"), one species did dominate the other. When all aggressive encounters were considered collectively over the long term ("gross level"), one species did not dominate the other. The combination of contextual factors best determined the dynamic of interspecific aggression. / by Jessica A. Cusick. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2012. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

La fourmi d'Argentine (Linepithema humile) est une des espèces invasives parmi les plus nuisibles au monde. Dans le cadre des invasions biologiques, les résistances biotiques sont souvent les dernières barrières des écosystèmes. Une hypothèse, jamais testé in natura, de résistance de la part d'une fourmi du genre Tapinoma face à L. humile a été émise. Pour le démontrer, nous avons choisi d'expérimenter en laboratoire et in natura. Nos terrains d'études privilégiés ont été, outres des sites du littoral méditerranéen français, 4 îles situées en face du littoral envahi par la fourmi d'Argentine. Parmi celles-ci, deux contiennent à la fois la fourmi d'Argentine et des espèces du genre Tapinoma. L'identification difficile des espèces du genre Tapinoma étant sujette à une controverse scientifique, nous avons dû différencier de façon certaine cinq d'entre elles, par leurs morphologies et leurs signatures chimiques. En Provence, trois espèces ont été observées : T. erraticum, T. madeirense et T. nigerrimum. Sur l'île de Ratonneau, un suivi sur 2 ans de la vitesse d'invasion de L. humile en milieu naturel, avec ou sans T. nigerrimum, met en évidence une vitesse d'invasion très faible, voire un recul dans la zone à T. nigerrimum. Les colonies de T. nigerrimum de l'île de Ratonneau semblent faire obstacle à la progression de l'invasion. Des études comportementales préliminaires, conduites en laboratoire, entre fragments de nids de T. nigerrimum et L. humile nous avaient permis de confirmer les capacités de T. nigerrimum à résister face à l'invasive. Ainsi, les ouvrières T. nigerrimum défendent mieux leurs territoires, allant jusqu'à accaparer celui des L. humile. / The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is one of the world's worst invasive species. We used various analyses to determine its invasion pattern on the Provence coast, confirming the presence of a second supercolony. Chemical and behavioral analyses of worker interactions on the supercolony border identified a peaceful border zone. When biological invasion occurs, biotic resistance is often ecosystems' last defense. Could a dominant ant from Tapinoma genus resist L. humile invasion? To demonstrate this possibility, we conducted both laboratory and in natura experiements. Besides the invaded Mediterranean coast, we selected four nearby islands, two of which were found to contain both L. humile and Tapinoma spp. Identification of Mediterranean Tapinoma being controversial, we used both morphological and chemical analyses to ensure reliable discrimination. On the coast, we found T. erraticum, T. madeirense and T. nigerrimum. In natura, on Ratonneau Island, two-year field monitoring showed a slow rate of Argentine ant invasion and even retreat, faced with T. nigerrimum. T. nigerrimum colonies seem to block L. humile invasion. Laboratory behavioral studies between nests of T. nigerrimum and L. humile confirm T. nigerrimum's ability to stand up to Argentine ants: T. nigerrimum workers protect and defend their territories better, even taking over Argentine ant nests.

本論文嘗試以行為引發機制與行為抑制機制的觀點，探討非法且屬人際層面的男性攻擊行為，從中評估常表現攻擊行為個體的認知、情緒與行為缺陷。由於攻擊行為的特殊性，個體表現攻擊行為時，相關的行為機制包括表現該行為可能得到獎賞的行為引發機制﹔表現該行為可能得到懲罰的行為抑制機制﹔與攻擊他人時，被害者的非語文訊息引發的個體的暴力抑制機制。研究一根據暴力抑制機制的理論內容發展實驗工具，透過違反道德與違反慣例圖片組的呈現，了解高、中、低攻擊組的表現差異。結果發現高攻擊組對兩違反情境的嚴重程度評估較低，同時，在違反道德圖片組刺激下，高攻擊組表現較少的道德情緒與較少的同理行為。研究二則透過研究一發展的圖片組評估個體的暴力抑制機制運作能力，並結合Patterson與Newman的四階段理論發展實驗刺激，透過情境的操弄，了解高攻擊組之行為引發機制與行為抑制機制運作情形。結果發現經由兩套理論(暴力抑制機制與四階段理論)的結合，可將高攻擊組分為兩類，一類為暴力抑制機制運作正常，但行為引發機制運作過強﹔另一類為暴力抑制機制無法運作者。以認知、情緒與行為缺陷評估兩類高攻擊行為者發現，具有認知、情緒與行為缺陷的高攻擊行為者只有第二類。 / Based on a behavioral activation mechanism and two behavioral inhibition mechanisms, unlawful and interpersonal male aggression was studied. Moreover, the possibility of individuals’ cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficiencies was evaluated. Due to the special quality of aggressive behavior, when a person acts aggressively, there will be three processes involved. They are the behavioral activation mechanism activated by reward, the behavioral inhibition mechanism induced by punishment, and the Violence Inhibition Mechanism (VIM) triggered by victims’ cues of distress. In order to study these three processes, two sets of pictures were developed from study 1 in order to evaluate how participants functioned their VIM. The results showed differences between High, Medium, and Low Aggression Group. The High Aggression Group evaluated incidents of moral/ conventional transgression less serious than the other two groups did. Also, they showed less moral emotions and less empathic behaviors than the other two groups did. Based on the sets of pictures developed from Study 1, a group of young offenders were divided into two groups based on their VIM functioning. Further, a survival game was developed from Patterson and Newman’s four-stage model. By manipulating situations to present reward/punishment, those young offenders showed different aggressive patterns. Young offenders with good VIM functioning behaved more aggressively when there were rewards. Relatively, young offenders with poor VIM functioning were less likely to be influenced by either reward or punishment. The implications were discussed in the article.

This study has developed a tool for explaining why employees fail to speak up with regard to work related criticism; there is a hidden policy of silence that teaches employees to remain silent. This hidden policy is here designated as the "Curriculum Silentium" and is described in detail on the basis of empirical and theoretical data. After identifying a gap between the intentionally and experienced policy for employees freedom of speech in organizations I suggest that there are on-going unofficial, partially hidden learning processes in the organizations. The overall research question is; How does the Curriculum Silentium; the hidden policy of silence among employees, look like?  I make an analytic construction of the hidden policy as if it were planned policy, using the didactic categories applicable to organizations. These didactic categories are: goals, content, teaching strategies and the motivation of employees. The empirical data was collected in three different organizations: an elementary school, a home for the elderly and a factory in the process industry, using qualitative methods such as interviews and observation. The theoretical foundation of the study is taken from existing theory within the field of work life research and educational science. The study is not a comparative study of the three organizations, but does involve a comparison of whether and how the Curriculum Silentium is expressed in three such different organizations. The challenge of examining hidden relationships in organizations was met through the development of guidelines for an analytical approach called a critical didactic relations analysis. The study concludes that a hidden policy of silence resembling that presented here exists in organizations where employees fail to voice working life related criticism.