CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / AvaliaÃÃo dos efeitos centrais e antinociceptivos das fraÃÃes isoladas da raiz de Petiveria alliacea L. (tipi) em camundongos. PATRÃCIA BEZERRA GOMES. Orientador: Profa. Dra. Francisca ClÃa FlorenÃo de Sousa. DissertaÃÃo de Mestrado. Curso de PÃs-graduaÃÃo em Farmacologia. Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, UFC, 2006. Petiveria alliacea L. à um arbusto da famÃlia Phytolaccaceae, usada popularmente na medicina folclÃrica para o tratamento de uma ampla variedade de doenÃas nas AmÃricas do Sul e Central. As fraÃÃes acetato (FA), hexÃnica (FH), hidroalcoÃlica (FHA) e hidroalcoÃlica precipitada (FHAppt) da raiz do tipi foram estudadas para investigar suas propriedades farmacolÃgicas, nos modelos de nocicepÃÃo (contorÃÃes abdominais induzidas por Ãcido acÃtico, formalina a 1% e placa quente) e nos modelos comportamentais clÃssicos (campo aberto, labirinto em cruz elevado- LCE, rota rod, tempo de sono induzido por pentobarbital, nado forÃado e convulsÃes induzidas por pentilenotetrazol- PTZ). Foram analisados tambÃm os fitoconstituintes presentes no tipi, os efeitos farmacolÃgicos gerais e sua toxicidade aguda. As fraÃÃes foram administradas, via oral (v.o.) e/ou intraperitoneal (i.p.), nas doses de 100 e 200 mg/kg, em camundongos fÃmeas. A abordagem fitoquÃmica das fraÃÃes de Petiveria alliacea revelou a presenÃa de alcalÃides em FA, cumarinas em FA, FHA e FHAppt, saponinas e triterpenos em FA, FH, FHA e FHAppt. O extrato hidroalcoÃlico (500, 1000, 1500 e 2000 mg/kg, i.p.; 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000 mg/kg, v.o.) do tipi apresentou uma baixa toxicidade e os parÃmetros mais visualizados foram analgesia, diminuiÃÃo da motilidade e passividade. Todas as fraÃÃes inibiram as contorÃÃes abdominais induzidas por Ãcido acÃtico. FA (200 mg/kg, i.p.), FH e FHAppt (100 e 200 mg/kg, i.p.), reduziram a nocicepÃÃo produzida pela formalina na 1 e 2 fases. FHA (100 e 200 mg/kg, i.p.) apresentou uma inibiÃÃo significativa na 1 fase deste teste, indicando um possÃvel efeito antinociceptivo. O efeito antinociceptivo produzido por FHAppt (200 mg/kg, i.p.) foi revertido pela naloxona (2mg/kg, s.c.), mostrando uma possÃvel participaÃÃo do sistema opiÃide neste processo. Nenhum efeito significativo foi observado no teste da placa quente. Todas as fraÃÃes do tipi induziram uma diminuiÃÃo significativa na atividade locomotora, rearing e grooming no teste do campo aberto, sugerindo uma possÃvel aÃÃo depressora central. Nenhum efeito significativo foi evidenciado na coordenaÃÃo motora dos animais no teste do rota rod. No LCE, FA (100 e 200 mg/kg, v.o.) reduziu o NEBA (n de entradas nos braÃos abertos) e o TPBA (tempo de permanÃncia nos braÃos abertos). FA, FH e FHA (100 e 200 mg/kg, i.p.), FHAppt (200mg/kg, i.p.) apresentaram uma significativa reduÃÃo do TPBA, indicando uma ausÃncia do efeito ansiolÃtico. As fraÃÃes da raiz de Petiveria alliacea promoveram um aumento significativo do tempo de imobilidade dos camundongos no teste do nado forÃado. AlÃm disso, corroborando estes resultados, as fraÃÃes causaram um prolongamento do tempo de sono induzido por pentobarbital, confirmando um provÃvel efeito sedativo e depressor central. Os efeitos neurofarmacolÃgicos de FHA (200 mg/kg, i.p.), observados nos testes do campo aberto e tempo de sono, nÃo foram revertidos com a administraÃÃo de flumazenil (2,5 mg/kg, i.p.), indicando que o mecanismo de aÃÃo de FHA, provavelmente, nÃo està relacionado com a participaÃÃo dos receptores GABAÃrgicos. Todas as fraÃÃes da raiz de Petiveria alliacea aumentaram a latÃncia da 1 convulsÃo e o tempo de morte das convulsÃes induzidas por PTZ nos animais, confirmando seu uso popular como anticonvulsivante. Os resultados mostraram que as diferentes fraÃÃes de Petiveria alliacea L. possuem significativo potencial antinociceptivo, sedativo, depressor e anticonvulsivante, devido à presenÃa destes constituintes, dando suporte ao uso da medicina folclÃrica desta planta. / Evaluation of the central and antinociceptive effects of isolated fractions from the root of Petiveria alliacea L. (tipi) in mice. PATRÃCIA BEZERRA GOMES. Supervisor: Profa. Dra. Francisca ClÃa FlorenÃo de Sousa. Master Dissertation. Course of Post-graduation in Pharmacology. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, UFC, 2006. Petiveria alliacea L. a shrub from Phytolaccaceae family, is popularly used in folk medicine for treating a wide variety of disorders in South and Central America. The acetate (FA), hexanic (FH), hydroalcoholic (FHA) and precipitated hydroalcoholic (FHAppt) fractions from the root of tipi were studied to investigate its pharmacological properties in animals nocicepcion models (abdominal contractions induced by acetic acid, formalin 1% and hot plate tests) and in the classical behavioral models (open-field, elevated plus maze- EPM, rota rod, barbiturate-induced sleeping time, forced swimming and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsions tests). Were analyzed the phytoconstituents presents in it, the general pharmacological effects and acute toxicity. The fractions were administered orally (p.o.) and/or intraperitoneally (i.p.), at single doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, in female mice. The phytochemical approach of the fractions from Petiveria alliacea demonstrated the presence of alkaloids in FA, coumarins in FA, FHA and FHAppt, saponins and triterpenes in FA, FH, FHA and FHAppt. The hidroalcoholic extract (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg, i.p.; 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg/kg, p.o.) of the tipi presented a low toxicity and the parameters more visualized were analgesic, decrease in locomotor activity and passive behavior. All the fractions inhibited the abdominal contractions induced by acetic acid. FA (200 mg/kg, i.p.), FH and FHAppt (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.), reduced the nocicepcion produced by formalin in the 1st and 2nd phases. FHA (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) presented a significant inhibition on the 1st phase, of this test, indicating a possible antinociceptive effect. The antinociceptive effect produced by FHAppt (200 mg/kg, i.p.) was reversed by naloxone (2 mg/kg, s.c.), showing the participation of the opioid system in this process. No significant effect was observed in the hot plate test. All the fractions of tipi induced a significant decrease in the locomotor activity, rearing and grooming in the open field test, suggesting a possible central depressant action. No significant effect was evident on motor coordination of the animals in the rota rod test. On LCE, FA (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) decreased the NEOA (n of entries in the open arms) and the TPOA (time of permanence in the open arms). FA, FH and FHA (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.), FHAppt (200mg/kg, i.p.) presented a significant reduction of the TPOA, indicating an absence of anxiolytic effect. The fractions from the root of Petiveria alliacea promoted a significant increase in the immobility time of the mice in the forced swimming test. Moreover, corroborating these results, as caused a prolongation of the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, confirmed a probable sedative and central depressant effect. The neuropharmacological effects of the FHA (200 mg/kg, i.p.), observed in the open field and barbiturate-induced sleeping time tests, werenât reverted with the administration of the flumazenil (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.), indicating that the mechanism of action of the FHA, probably didnât related with the participation of the GABAergic receptors. All the fractions of Petiveria alliacea increased the latency to the first convulsion and the lethal time of the PTZ-induced convulsions test in the animals, confirmed its popular use as anticonvulsant. Results showed that the different fractions of Petiveria alliacea L. have significant antinociceptive, sedative, depressant and anticonvulsant potentials, due to presence in this constituents, supporting folk medicine use of this plant.

Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith y Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A. H. Gentry son dos especies vegetales endémicas utilizadas en la medicina tradicional durante siglos por la población peruana para el tratamiento de problemas inflamatorios, dolores de cuerpo y reumatismo. Objetivos: Determinar el efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto hidroalcohólico de la corteza de Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith y el efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas de Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A. H. Gentry. Materiales y Métodos: Los extractos hidroalcohólicos de ambas especies se obtuvieron con la corteza de A. grandifolia y las hojas de M. alliacea, las cuales fueron maceradas con etanol 96% y agua destilada (7:3). La Prueba Límite, test de toxicidad aguda (DL50), utilizó ratones hembras Mus musculus albinus balb/c adultas y se les administró por vía oral las diferentes dosis de los extractos (100, 1000, 2000 y 5000 mg/Kg). El test de Edema Pedal inducido por carragenina se realizó con ratas hembras cepa albina Sprague Dawley (150-200g). Éstas fueron agrupadas en 8 grupos (n=6) y tratadas por vía oral con los extractos de A. grandifolia (100, 300 y 600 mg/Kg), M. alliacea (25, 50 y 100 mg/Kg) y el fármaco standard (diclofenaco sódico 10 mg/mL) media hora antes de la aplicación del agente flogístico λ-carragenina. Resultados: DL50 para ambos extractos es mayor a 5000 mg/Kg. A. grandifolia, a las dosis de 600 y 300 mg/Kg, y M. alliacea, a las dosis de 100, 50 y 25 mg/Kg, fueron efectivas en reducir el edema pedal inducido por carragenina con porcentajes de eficacia antiinflamatoria de 45,74%, 30,88%, 20,91%, 29,94% y 19,80% respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los extractos hidroalcohólicos de la corteza de A. grandifolia a las dosis de 300 y 600 mg/Kg, y de las hojas de M. alliacea a las dosis de 25, 50 y 100 mg/Kg tienen efecto antiinflamatorio. / Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith and Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) AH Gentry are two endemic species used in traditional medicine for centuries by the Peruvian population to treat inflammatory problems, body aches and rheumatism. Aim of the study: To determine the anti-inflammatory effect of Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith hydroalcoholic extract of the bark and anti-inflammatory effect of Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A.H. Gentry hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves. Materials and Methods: The hydroalcoholic extracts of both species were obtained from the bark of A. grandifolia and leaves of M. alliacea, which were macerated with 96% ethanol and distilled water (7: 3). Limit test, acute toxicity test (LD50) were carried out with Mus musculus albinus balb/c mice adults, they were orally administered with diferent doses of extracts (100, 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/Kg). The Paw oedema induced by carrageenan test was carried out with Sprague Dawley albino female rats (150-200g). They were grouped into 8 groups (n = 6) and were treated orally with the extracts of A. grandifolia (100, 300 and 600 mg/Kg), M. alliacea (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and standard drug (diclofenac sodium 10mg/ml) half an hour before the application of the phlogistic agent λ-carrageenan. Results: LD50 for both extracts is greater than 5000 mg/Kg. A. grandifolia at doses of 600 and 300 mg/Kg and M. alliacea at doses of 100, 50 and 25 mg/kg, were effective in reducing carrageenan-induced paw oedema with efficacy anti-inflammatory percentages of 45,74%, 30,88%, 20,91%, 29,94% and 19,80% respectively. Conclusions: The A. grandifolia hydroalcoholic extract of the bark at doses of 300 and 600 mg/Kg, and M. alliacea hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg have antiinflammatory effect. Key words: paw oedema, hydroalcoholic extract, carrageenan, Abuta grandifolia, Mansoa alliacea, anti-inflammatory.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:01:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4245_1.pdf: 2575434 bytes, checksum: 70b9a52625b7afbaebc84673f937aff0 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / A planta Petiveria alliacea L. é usada na medicina popular em infusões ou misturada com outras plantas, aplicadas em fricções contra dores articulares e reumáticas. Os dados farmacológicos dessa planta são muito variados, servindo como antinoceptiva, anticonvulsante, analgésica, antiinflamatória, hipoglicemiante, antifúngica, vermífugo, gastroprotetora, antitumoral, além de atividade anti-mitótica. Estudos demonstraram que a aplicação de diferentes doses de extratos hidroalcoólico de P. alliacea, em ratas, no terceiro ou no quinto dia de gestação possui efeito zigotóxico e abortivo. Assim, o presente estudo teve o objetivo avaliar o efeito de extratos hidroalcoólico da raiz de P. alliacea, sobre a interação blastocisto e endométrio em ratas. Para realização do experimento foram utilizadas 30 ratas albinas (Rattus norvegicus albinus) da linhagem Wistar, com 90 dias de idade, pesando aproximadamente 200g, provenientes do Biotério do Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal da UFRPE. As fêmeas foram acasaladas e divididas em seis grupos: Grupos I e III - ratas tratadas com placebo no 50 dia de prenhez e sacrificadas no 70 dia e 14° dia (controle), respectivamente; Grupo II e IV - ratas tratadas com extrato hidroalcólico de raiz P. alliacea no 50 dia de prenhez e sacrificadas no 70 dia e 14° dia, respectivamente; Grupos V e VI- Neonatos oriundos de matrizes tratadas com placebo e extrato no 5° dia de prenhez, respectivamente. O extrato foi administrado por via oral (gavagem) na dosagem de 18mg/Kg. Os sítios de implantação e as placentas foram coletados, fixados em líquido de Bouin e processados para inclusão em paraplast . Os cortes obtidos foram submetidos à técnica de coloração pela hematoxilina - eosina (H. E). Os resultados mostraram que o extrato hidroalcoólico da raiz de P. alliacea ocasiona redução no número de sítios implantados; promove um menor desenvolvimento desses sítios, porém não ocasiona alterações histológicas. Com relação à morfologia placentária não houve alterações significativas, bem como na análise macroscópica dos neonatos não se observou alterações no número de nascidos, no comprimento e peso dos mesmos. Esses resultados sugerem que o extrato hidroalcoólico da raiz de P. alliacea na dosagem de 18mg/Kg/animal, administrado em ratas, no quinto dia de prenhez, produz apenas um retardo no processo de implantação

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-06-26T15:11:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_PetiveriaAlliaceaEtnobotanica.pdf: 8480029 bytes, checksum: 5f8f39d0ac76080935a1692b209d6da3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-06-28T13:09:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_PetiveriaAlliaceaEtnobotanica.pdf: 8480029 bytes, checksum: 5f8f39d0ac76080935a1692b209d6da3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T13:09:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_PetiveriaAlliaceaEtnobotanica.pdf: 8480029 bytes, checksum: 5f8f39d0ac76080935a1692b209d6da3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-16 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Petiveria alliacea L., é uma planta arbustiva, nativa de regiões tropicas, utilizada para tratar memória fraca e melhorar a aprendizagem. No presente estudo avaliou-se os efeitos do extrato hidroalcoólico das folhas de P. alliacea (EHFPa, 900 mg/Kg) sobre a memória e aprendizado de ratos adultos, submetidos aos testes comportamentais esquiva inibitória e labirinto aquático de Morris. Adicionalmente, foi feita uma cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) para a detecção de compostos de enxofre, a fim de tentar correlacioná-los com as respostas investigadas. Frações diclorometano, obtidas a partir de extratos aquosos de Alllium sativum e Allium cepa serviram como padrões de detecção. P. alliacea apresenta também ações controversas sobre o sistema nervoso central (SNC). Por esta razão, foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a etnobotânica, fitoquímica e efeitos neurofarmacológicos desta planta em bases indexadas, livros, dissertações, teses e fontes científicas similares. De acordo com os resultados o EHFPa promoveu melhora da memória de curta e de longa duração, memória espacial e aprendizagem. Na CCD, o EHFPa produziu pontos de retenção semelhantes as amostras padrão, indicando que há compostos de enxofre no extrato, sendo possível que eles participem das respostas observadas. Quanto a revisão, P. alliacea é utilizada popularmente no tratamento da epilepsia, ansiedade, memória fraca, como sedativo, etc. Tais propriedades foram demonstradas experimentalmente e variam em função da dose, parte da planta e preparação utilizada. Estudos fitoquímicos detectaram diversos metabólitos na P. alliacea, dos quais os compostos de enxofre, flavonóides e derivados são as classes com maior número de compostos isolados. / Petiveria alliacea L. is a shrubby plant, native from tropic regions, used to treat poor memory and improve learning. In the present study, it was evaluated the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of P. alliacea (PaLHE, 900 mg/kg) on learning and memory of adult rats, subjected to behavioral tests inhibitory avoidance and Morris Water Maze. In addition, it was performed a thin layer chromatography (TLC) to detect sulphur compound, to correlate them with the investigated responses. Dichloromethane fractions, obtained from aqueous extracts of Alllium sativum and Allium Cepa served as detection patterns. P. alliacea is also present controversial activities on central nervous system (CNS). For this reason, it was realized a bibliographic review of ethnobotanical, phytochemical and neuropharmacological activities of this plant in indexed databases, books, dissertations, thesis and similar scientific sources. According to the results, EHFPa improved short and long term memory, spatial memory and learning. In TLC, the EHFPa produced retention points similar to the standard samples, indicating that there are sulfur compounds in the extract, being possible that they contribute to observed responses. About the review, P. alliacea is popularly used to treat epilepsy, anxiety, poor memory, as a sedative, etc. Such properties have been demonstrated experimentally, varying depending on the dose, preparation, and part of plant used. Phytochemical studies detected several metabolites in P. alliacea, among which sulfur compounds, flavonoids and derivatives classes the most isolated compounds.

<p>The reproductive health of individuals is severely compromised by HIV infection, with candidiasis being the most prevalent oral complication in patients. Although not usually associated with severe morbidity, oropharyngeal candidiasis can be clinically significant, as it can interfere with the administration of medications and adequate nutritional intake, and may spread to the esophagus. Azole antifungal agents are commonly prescribed for the treatment and prophylaxis of candidal infections. However, the emergence of drug resistant strains and dose limiting toxic effects have complicated the treatment of candidiasis. Consequently, safe and effective and affordable medicine is required to combat this fungus. Commercial garlic (Allium sativum) has been used time since immemorial as a natural antibiotic, however very little is known about the antifungal properties of two indigenous South African species of garlic, namely Tulbaghia alliacea and Tulbaghia violacea, that are used as folk medicines for a variety of infections. This study compares the in vitro anti-candidal activity of Tulbaghia alliacea, Tulbaghia violacea and Allium sativum extracts. It was found that the greatest concentrations of inhibitory components were extracted by chloroform or water. The IC50 concentrations of Tulbaghia alliacea were between 0.007 &ndash / 0.038% (w/v). Assays using S. cerevisiae revealed that the T. alliacea extract was fungicidal, with a killing half-life of approximately 2 hours. This inhibitory effect of the T. alliacea extracts was observed via TLC, and may be due to an active compound called Marasmicin, that was identified using NMR. This investigation confirms that extracts of T.alliacea exhibit anti-infective activity against candida species in vitro.</p>

<p>The reproductive health of individuals is severely compromised by HIV infection, with candidiasis being the most prevalent oral complication in patients. Although not usually associated with severe morbidity, oropharyngeal candidiasis can be clinically significant, as it can interfere with the administration of medications and adequate nutritional intake, and may spread to the esophagus. Azole antifungal agents are commonly prescribed for the treatment and prophylaxis of candidal infections. However, the emergence of drug resistant strains and dose limiting toxic effects have complicated the treatment of candidiasis. Consequently, safe and effective and affordable medicine is required to combat this fungus. Commercial garlic (Allium sativum) has been used time since immemorial as a natural antibiotic, however very little is known about the antifungal properties of two indigenous South African species of garlic, namely Tulbaghia alliacea and Tulbaghia violacea, that are used as folk medicines for a variety of infections. This study compares the in vitro anti-candidal activity of Tulbaghia alliacea, Tulbaghia violacea and Allium sativum extracts. It was found that the greatest concentrations of inhibitory components were extracted by chloroform or water. The IC50 concentrations of Tulbaghia alliacea were between 0.007 &ndash / 0.038% (w/v). Assays using S. cerevisiae revealed that the T. alliacea extract was fungicidal, with a killing half-life of approximately 2 hours. This inhibitory effect of the T. alliacea extracts was observed via TLC, and may be due to an active compound called Marasmicin, that was identified using NMR. This investigation confirms that extracts of T.alliacea exhibit anti-infective activity against candida species in vitro.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T16:28:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2101_1.pdf: 2571054 bytes, checksum: 6996681f862826f88a3b934695147bde (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Petiveria alliacea Linné, conhecida popularmente como tipim, guiné ou ainda, atipim; pertence a família Phytolaccaceae e se destaca pela atividade farmacológica no campo da infectologia, reumatologia e oncologia. O uso em rituais afro-brasileiros tem como objetivo afastar mau-olhado, maus espíritos, quebranto, entre outros. Em pesquisas nos cultos afro-brasileiros em Recife, guiné está entre as 10 plantas mais empregadas nos rituais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a segurança do uso do extrato aquoso (EA) de Petiveria alliacea Linné em ratos. Para isso foram realizados a obtenção da concentração letal média (CL50) e os testes de toxicidade aguda por via oral (dose única de 4,0 g/kg) e crônica v.o. (doses de 12,36; 61,80 e 309,00 mg/kg). Obteve-se a CL50, indicando baixa toxicidade. Os resultados da toxicidade aguda não apresentaram sinais visíveis de toxicidade ou morte durante o período de tratamento. Os parâmetros hematológicos apresentaram pequenas flutuações na contagem de leucócitos, diferencial de eosinófilos e nos cálculos do VCM, HCM e hematócrito. Nos parâmetros bioquímicos destaca-se o aumento da ALT, sugerindo uma possível sobrecarga hepática. O estudo do efeito tóxico crônico da administração oral do extrato aquoso (EA) das folhas secas de Petiveria alliacea Linné foi investigado sobre parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos, comportamentais e histológicos em ratos Wistar, durante 90 dias consecutivos. Os resultados mostraram que não ocorreram sinais visíveis de toxicidade durante o período de tratamento e o EA estudado não alterou os parâmetros comportamentais. Os parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos e histológicos não foram modificados pela administração crônica do EA, excetuando-se uma pequena elevação dos níveis de uréia nos animais tratados com a dose mais elevada e grupo satélite nos ratos machos, e dose usual e satélite nas ratas fêmeas (13,6; 15,9; 18,9 e 20,4%, respectivamente); e ainda, um aumento de 17,9 e 24,8% para ALT nos ratos machos tratados com a dose mais alta e no grupo satélite. Conclui-se que a avaliação toxicológica aguda e crônica do extrato aquoso de Petiveria alliacea Linné não produziu efeitos tóxicos em ratos Wistar, entretanto, o aumento dos níveis de uréia e alanina aminotransferase sugerem inicialmente possível sobrecarga renal hepática

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The reproductive health of individuals is severely compromised by HIV infection, with candidiasis being the most prevalent oral complication in patients. Although not usually associated with severe morbidity, oropharyngeal candidiasis can be clinically significant, as it can interfere with the administration of medications and adequate nutritional intake, and may spread to the esophagus. Azole antifungal agents are commonly prescribed for the treatment and prophylaxis of candidal infections. However, the emergence of drug resistant strains and dose limiting toxic effects have complicated the treatment of candidiasis. Consequently, safe and effective and affordable medicine is required to combat this fungus. Commercial garlic (Allium sativum) has been used time since immemorial as a natural antibiotic, however very little is known about the antifungal properties of two indigenous South African species of garlic, namely Tulbaghia alliacea and Tulbaghia violacea, that are used as folk medicines for a variety of infections. This study compares the in vitro anti-candidal activity of Tulbaghia alliacea, Tulbaghia violacea and Allium sativum extracts. It was found that the greatest concentrations of inhibitory components were extracted by chloroform or water. The IC50 concentrations of Tulbaghia alliacea were between 0.007 - 0.038% (w/v). Assays using S. cerevisiae revealed that the T. alliacea extract was fungicidal, with a killing half-life of approximately 2 hours. This inhibitory effect of the T. alliacea extracts was observed via TLC, and may be due to an active compound called Marasmicin, that was identified using NMR. This investigation confirms that extracts of T.alliacea exhibit anti-infective activity against candida species in vitro. / South Africa

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-12-12T12:31:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoAntifungicaFarmacognostica.pdf: 2827606 bytes, checksum: a1bc1c9e5569f09f093a244e019038d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-12-17T14:55:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoAntifungicaFarmacognostica.pdf: 2827606 bytes, checksum: a1bc1c9e5569f09f093a244e019038d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoAntifungicaFarmacognostica.pdf: 2827606 bytes, checksum: a1bc1c9e5569f09f093a244e019038d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O estudo das plantas medicinais desperta grande interesse científico, principalmente devido às mesmas serem consideradas fontes potenciais de moléculas bioativas com estrutura diferenciada e mecanismo de ação inovador. A importância de pesquisas voltadas para a descoberta e produção de novos fitoterápicos deve-se a grande contribuição que estes vêm apresentando diante de diversas patologias. A espécie Petiveria alliacea é uma planta medicinal utilizada amplamente pela população da região amazônica e destaca-se por apresentar diversas alegações de uso e ainda algumas classes de metabólitos com comprovadas ações terapêuticas. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros farmacognósticos sazonais da espécie, o potencial antifúngico dos extratos produzidos em diferentes períodos de coleta sobre espécies de Aspergillus e a toxicidade dos mesmos in vitro e in vivo. Na avaliação farmacognóstica sazonal de P. alliacea, utilizando métodos descritos na Farmacopéia Brasileira, os resultados demonstraram parâmetros reprodutíveis para o controle de qualidade da droga vegetal, não havendo diferença na presença dos constituintes químicos do pó e do extrato hidroalcoólico, sendo observada a presença de saponinas, acúcares e alcaloides em toda a planta e nos extratos da raiz apenas sesquiterpenolactonas e depsídeos/depsidonas. Os resultados do método da microdiluição realizadas com extratos das raízes de dois períodos, evidenciaram fraca atividade antifúngica in vitro, porém não foi observado nenhum efeito dos extratos das partes aéreas. A atividade citotóxica, avaliada pelo método colorimétrico MTT, demonstrou que o extrato hidroalcóolico da raiz dos dois períodos não reduz a viabilidade celular em nenhuma das concentrações testadas. Também não foram detectados sinais de toxicidade aguda do extrato na dose de 5000mg/kg em camundongos. Estes dados são considerados relevantes e o estudo em questão evidenciou que P. alliacea é uma espécie medicinal promissora, porém investigações mais detalhadas são necessárias para que sejam confirmadas suas várias alegações de uso e para que a planta seja utilizada no desenvolvimento de um novo agente fitoterápico. / The study of medicinal plants raised great scientific interest, mainly due to them being considered as potential sources of bioactive molecules with differentiated structure and new mechanism of action. The importance of research focused on the discovery and production of new herbal medicines should be the great contribution they have presented before diverse pathologies. The species Petiveria alliacea is a medicinal plant widely used by the population of the Amazon region and stands out for presenting various claims and still use some classes of metabolites with proven therapeutic actions. This study aimed to evaluate seasonal pharmacognostical parameters, antifungal potential of the extracts produced at different sampling times on Aspergillus species and toxicity of these in vitro and in vivo. In the evaluation of seasonal Pharmacognostical, P. alliacea, using Brazilian Pharmacopeia methods the results demonstrated reproducible parameters for quality control of the plant drug, there was no difference in the presence of the chemical constituents of hydroalcoholic and dust, revealing the presence of saponins, alkaloids and sugars across the plant and root extracts and only sesquiterpenolactones depsides. The results of microdilution method performed with extracts from the roots of two periods, showed weak antifungal activity in vitro, but did not observe any effect of extracts of the aerial parts. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT colorimetric method, showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of the root of the two periods did not reduce cell viability in any of the concentrations tested, and was any signs of acute toxicity of the extract at a dose of 5000 mg/kg in mice. These data are considered relevant and the current study showed that P. alliacea is a promising medicinal species, but further investigations are required for its various allegations are confirmed and usage for the plant to be used in developing a new phytotherapeutic agent.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Fusarium verticil/ioides (Sacc) Nirenberg a common phytopathogen of maize and maize-based products produces fumonisin B (FB) mycotoxins that have been related to several diseases such as equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM), porcine pulmonary edema (PPE), liver toxicity in several animals and esophageal and liver cancer in humans. In one of our studies we hypothesize that aqueous extracts of indigenous South African wild garlic species (Tulbaghia violacea, T. alliacea and T. simmleri) may enhance the efficacy of the fungicides, SporekilPu, Thiram, Itraconazole and Fluconazole against F. verticil/ioides (MRC 826). Data analysis from in vitro results indicates that for the 16 different mixtures of each plant extract and fungicide combination, several significantly (P<O.05) higher growth inhibition responses were produced. More synergistic interactions were observed for the combinations of sporekill with T. violacea (62%) and T. alliacea (75%) than for T. simmleri (25%) .. Mixtures between the azole fungicides and T. simmleri produced 94 % synergistic interactions. Combination of fungicides and plant compounds offers the opportunity to find synergistic mixtures and may validate disease control strategies with increased biological activity and low dose rate application. Modulation studies of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and oxidative properties of AI/ium sativum, Tulbaghia violacea and T. alliacea in male Fischer rats were also evaluated. Due to its complex phytochemical composition a battery of assays were used to evaluate antioxidant potential. The extracts exhibited no adverse effects in the liver and kidneys of the rats. Total plasma iron was not affected showing no evidence for iron catalyzed lipid peroxidation. An increase was noted in hepatic ORAC values for rats consuming T. violacea and T. al/iacea. However, no correlation was observed between the phenolic intake by the rats and the increased hepatic ORAC levels. In this study, pre-treatment with aqueous extracts of T. violacea, T. al/iacea and A. sativum resulted in a significant elevation in GSH levels, induction of GST -IJ and UDP-GT and modulation of CAT and SOD. This modulated oxidative status and phase II drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver may protect the liver against the adverse effects related to oxidative damage and mutagenesis. The chemoprotective properties of crude aqueous extracts of A. sativum, T. violacea and T. alliacea were investigated on preneoplastic foci formation promoted by culture material of F. verticil/ioides MRC 826 utilizing diethylnitrosamine (DEN) as cancer initiator. Clinical chemical parameters related to liver and kidney function and decreased body weight gain suggesting that severe, acute liver injury had been induced in the positive control (DEN-eMF) rats, while the levels were mostly reduced by the garlic treatments. This study further indicates that T. alliaceae (2 % w/v) and A. sativum (1% w/v) treatment suppressed GST-P+ foci formation with the modulation of GST-0 phase II detoxification enzymes, as well as the antioxidant enzyme, SOD (T. alliaceae) and decreased GSH levels as being possible mechanisms of protection. These results provide new evidence showing the modulation of phase II drug metabolizing enzymes and the oxidative status in the liver of rats by the wild garlic species as well as A. sativum.