Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur digitala memes kan skapas för att fungera som inlägg i pågående debatter. För att göra detta analyseras tre av de fotobaserade memes som skapades med anspelningar på Pepsis omtalade reklamfilm ”Live for Now” från 2017. Vidare studeras på vilka sätt dessa memes fungerar identifikationsskapande samt hur identifikation kan fungera övertygande. Detta analyseras med hjälp av en hermeneutisk retorisk metod tillsammans med visuell och postmodern retorikteori. Analysens resultat visar att memes som medium tilltalar en stor publik och appellerar såväl till känslor som värderingar och kan på sådant sätt skapa identifikation. Dess argumentativa styrka står dock att finna i de dolda budskapen, vilka enbart uppfattas av mottagare med särskild förförståelse. Här bidrar särskilt humor och stilfigurer till att skapa identifikation.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (PhD (New Testament Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / New Testament Studies / PhD / unrestricted

This study investigates Mark’s involvement in the writing of 1 Peter in light of the practice of first century letter writing. Many scholars argue that 1 Peter originated from within a Petrine group in Rome that included Silvanus and Mark, ignoring the possibility that Peter might have employed an amanuensis while composing his epistle, a prominent practice of first century letter writers. By contrast, a considerable number of scholars contend that 1 Peter was penned by an amanuensis, appealing to the reference in 1 Pet 5:12, Dia. Silouanou/ u`mi/n tou/ pistou/ avdelfou/( w`j logi,zomai( diV ovli,gwn e;graya, and identifying Silvanus as its amanuensis. However, the Greco-Roman epistolary evidence shows that the formula gra, fw dia, tinoj identified only the letter-carrier. This work explores Mark’s involvement in composing 1 Peter from five angles by means of a historical and comparative approach. The five criteria are the dominant practice of using an amanuensis in first-century letter writing, the noteworthy employment of an amanuensis by Paul as a contemporary of Peter, historical connections, linguistic connections, and literary connections. Chapter 2 surveys the major proposals regarding the authorship of 1 Peter. Chapter 3 examines first century letter writing and presents the findings as a practical and supportive background for this work. The role of an amanuensis in Greco-Roman antiquity was classified as a transcriber, contributor, and composer. An amanuensis’ role as a contributor was the most common in Greco-Roman antiquity. Chapter 4 explores the process of Paul’s letter writing in light of first century letter writing, with regard to Peter’s employment of an amanuensis. It is most likely that Paul and Peter allowed an amanuensis to have a free hand if he was a gifted and a trusted colleague of them. This probability is supported by the instances that Cicero, Atticus, Quintus, and Alexander the Great employed their amanuenses as contributors. Chapter 5 investigates the close relationship between Peter and Mark through their ministry based on 1 Pet 5:13 and the references to Mark in the early church, including Papias’ note reported by Eusebius, and presents these as evidence of a historical connection between two individuals. Chapter 6 explores the syntactic correlation, the distinctive features of terminology, and the significant and frequent use of w`j for a simile between 1 Peter and Mark’s Gospel and presents them as possible evidence with the implication of linguistic connections between them. Chapter 7 examines the common Old Testament quotations (allusions) in 1 Peter and the Gospel of Mark and their conflated and integrated use of the OT and presents them as possible evidence implying a literary connection between them. 1 Peter and Mark’s Gospel outstandingly emphasize the suffering of Christ and apply the imagery of the rejected stone of Ps 118 (LXX 117):22 and that of the suffering servant of Isa 53 to His suffering. This work concludes that Mark was the contributive amanuensis for 1 Peter with Peter allowing more than a free hand in the composition. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / New Testament Studies / PhD / unrestricted

In the last twenty years, Terry Pratchett's Discworld series has become very popular. Pratchett's success hinges in part on his use of allusion, in what Tolkien called the "Cauldron of Story," and what Pratchett refers to as "white knowledge." This paper explores the Discworld novels and illustrates Pratchett's use and success of storytelling through a few key directions: folk tales, fantasy literature, movies, and rock music. Pratchett has received limited critical review, mostly of a negative nature, while producing a strong literary series, one crafted with both obvious and subtle recognition of his genre's sources. While standing on the shoulders of giants, Pratchett both respects and scrutinizes the myths and stories that construct our reality. Critically, Pratchett's fiction deserves more respect and closer study; this paper attempts to give him his due.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht allusives Sprechen in psychotherapeutischen Gesprächen, wobei es um verdeckt angedeutete Kritik am Therapeuten geht. Über Allusionsmarker, die ein Wort oder Wortgruppen bilden, wird innerhalb eines Kontextes auf einen anderen verwiesen. Die vorliegende Arbeit legt den Fokus insbesondere auf beziehungskommentierende Allusionen. Dies sind verdeckt geäußerte Kommentare, die den Rezipienten der Allusion adressieren. In Politik, im Flirten, in Klatschgesprächen oder Bestechungen wird von jener sprachlichen Praktik, deren Ressource Ambiguität ist, Gebrauch gemacht. Dies sind sozial heikle Situationen, in denen das Ansehen des einen vom Urteil des anderen abhängt. Anhand detaillierter Transkripte aus Verhaltenstherapie, tiefenpsychologisch fundierter Psychotherapie und Psychoanalyse wird gezeigt, wie eine verdeckt kritische Kommentierung des Patienten einer frustrierenden Interaktionserfahrung folgt. Die Kommentierung wird anhand eines Narrativs realisiert, welches Allusionsmarker beinhaltet, die auf den aktuellen Kontext verweisen. Die sich daran anschließenden Äußerungen der Therapeuten zeigen, dass jene die beziehungskommentierende Funktion des Narrativs verstehen. Dennoch wird die Bedeutung dessen weiter ambig verhandelt. Mit der aus der Ethnomethodologie, Soziologie und Linguistik stammenden Methode der Konversationsanalyse (KA) wird der Interaktionsverlauf zwischen Patienten und Therapeuten detailliert untersucht, Erkenntnisse abgeleitet und anhand von Transkriptfragmenten dargestellt. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die Interaktionshistorie der Interaktanten in einen Redezug und dessen Interpretation mit einfließt. Wenn psychotherapeutische Theorie und Praxis für solche Phänomene offen sind, können sowohl beziehungsrelevante Äußerungen erkannt werden als auch Äußerungen, die nicht intrasubjektiv, sondern durch die aktuelle Szene der Konversation bestimmt sind, die von den Interaktanten kokonstruiert wird. / This paper examines allusive speaking in psychotherapeutic conversations, with a focus on covertly insinuated criticism of the therapist. Allusion markers, which form a word or groups of words, are used to refer to another context. The present work focuses in particular on allusions that comment on relationships. These are hidden comments that address the recipient of the allusion. In politics, in flirting, in gossip or bribery, the linguistic practice whose resource is ambiguity is used. These are socially delicate situations in which the reputation of one depends on the judgement of the other. Using detailed transcripts from behavioural therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy (tiefenpsychologisch fundiert is a special modification of psychoanalysis in Germany) and psychoanalysis, the book shows how a covertly critical commentary by the patient follows a frustrating interaction experience. The commentary is realized by means of a narrative that contains allusion markers that refer to the current context. The subsequent statements of the therapists show that they understand the relationship-commenting function of the narrative. Nevertheless, the meaning of the narrative continues to be ambiguously negotiated. With the method of conversation analysis (CA), which originates from ethnomethodology, sociology and linguistics, the course of interaction between patients and therapists is examined in detail, findings are derived and presented using transcript fragments. It becomes clear that the interaction history of the interactants is incorporated into utterances and its interpretation. If psychotherapeutic theory and practice are open to such phenomena can be recognized: Relationship-relevant utterances and utterances that are not intrasubjective but determined by the current scene of the conversation that is co-constructed by the interactants.

The Hebrew Bible is the product of scribes. Whether copying, editing, conflating, adapting, or authoring, these ancient professionals were responsible for the various text designs, constructions and text-types that we have today. This thesis seeks to investigate the many practices employed by ancient scribes in literary production, or, more aptly, scribal composition. An investigation of scribal composition must incorporate inquiry into both synchronic and diachronic aspects of a text; a synchronic viewpoint can clarify diachronic features of the text and a diachronic viewpoint can clarify synchronic features of the text. To understand the text as the product of scribal composition requires recognition that the ancient scribe had a communicative goal when he engaged in the different forms of scribal composition (e.g. authoring, redacting, etc.). This communicative goal was reached through the scribal composer's implementation of various literary techniques. By tracing the reception of a text, it is possible to demonstrate when a scribal composer successfully reached his communicative goal. Using Malachi as a test-case, three autonomous yet complementary chapters will illustrate how investigating the text as the product of scribal composition can yield new and important insights. Chapter 2: Mal 2.10-16 focuses on a particularly difficult portion of Malachi (2.10-16), noting patterns amongst the texts reused in the pericope. These patterns give information about the ancient scribe's view of scripture and about his communicative goal. Chapter 3: Wordplay surveys Malachi for different types of the wordplay. The chapter demonstrates how a poetic feature such as wordplay, generally treated as a synchronic element, can also have diachronic implications. Chapter 4: Phinehas, he is Elijah investigates the reception of Malachi as a finished text. By tracing backwards a tradition found throughout later Jewish literature, it is evident that the literary techniques employed by the composer made his text successfully communicative.

Im Zusammenhang mit Architekturrezeption wird in der deutschsprachigen Literatur oft das Wort ‚Zitat‘ verwendet. So zahlreich dieser Terminus benutzt wird, so zahlreich sind die Bedeutungen, die dem Wort ‚Zitat‘ in den Texten jeweils hinterlegt werden. Diese unpräzise Verwendung, gerade in fachlichen Publikationen, ist unbefriedigend und fragwürdig. Diese Arbeit untersucht, welche Bedeutung dem Wort ‚Zitat‘ eigentlich zukommt. Dazu ist es notwendig, das Phänomen des Wiedererkennens einer Architektur in einer anderen in den Blick zu nehmen. Auf dieser Grundlage können die üblicherweise verwendeten Termini danach befragt werden, welche von ihnen das Phänomen am präzisesten zur Sprache bringen. Diese Untersuchung am Wort wird anschließend an konkreter Architektur, dem Pantheon in Rom und seinen Rezeptionen, überprüft. Das Phänomen, dass in einer Rezeption das Pantheon wiederzuerkennen ist, gründet auf definierbaren Merkmalen, die das Vorbild mit seinen Rezeptionen verbinden. Der systematische Vergleich dieser Merkmale zeigt ein hohes Maß an freier Auswahl und freier Gestaltung. Zugleich zeigen sich zeitliche und regionale Schwerpunkte. Dieser Befund bestätigt die Termini, die bereits bei der Untersuchung am Wort das Phänomen des Wiedererkennens am präzisesten zur Sprache bringen konnten.

This paper analyses the translation methods used in translating a colloquial, culture-specific text containing allusions and informal language. The analysis focuses on the difficulties arising in the translation of culture-specific phenomena and aspects such as slang and cultural references as well as allusions and language play. The theoretical framework used for structuring the analysis is supported by the theories of Newmark (1988), Nida (1964), Schröter (2005), Reiss (1989), Pym (2010) and Leppihalme (1994), among others. The results indicate that the translation of culturally and connotatively charged words require knowledge and understanding of languages and cultures alike. Further, the results indicate that concept of a word or concept being ‘untranslatable’ may originate from such lack of understanding or knowledge and that further research on the subject is needed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:58:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erivaldo dos Santos.pdf: 672844 bytes, checksum: 239c6b67d4e3fd2c078eba34242dfb1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation deals with the quotations and allusions found in Machado s chronicles. This study focuses on the circuit of the Sermon on the Mount as a reading and writing strategy in the process of alluding and quoting; its rewriting strengths are found in inversion through irony or parody in tune with the seriocomic Lucianic lineage. Five chronicles were selected for the body of this research, namely: "Parasite II" in the "Watercolors" section of October 9th, 1859, published in The Mirror newspaper; the chronicles published in the "By chance" section of June 12nd, 1864 and 22 August 1864, in the Rio de Janeiro newspaper, and besides these, two more chronicles from September 4th , 1892 and March 25th , 1894, which were published in the " The Week" section of the Gazeta de Noticias newspaper. We raised the following question as the central issue of this study: how does Machado de Assis make use of quotations and allusions, thus emptying the canonical discourse and revealing its anti-dogmatism? We hypothesize that the use of quotations and allusions is Machdo s method of reading and writing inside out, which is based on irony and parody, so as to empty the canonical discourse of the biblical tradition, represented by the Sermon on the Mount. Our research was guided by the theoretical support on the readable and writeable text of Barthes and parody grounded in Linda Hutcheon and Bakhtin, in addition to the studies of Enylton de Sá Rego regarding the link of Machado's work with the Menippus satire genre of Lucianic lineage. After reading, analyzing and comparing the quotations and allusions of the Sermon on Mountain in selected chronicles, we believe that Machado de Assis makes uses of quotations and allusions, albeit in a lesser degree, a genre called chronicle, as the discursive strategies that aim at training the reader / Esta dissertação tem como tema a citação e a alusão na crônica machadiana. Objetiva-se estudar o circuito do Sermão da Montanha como estratégia de leitura e de escritura no processo de aludir e citar, tendo na inversão da fonte por ironia ou paródia sua força de reescritura afinada com o sério-cômico de linhagem luciânica. Cinco crônicas foram selecionadas para corpus desta pesquisa, a saber: Parasita II na seção Aquarelas de 9 de outubro 1859, publicada no periódico O Espelho; as publicadas na seção Ao acaso de 12 de junho de 1864 e de 22 de agosto de 1864, no Diário do Rio de Janeiro; além de duas outras - as de 4 de setembro de 1892 e 25 de março de 1894, publicadas na seção A Semana do periódico Gazeta de Notícias. Levantamos como problema da pesquisa a seguinte indagação: como Machado de Assis, pelo uso da citação e da alusão, esvazia o discurso canônico e revela seu antidogmatismo? Como hipótese, consideramos o uso da citação e da alusão como método machadiano de ler-escrever pelo avesso, fundado sobre a ironia e a paródia, de sorte a esvaziar o discurso canônico de tradição bíblica, representado pelo Sermão da Montanha. Norteamos a pesquisa pelo suporte teórico sobre texto legível e escriptível de Barthes e os de paródia alicerçados em Linda Hutcheon e Bakthin, além dos estudos de Enylton de Sá Rego sobre o vínculo da obra machadiana com a sátira menipeia de linhagem luciânica. Após leitura, análise e comparação entre as citações e alusões do Sermão da Montanha nas crônicas selecionadas, consideramos que Machado de Assis se utiliza de citação e alusão, ainda que num gênero considerado menor como a crônica, como estratégias discursivas que visam à formação do leitor