Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-08-25T18:19:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGOZ.pdf: 590353 bytes, checksum: c171c33d16a9ff7a86b78b33d054b53f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-25T18:45:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGOZ.pdf: 590353 bytes, checksum: c171c33d16a9ff7a86b78b33d054b53f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-25T18:45:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGOZ.pdf: 590353 bytes, checksum: c171c33d16a9ff7a86b78b33d054b53f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-25T18:48:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGOZ.pdf: 590353 bytes, checksum: c171c33d16a9ff7a86b78b33d054b53f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-06 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Economic games are useful as experimental models of complex social interaction situations such as altruism. These games are important because they allow you to analyze the variables involved in people's decision making. However, the definition of altruism under the behavioral perspective is still imprecise, which hampers experimental control, with respect to both stimuli control, and with respect to response and reinforcement parameters. The present study sought to review the conceptual literature on the topic of altruism, seeking to elucidate the construction of this concept in Behavior Analysis and then propose an inverted model of the Sharing Game based on a conceptual refinement on the operationalization of altruism. Both the Inverted Sharing Game and the Traditional Sharing Game (Kennelly & Fantino, 2007) require participants to choose between two different amounts of money, one larger and one smaller for themselves and an anonymous participant. However, in the Sharing Game when the participant chooses the highest amount for himself, he ends up making an even bigger amount available to the other participant, and when he chooses the lowest amount of money for himself, he makes available to the other an even smaller amount. The Inverted Sharing Game, on the other hand, operates the opposite way, that is, when the participant chooses the largest amount of money for himself, provides a smaller amount to the second participant and, if he chooses the smallest amount for himself, the Another participant earns a larger amount. In a cross-subject design, experiments involving repeated attempts were made with twenty opportunities in which the participants chose how to distribute the resources between themselves and a passive participant. Two hundred participants were equally distributed under four conditions, one of which was the exposure to the Sharing Game, another to the Inverted Sharing Game, and the other two conditions were a junction between the two models presented in different orders. The experiment demonstrated that the number of self-controlled responses evoked by the Sharing Game is greater when compared to the Inverted Sharing Game, in addition to suggesting that there is an order effect of one game over the other. The study has social and scientific importance while presenting two experimental models to study the phenomenon of generosity or altruism, of particular interest in the scope of cooperation, its social importance and the survival of the species. / Jogos econômicos são úteis como modelos experimentais de situações de interação social complexa como altruísmo. Estes jogos são importantes porque permitem analisar as variáveis envolvidas na tomada de decisão das pessoas. Entretanto, a definição de altruísmo sob a perspectiva comportamental ainda é imprecisa, o que dificulta controle experimental, tanto no que diz respeito ao controle por estímulos, quanto no que se refere aos parâmetros da resposta e do reforço. O presente trabalho procurou revisar a literatura conceitual sobre o tema altruísmo, procurando elucidar a construção deste conceito na Análise do Comportamento e em seguida propor um modelo invertido do Jogo da Partilha baseado em um refinamento conceitual sobre a operacionalização do altruísmo. Tanto o Jogo da Partilha Invertido, quanto o Jogo da Partilha Tradicional (Kennelly & Fantino, 2007) exigem que os participantes escolham entre duas quantias diferentes de dinheiro, uma maior e outra menor para si mesmo e pra um participante anônimo. Entretanto, no Jogo da Partilha quando o participante escolhe a maior quantia pra si mesmo, ele acaba disponibilizando uma quantia ainda maior para o outro participante e, quando escolhe a menor quantia em dinheiro pra si disponibiliza pro outro uma quantia ainda menor. O Jogo da Partilha Invertido, por sua vez, opera da maneira oposta, isto é, quando o participante escolhe a maior quantia de dinheiro pra si mesmo, disponibiliza uma quantia menor para o segundo participante e, caso escolha a menor quantia para si, o outro participante ganha uma quantia maior. Em um delineamento entre sujeitos, foram realizados experimentos envolvendo repetidas tentativas com vinte oportunidades em que os participantes escolhiam como distribuir os recursos entre si e um participante passivo. Duzentos participantes foram igualmente distribuídos em quatro condições, sendo uma delas a exposição ao Jogo da Partilha, outra ao Jogo da Partilha Invertido, e as outras duas condições eram uma junção entre os dois modelos apresentados em diferentes ordens. O experimento demonstrou que o número de respostas autocontroladas evocadas pelo Jogo da Partilha é maior se comparado ao Jogo da Partilha Invertido, além de sugerir a existência de um efeito de ordem de um jogo sobre o outro. O estudo tem importância social e científica ao apresentar dois modelos experimentais para estudar o fenômeno da generosidade ou do altruísmo, de particular interesse no âmbito da cooperação, por sua importância social e de sobrevivência da espécie. / FAPESP: 2015/03751-2

This study critiques the extravagant behaviour associated with burial practises of modern Xhosa people, with special focus on the Eastern Cape of South Africa. It uses human altruism, cultural conformism, and cooperative behaviour as the theories to explain why people do things they consider to be the norm or do things in a prescribed way, in order to be accepted by a cultural group or class. The artworks which form part of this study are informed through interviews with key informants who are members of the community, as well as the writer’s observations during modern burial events. These artworks portray the obsessive behaviour associated with extravagant funerals, illustrated through repetition, layering, and the multiplicity of cultural objects, such as coffins, candles, pots and other items. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M. A. (Visual Arts)

Meerkat (Suricata suricatta) is a mongoose species from South Africa. Insects are the primary food sources of their diet. Meerkat lives in groups of 2?30 individuals with a developed social structure. The group consists of a dominant pair and a different number of helpers of both sexes, which are involved in various forms of cooperation, for example care for cubs, guard service and maintaince of burrow. Meerkats are at risk of predation by mammalian predators, avian predators and snakes. One meerkat always seems to be a sentry and stands guard to keep the gang safe. When the guard senses danger they give a warning bark and the other members run for cover into their burrow. This study was done from June to September 2011 in zoo in Jihlava on a group of meerkats, which consisted of 13 individuals. There was used the method of direct observation by a scanning behaviour (behaviour sampling). Observation was specialized on sentinel behaviour. The main aim of this work was evaluate the results of observation and then compare this results with behaviour in the wild. By monitoring was demonstrably found, that dominant individuals contributed to guarding more frequently and the longest time and the juveniles contributed at least. There wasn´t set order in guarding. The most often was individually guarding or guarding in a group of 2 or 3 individuals.

Research studies conducted in field of prosocial behaviour testify to the existence of situational and dispositional motifs of this kind of acting. Aim of this thesis is firstly to map occurence of three of these motifs, specifically: oportunity to gain recognition, reciprocity expectation and social responsibility. Secondly it is uncovering possible dependence of these motifs on age or level of prosociality of pupils in a seccond grade of grammar school. The research part of this project has a center of gravity in a quantitative approach. In this framework is being found truthfulness of hypoteses, whether each motive has with age decreasing or increasing tendency and what is actually the frequency of their occurence. In combination with the nomination method of prosocial behaviour in classroom is also being uncovered possible dependency of level of prosociality on individual factors. The theoretical framework that precedes the research section of this thesis, discusses the evolution of prosocial behaviour and contemporary social perspective on this behaviour. This historical excursion is supplemented by the definition of terms used, the reflection of the role of social and biological factors and formulation of influence of school and family evironment in shaping child's prosocial orientation.

This thesis addresses three themes relating to climate change. The first is which types of fossil fuel to leave in the ground when they can differ in both their extraction cost and emissions rate. The analysis shows that without resource constraints there will always be use of at least one fossil fuel in the steady-state. With exhaustion constraints, any fossil fuel that has a lower extraction cost than the marginal cost of the backstop will be extracted in finite time regardless of the emissions rate. The only environmental consideration is the timing of extraction rather than leaving fossil fuel stock in the ground forever. The second theme is how altruistic concern of individuals for the well-being of others influences the socially optimal consumption levels and optimal emissions tax in a global context. If individuals have altruistic concern but believe that their consumption is negligible, they will not change their behaviour. However, non-cooperative governments maximising domestic welfare will internalise some of the damage inflicted on other countries depending on the level of altruistic concern individuals have and the cooperative optimum also changes as altruism leads individuals to effectively experience damage in other countries as well as the direct damage to them. Still, for behaviour to change, individuals need to make their decisions in a different way. The third chapter develops a new theory of moral behaviour whereby individuals balance the cost of not acting in their own self-interest against the hypothetical moral value of adopting a Kantian form of behaviour, asking what would happen if everyone else acted in the same way as they did. If individuals behave this way, then altruism matters and it may induce individuals to cut back their consumption. But nevertheless the optimal environmental tax is exactly the same as the standard Pigovian tax.

L’altruisme réciproque, le mécanisme le plus vraisemblable expliquant l’existence de la coopération entre individus non-apparentés, peut être modélisé par le Dilemme du Prisonnier. Ce jeu prédit que la coopération devrait évoluer lorsque les joueurs prévoient d’interagir ensemble à maintes reprises et adoptent des stratégies conditionnelles telles que «Tit-For-Tat» ou Pavlov. Bien que la coopération soit à la source de toutes sociétés humaines, celle-ci est rarement observée chez les animaux. Une explication plausible serait que ces derniers sont plus impulsifs que les humains. Plusieurs études ayant évalué les effets de l’impulsivité sur la coopération ont en effet trouvé un impact négatif du phénomène de « discounting » sur la réciprocité. Néanmoins, l’impulsivité n’est pas un concept unitaire et le rôle de l’impulsivité motrice, une autre facette de l’impulsivité, reste inexploré, alors qu’elle pourrait également restreindre la coopération en altérant la capacité des individus à ajuster de manière flexible leur comportement face aux décisions prises par leur partenaire. En effet, l’impulsivité motrice se définit comme étant l’incapacité à inhiber un comportement qui n’est plus approprié suite à un changement de situation et est donc contreproductif (Broos et al., 2012; MacLean et al., 2014). Pour résoudre cette hypothèse, nous avons mené une expérience avec des diamants mandarins (Taenyopigia guttata) que nous avons appariés en fonction de leur niveau d’impulsivité motrice, puis nous les avons fait jouer dans un Dilemme du Prisonnier Alterné. Tel qu’attendu, nous avons trouvé que la coopération mutuelle survenait plus fréquemment entre les partenaires autocontrôlés que les paires d’individus impulsifs, ce qui serait dû à une différence entre les stratégies employées par les deux types d’individus. Plus précisément, les individus autocontrôlés utilisaient une stratégie « Generous TFT », tel que prédit par la théorie, alors que les oiseaux impulsifs choisissaient de coopérer avec une probabilité fixe, laquelle était indépendante de la décision précédemment prise par le partenaire. Si l’incapacité des individus impulsifs à utiliser des stratégies réactionnelles est due à une capacité de la mémoire de travail réduite, nos résultats pourraient alors contribuer à expliquer les différences interspécifiques qui existent au niveau des comportements coopératifs. / Reciprocal altruism, the most probable mechanism for cooperation among unrelated individuals, can be modelled as a Prisoner’s Dilemma. This game predicts that cooperation should evolve whenever the players, who expect to interact repeatedly, adopt conditional strategies. Yet, experimental data suggest that reciprocity would be rare in animal societies, maybe because animals, compared to humans, are very impulsive. Several studies examining the effect of impulsiveness on cooperation have indeed found a negative impact of temporal discounting. On the other hand, the role of impulsive action, another facet of impulsiveness, remains unexplored, though it could also impede cooperation by affecting the capacity of individuals to flexibly adjust their behaviour to their partner’s decision. To address this hypothesis, we conducted an experiment with zebra finches (Taenyopigia guttata) that were paired assortatively with respect to their level of impulsive action and then played an Alternating Prisoner’s Dilemma. As anticipated, we found that mutual cooperation occurred more frequently between self-controlled partners than between impulsive ones, a difference that was caused by differences in the strategy used by both types of individuals. Specifically, self-controlled individuals used a Generous TFT strategy, as predicted by theory, whereas impulsive birds chose to cooperate with a fixed probability, which was independent of their partner’s previous decision. If the inability of impulsive individuals to use reactive strategies are due to their reduced working memory capacity, our findings might contribute to explaining interspecific differences in cooperative behaviour.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l‘étude de la relation entre la croissance économique et l’environnement, en tenant compte des décisions altruistes des ménages envers leurs enfants en termes de legs économique, éducatif et environnemental. Ce travail s’articule autour de trois chapitres. Le premier se focalise sur les premiers stades de développement, marquant un tournant majeur de cette relation, et met en exergue le rôle des interactions des sphères économique, démographique et environnementale dans l’émergence d’un processus d’industrialisation polluante. Il illustre également les grandes disparités observées historiquement avec des économies piégées dans une trappe à pauvreté et d’autres se développant au prix d’une pollution élevée. Les chapitres suivants s’intéressent à des économies développées. Le deuxième chapitre prend en compte l’endogénéité des préférences environnementales pour analyser une politique environnementale composée d’outils usuels (taxe sur la pollution et dépenses de dépollution) et d’un outil éducatif visant à sensibiliser les ménages à l'environnement. Nous montrons qu’un tel "policy mix" peut permettre à la fois d’éviter des inégalités intergénérationnelles, provenant de fluctuations des préférences, et de favoriser la croissance économique. Le troisième chapitre traite des effets de la pollution sur l’espérance de vie et de l’aspect inégalitaire de leur répartition au sein de la population. Nous trouvons qu’il existe une trappe à inégalités, où les disparités empirent constamment mais qu’une politique environnementale peut permettre d’échapper à cette trappe et d’augmenter la croissance de l’économie, par ses effets sur la santé et l’éducation. / This thesis is devoted to the analysis of the relationship between economic growth and the environment, when considering the altruistic choices of parents toward their children, through environmental, economic and educative bequests. This work is organized around three chapters. The first focuses on the first stages of economic development, corresponding to a major turning point of this relationship. It highlights the role of interactions between economic, demographic and environmental spheres in the emergence of a polluting industrialization. Moreover, it illustrates the great disparities, historically observed, with economies stuck in a poverty trap and others developing at expense of their environment. The others chapter deals with developed economies. The second chapter takes into account the endogeneity of environmental preferences in order to analyze the implications of an environmental policy composed of usual tools (pollution tax and abatement activities) and an educative tool aiming to raise households’ environmental awareness. We show that such a policy mix may allow to avoid intergenerational inequalities, coming from fluctuations in preferences, and to enhance economic growth. The third chapter considers the effects of pollution on longevity and their unequal repartition across population. We highlight that there exists an inequality trap, where disparities are persistently widening, but also that an environmental policy may allow an economy to escape from this trap and to improve economic growth, through its positive effects on health and on the returns to education.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-21T18:22:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Chiorino Costa.pdf: 1489309 bytes, checksum: 9ee4e4c2c88d14a0ad4d485f65360126 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-21T18:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Chiorino Costa.pdf: 1489309 bytes, checksum: 9ee4e4c2c88d14a0ad4d485f65360126 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / This study aims to investigate the relationship of personality traits with individuals’ environmentally responsible attitudes. Was investigated altruistic and materialistic characteristics to see if, in fact, such characteristics can explain attitudes that generate lower impact on the environment. Also, was considered, once it is a behavioral research, the bias caused by social desirability, or, in other words, the fact that individuals express their opinions or attitudes according the expected behavior of society, and not according to their reality. To achieve the objectives of this study, scales were used to measure the constructs involved and used the structural equation modeling as a method of analysis. The sample consisted of 339 individuals responsible for their personal or family purchases. It is concluded that the altruistic and materialistic characteristics of individuals explain, in part, their attitudes and how these can be supported by environmental considerations or motivations. It was found that altruism is directly and positively related to environmentally responsible attiudes, while materialism is directly, but negatively related to environmentally responsible attitudes. This study, as well as contributing to the theories related to consumer behavior and the study of sustainability, specifically with regard to environmentally responsible consumption habits, also includes contributions to the business practice. Companies must better understand their customers and their behavior so as to adapt or create new products or businesses to better satisfy them and also minimize the impact on the environment caused in the consumption and post-consumption stages of their products. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as relações dos traços de personalidade com as atitudes ambientalmente responsáveis dos indivíduos. Investigou-se características altruístas e materialistas para constatar se tais características de fato podem explicar atitudes que levem em consideração a geração de menor impacto ao meio ambiente. Também considerou-se, por tratar-se de uma pesquisa comportamental, o viés ocasionado pela desejabilidade social, ou seja, pelo fato de os indivíduos expressarem suas opiniões ou atitudes de acordo o comportamento esperado da sociedade, e não de acordo com a sua realidade. Para alcançar os objetivos deste estudo, foram utilizadas escalas para mensuração dos construtos envolvidos e, como método de análise, utilizou-se a Modelagem de Equações Estruturais. A amostra foi composta por 339 indivíduos, responsáveis por suas compras pessoais e/ou de suas famílias. Conclui-se que as características altruístas e materialistas dos indivíduos explicam, em partes, as suas atitudes e como estas podem estar sustentadas por preocupações ou motivações ambientais. Constatou-se que o altruísmo está direta e positivamente relacionado com atitudes ambientalmente responsáveis, enquanto o materialismo está direta, porém, negativamente relacionado com atitudes ambientalmente responsáveis. Tal estudo, além de contribuir com as teorias relacionadas ao comportamento do consumidor e ao estudo da sustentabilidade, mais especificamente no que diz respeito aos hábitos de consumo ambientalmente responsáveis, também traz contribuições para a prática empresarial. As empresas devem entender melhor seus consumidores e seus respectivos comportamentos para assim adaptar ou criar novos produtos ou negócios para melhor satisfazê-los e, ainda, minimizar os impactos no meio ambiente ocasionados nas etapas de consumo e pós-consumo de seus produtos.

La bienveillance est un motif d'action qui vise le bien de l'autre où répond à un bienfait de l'autre ; elle constitue également un élément du contexte organisationnel, qui participe du climat éthique dans lequel chaque membre agit. Elle prend diverses formes selon l'importance donnée au bien de l'autre, au sien propre et à la relation : elle peut être gratuite, utilitariste réciproque, instrumentale, etc. jusqu'à une forme de « bienveillance mutuelle », faite de gratitude, orientée vers l'autre dans une relation. La bienveillance organisationnelle - comme bienveillance d'un agent en tant qu'il participe avec d'autres de l'expérience organisationnelle, l'influence et est influencé par elle- peut émerger et se développer dans un engagement réciproque de agents, favorisant alors la coopération et un dépassement des normes d'action : elle est efficace - et paradoxalement, elle est d'autant plus efficace qu'elle ne vise pas cette efficacité. Cette bienveillance peut être comprise dans son rapport aux règles et aux rôles organisationnels: un rapport d'interprétation ou de réinterprétation réciproque. Cette thèse comprend trois essais :-Le cynisme organisationnel comme réponse à une violation de contrat psychologique: un moindre mal ? Le cas d'un cabinet de conseil -La bienveillance organisationnelle: prescrite ou proscrite? Les parcours de bienveillance dans un cabinet de conseil. Co-écrit avec Ghislain Deslandes.-Mercier, G. & Deslandes, G. (2016). There are no Codes, only Interpretations. Practical Wisdom and Hermeneutics in Monastic Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics. DOI: 10.1007/s10551-016-3055-4. / Benevolence is a motive for action that aims at the other's good or is an answer to the other's good deed; it constitutes also an element of the organizational context, which participates to the ethical climate within which each member acts. It takes various forms according to the importance give to the other's good, to one's own good and to the relationship: it can be gratuitous, utilitarian reciprocal, instrumental, etc. up to mutual benevolence', made of gratitude, directed at the other in a relationship. Organizational benevolence - as the benevolence of an agent in as much as he/she participates with others to the organizational experience, influences it and is influenced by it - can emerge and develop in a agents' reciprocal commitment, thus fostering cooperation and the exceeding of norms of action; it is efficient -and paradoxically, it is all the more efficient that it does not seek such efficiency. This benevolence can be understood in its relation with rules and organizational roles: a relation of reciprocal interpretation or reinterpretation. This thesis comprises three essays: -Organizational cynicism as a response to the violation of the psychological contract: A lesser evil? The case of a consulting firm -Organizational benevolence: prescribed or proscribed? Courses of benevolence in a consulting firm Co-authored with Ghislain Deslandes-Mercier, G. & Deslandes, G. (2016). There are no Codes, only Interpretations. Practical Wisdom and Hermeneutics in Monastic Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics. DOI : 10.1007/s 10551-016-3055-4.

Human infertility is not a new phenomenon, but it is as old as humanity itself. Currently in most developed countries, the number of couples who have a problem with childbearing is growing. This is due, among other things, to the lifestyle associated with career development and postponement of parenthood. While in the past infertile couples usually had only two options to deal with their sterility - childlessness and a substitute life program, or adopting a child. Today, infertile couples have a third option and this is the treatment of infertility using assisted reproduction methods. This year, exactly forty years have elapsed since the birth of the first child by means of extracorporeal fertilization. Already then the assisted reproduction was considered a method that is ethically problematic. Numerous specialists, such as physicians, biologists, lawyers, philosophers, theologians, and others, have been involved in the quest for ethical issues. Not only there has been no solution to some problems during the whole lifetime of assisted reproduction on which most experts and the general public would agree, but with the gradual development of this treatment method new problems have arisen. Today's stage of development of artificial insemination techniques and procedures together with modern...