It is through the material that is presented to us by the media, that we form our perception of the world and our opinions about it. Therefore the framing of news is important to study, especially in our globalized world where the economy, politics and communication has a strong connection. Earlier studies have shown that there is a general fascination in Sweden for the United States, which not only have influenced popular culture, but also other parts of the Swedish society like news coverage. Some even say that Sweden is the most americanized country in the world. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine if Swedish news are being more americanized than news coverage in other parts of the world. Through a qualitative framing analysis this study examines which frames that occurs in news articles related to the american elections Super Tuesdays in newspapers from Sweden, Kenya and Singapore. The result of this study shows that the news coverage in many respects portrays the election in a similar, entertaining way, which can be assumed to be due to the americanization of news. However, there is no clear evidence that the Swedish news coverage would be more americanized than the Kenyan and Singaporean.

Den här uppsatsen ämnar göra ett nedslag i den politiska utrikesrapporteringen, och undersöka hur mycket tid som SVT:s Rapport ägnar åt amerikanska presidentvalet i förhållande till det norska stortingsvalet. Uppsatsen ämnar också undersöka om det har skett någon synbar förändring över tid. En kvantitativ innehållsanalys av Rapportsändningar i anslutning till respektive lands val under perioden 1980-2017 ligger till grund för uppsatsen. Det teoretiska ramverket utgörs av medieforskning om nyhetsvärdering och vilka aspekter som gör en händelse till en nyhet, och teorier om globalisering likväl som en homogenisering i anglo-amerikansk riktning av medieinnehållet. Resultatet visar att de amerikanska presidentvalen uteslutande värderas högre än de norska stortingsvalen. Vissa amerikanska presidentval får dessutom mycket högre siffror än andra, vilket kan härledas till teorier om elitcentrering och sensationsaspekter i nyhetsvärderingen, likväl som en globaliserad medievärld.

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The aim of this study is to examine how the holiday Valentine’s day was introduced in Sweden during the 1950’s. The essay reviews the topic from the field of economic history, with focus on advertising history in Sweden during the first half of the 20th century. Valentine’s day has roots in English medieval traditions and a Roman legend from 270 but has no evidence of being celebrated in Sweden earlier than 1956, when the company Nordiska Kompaniet (NK) launched its first collection of Valentine’s day cards to be put on presents to give to your loved ones. In that sense, the Swedish form of celebrating Valentine’s day stems more from American pop culture and customs, which makes the analysis of Valentine’s day in Sweden fitting in the discourse on Americanization of the European advertising industry and culture. The study uses the definition of Americanization provided from Harm G. Schröter (2005), and reviews advertisements and commentary found in newspapers such as Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet (1956–1971) from a narrative approach, described by Peter Hansen (2012). The research questions focus on how advertisements create meaning around the holiday Valentine’s day, and whether or not the introduction of the holiday in Sweden can be seen as a part of Americanization of the Swedish culture and advertising industry. The study found that advertisements for the holiday uses Swedish and European history, an emphasis on selling the feeling of gift giving and the strive for a modern lifestyle to create meaning around the holiday and a legitimate place in the Swedish calendar. The introduction of the holiday can also be seen as a part of Americanization of the Swedish advertisement industry, with examples as portraying the American celebration as an ideal and using American advertising techniques in the advertisements analyzed.

This thesis concerns the development of Swedish ice hockey as a national phenomenon during the period 1920–1972. The dissertation explores how the sport of ice hockey in just over half a century was transformed from a rather insignificant North American cultural import to one of Sweden’s most treasured pursuits by and large, and harbouring a national team (known as “Tre Kronor”) that at the height of its popularity in 1970 gathered almost the whole nation (82 percent of the adult population) in front of TV-sets during national game broadcasts. The analytical approach of the study is grounded in the theoretical assumption that “to be Swedish” is something you “learn” on a daily basis, and that an investigation of how “the nation” is constructed as an imagined community must see to the interplay between national rhetoric on the one hand and national practice on the other. This means that the analysis moves on two different levels, where the first is comprised of the sporting practice in itself (teams, games, players etc.), while the other deals with the conception of ice hockey in relation to national identity. The empirical investigation shows that the introduction of ice hockey in Sweden was “launched from above” under the influence of unbridled nationalistic sentiment in Sweden at large at the turn of the 20th century. The study also shows that during the inter-war era the Swedish Ice Hockey Federation promoted the spread of ice hockey in Sweden by stressing the game’s benefits as a more practical sport than the similar and already established winter sport, bandy. It is also argued that in most cases it was not so much a genuine passion for the game itself, but instead prosaic factors (economical considerations, sporting success and maintenance of ice surface etc.) that made sporting clubs take up ice hockey. After World War II the public interest in ice hockey exploded in Sweden. In the cold war era, Tre Kronor came to function as a thermometer of how the so called Swedish model stood up in comparison to the superpowers of the world. The analysis also underlines the importance of the comprehensive organizational and moral rearmament of Swedish ice hockey at large conducted by the Swedish Ice Hockey Federation in the post-war era, since it helped its cultural incorporation in the Swedish welfare state and its connection to Swedish national identity

I dagens alltmer teknologiska och globala samhälle, där marknadsföring och reklam inte längre är bundet till landsgränser, är det viktigare än någonsin förr att marknadsförare på internationella företag är medvetna om hur kulturella värden i reklam uppfattas av sin publik. Tidigare forskning indikerar att användningen av lokaliserad reklam i marknadsföring ofta är fördelaktig, eftersom bristande kulturell känslighet kan bli kostsam för internationella företag. Mot bakgrund av detta syftar denna studie till att utforska tankar, upplevelser och reflektioner kring McDonald's reklam som är anpassad för en svensk marknad. Då amerikanisering och homogenisering av kulturella värden länge varit ett aktuellt ämne, undersöker denna studie även svenskars uppfattningar av McDonald's inhemska, amerikanska reklam. Detta för att avgöra om spridningen av amerikanska värderingar har möjliggjort användningen av standardiserad reklam av internationella företag. Empirin samlades i denna studie in genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer utförda i två fokusgrupper. Fokusgrupperna bestod av åtta svenska individer som fick ta del av både svensk och amerikansk McDonald's-reklam och därefter delta i diskussioner om sina intryck och uppfattningar. Studiens resultat visade att den svenska publiken upplevde den amerikanska reklamen som främmande, opersonlig och överdrivet säljdriven. De kulturella skillnaderna och språkbarriären uppskattades inte av publiken då de hindrade relaterbarheten till innehållet. Däremot ansågs den amerikanska reklamen kunna vara attraktiv för en yngre generation.  Den svenska reklamen resonerade betydligt bättre med publiken. Den upplevdes som tilltalande och personlig och värderingar om ett gemensamt ansvar för naturen relaterade till publiken. Dock var publiken kritisk till huruvida budskapet i den svenska reklamen verkligen var autentiskt. De svenska värderingar som förmedlades i reklamfilmen ansågs vara tillgjorda och användas för att manipulera mottagaren till en mer positiv syn på företaget. Många av dessa resonemang kunde härledas till deras upplevelse av McDonald’s som företag och det starka bandet snabbmatskedjan ansågs ha till USA och amerikanska värderingar. En dissonans uppstod därmed mellan att värna om miljön och att konsumera snabbmat, då detta ledde till associationer om masskonsumtion.  Resultatet från denna studie understryker betydelsen av att anpassa reklam efter kulturella värderingar för internationella företag som vill lyckas på en global marknad. Studien belyser även de utmaningar marknadsförare på internationella företag står inför då anpassning efter lokala värderingar bör ske, men måste genomföras på ett sådant sätt som framstår som genuint för mottagaren samtidigt som värderingarna bör överensstämma med varumärket och dess lokala konnotationer. Produkten i sig och upplevelsen av varumärkets ursprung antas därmed spela in i hur publiken uppfattar de lokala anpassningarna, vilket utgör en viktig insikt för marknadsförare på en global marknad. / In today's increasingly technological and global society, where marketing and advertising are less and less bound by national borders, it is more important than ever for marketers at international companies to be aware of how cultural values in advertisements are perceived by their audience. Previous research indicates that the use of localized ads is often beneficial, as cultural insensitivity can be costly for international companies. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the opinions, experiences, and reflections regarding McDonald’s ads tailored for the Swedish market. Given the ongoing discussion about Americanization and the homogenization of cultural values, this study also examines Swedish audiences’ perceptions of McDonald’s domestic American advertisements to determine whether the spread of American values has facilitated the use of standardized advertising by international companies. The empirical data for this study were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted in two separate focus groups. These focus groups consisted of eight Swedish participants who viewed both Swedish and American McDonald's advertisements and then discussed their impressions and perceptions. The study's results indicated that the Swedish audience perceived the American advertisements as unfamiliar, impersonal, and overly sales-driven. The cultural differences and language barriers were not well-received by the audience, rendering the advertisements unrelatable. However, the American McDonald's advertisements were viewed as more attractive to a younger generation. In contrast, the Swedish McDonald's advertisements resonated better with the Swedish audience, being perceived as more appealing and personal. The values of collective responsibility for the environment were seen as particularly relatable. However, the audience criticized the authenticity of the messages conveyed in the Swedish advertisements. They perceived the values depicted in the ads as contrived, aimed at manipulating viewers into holding a favorable opinion of the company. These viewpoints were primarily associated with their perception of McDonald’s as a corporation and its strong ties to the USA and American values. A discrepancy emerged between environmental concern and the consumption of fast food, leading to associations with mass consumption. The findings of this study underscore the significance of international companies adjusting their advertising to align with cultural values for success in the global market. Additionally, the study emphasizes the challenges faced by marketers at international companies, highlighting the necessity for adaptation to local values in a manner that appears authentic to viewers and resonates with the brand and its local connotations. Consequently, the product itself and perceptions of the brand's origin are presumed to influence how audiences perceive these localized adaptations, providing critical insights for marketers in a global market.