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An article from this thesis is available in the repository at http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97621 / Background: Community Assault (CA) or vigilantism is rife in the township of Khayelitsha. Anecdotal evidence suggests that victims of CA are worse off than other assault cases. However, scientific data on the rate and severity of CA cases is lacking for South Africa. Aims and Objectives: To contribute to CA prevention and management strategies, by estimating the rate of CA among adults in Khayelitsha and comparing the injury severity and survival probability between cases of CA and other assault (non-CA) cases. Methods: We studied 4 health centres in Khayelitsha during July - December 2012. A consecutive case-series was conducted to capture all CA cases during this period and a retrospective folder review was performed on all cases of CA as well as on a control group of non-CA cases to compare injury severity and estimate survival probability. Results: One hundred and forty-eight adult cases of CA occurred (case rate 1.1/1000 person-years) over the study period. The Injury Severity Scores (ISS) in the CA group were significantly higher than in the non-CA group (P<0.001), with a median (Inter Quartile Range) ISS of 3 in CA cases (2-6) and 1 in non-CA cases (1-2). Comparison between the two groups showed that a GCS<15 (20.1% versus 5.4%), referral to the tertiary hospital (33.8% versus 22.6%), and crush syndrome (25.7% versus 0%) were all more common in CA cases. Survival probabilities were similar in both groups: 99.2% in the CA group versus 99.3% in the non-CA group. Conclusion: The rate of CA among adults in Khayelitsha is high, and the severity of injuries sustained by CA victims is substantially higher than in other assault cases.

As instituições buscam, além de sobrevivência, diferenciar-se em um ambiente marcado pela crescente competitividade. Nesse cenário, é necessário que realizem profundas e aceleradas transformações para responder às constantes mudanças que ocorrem nas dimensões econômica, social e financeira. Uma das alternativas para responder a esse desafio é a Gestão por Competências, que tem como pressuposto orientação estratégica sustentada na identificação e na gestão dinâmica de recursos e de capacidades internas que permitam a efetividade do negócio, garantindo a sustentação e/ou a diferenciação das organizações. Nesse contexto, o papel dos gestores é de fundamental importância para mobilizar e articular as competências dos indivíduos e das equipes para o alcance das estratégias definidas para a instituição. Este estudo, que avalia a apropriação da abordagem da Gestão por Competências no ambiente organizacional da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS, é resultante de uma pesquisa realizada com integrantes da Reitoria, diretores das Unidades Acadêmicas e de Apoio e integrantes do grupo estratégico “Gestão e Competências”. Como estratégia de pesquisa foi utilizado um estudo de caso único, qualitativo e de natureza exploratória. Os resultados desse trabalho revelam que: a) existe homogeneidade de entendimento conceitual, por parte dos entrevistados, quanto à noção de competência; b) os elementos facilitadores para o desenvolvimento da lógica do processo de Gestão por Competências estão relacionados aos valores e à natureza da Instituição e os elementos limitadores estão relacionados, principalmente, às categorias de competência gerencial referentes ao negócio e à mudança; c) existe uma articulação das competências gerenciais com as organizacionais, nas categorias de competências relacionadas a valores e a pessoas, porém, as que dizem respeito à orientação para o negócio e à gestão da mudança e da inovação apresentam lacunas que precisam ser superadas para responder às demandas estratégicas identificadas como necessárias para aumentar a competitividade organizacional da UNISINOS. / In fierce competitive markets, organizations are looking for differentiation strategies that can give them a clear identity. In this scenario, rapid and deep changes are necessary in order to respond to the constant transformations in the economic, social, and financial dimensions. An alternative to cope with this changing environment is the competence-based management, an approach that, based on the identification and dynamic management of resources and internal capabilities responsible for the business effectiveness, supports the capacity of organizations to be competitive. With this approach, the managers’ ability to recognize and rise individual and team competences becomes a fundamental strategy towards the achievement of the organization’s objectives. This research describes a case study aimed at evaluating a management development programme, which adopts a competence-based approach in the Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos - UNISINOS. A single qualitative case study, of exploratory nature, was used as research strategy. In order to evaluate the programme, several managers from the President’s Office, directors of academic and support units and members of the strategic group “Management and Competence” were interviewed. The study has revealed that: (a) there is a fair common understanding of what competence means among the interviewees; (b) the facilitating elements for the implementation of the competence-based approach are related to the Institution’s nature and values; while the restraining elements are related to the class of managerial competences associated to business and changes; (c) there is an articulation between managerial and organizational competences regarding values and people. However, the business-oriented and the change and innovation management competences show deficiencies concerning identified strategic requirements that need to be surpassed to increase the organizational competence of UNISINOS.

The aim of this thesis is to determine the causes of the crisis development of a company and also to determine the indicators which detect crisis development. The theoretical part is focused on this topic. The aim of the practical part is to, based on the findings from the theoretical part, evaluate economic situation of the selected company in the year 2009 by financial analysis and to assess its reaction to this crisis period. The results of the selected company are compared to results of a significant competitor as well as to the whole industrial sector results.

Esse estudo investiga a “violência entre pares” numa escola pública de Esteio/RS. A amostra foi composta por 161 alunos, sendo 102 da sétima e 59 da oitava série, 67 meninas e 94 meninos, com idades entre 12 e 20 anos (média ± desvio padrão = 14,09 ± 1,19). Foi utilizado o questionário “Violência entre Pares”. Os resultados mostram que 56,9% dos alunos foram vítimas, 82,0% observadores, e 38,5% agressores. Apenas 8,7% foram agredidos mais de 3 vezes. A agressão mais frequente de foi a verbal (47,2%), seguida da física (21,1%) e de outras formas de agressão (13,7%). Não foi significativa a presença de bullying, e os casos de violência foram mais associados à violência doméstica. A grande maioria dos alunos avaliou o ambiente escolar e a relação com os colegas de turma como positiva, e não houve nenhuma associação entre vitimização e piora da avaliação desses dois parâmetros. / This study investigates the occurrence of “peer violence” amongst adolescents in a public school in Esteio/RS. The sample was composed by 161 students, 102 from 7th and 59 from 8th grade, 67 girls and 94 boys, aged between 12 and 20 years old (M ± dp = 14.09 ± 1.19). The questionnaire "Peer Violence" was used. The results show that 56.9% were victims, 82.0% observers and 38.5% aggressors. Only 8.7% were victimized more than three times. The verbal aggression was the most common (47.2%), followed by physical abuse (21.1%) and other forms of aggression (13.7%). Bullying occurrence was not significant, and the violence found in the school was associated to domestic life. Most of students like the scholar environment and the relationship between peers, and there was no association between those parameters and violence.

This study aimed to investigate the difficulties of pronouncing English clusters in word-initial position by Najdi (central area in Saudi Arabia) Saudi learners when they want to pronounce a tri-literal cluster in word-initial position in English. Twelve participants who speak the Najdi dialect were chosen to conduct this study. All of them were classified as beginning English students in the English center of the University of Southern Illinois Carbondale. To get the results, a list of 23 words and list of 42 sentences were used. The results revealed that Najdi Saudi ESL learners have difficulties in pronouncing English tri-literal clusters in word-initial position. The results showed that the short high front vowel /ɪ/ and the low-mid front /ɛ/ were inserted to break the clusters.

Esse estudo investiga a “violência entre pares” numa escola pública de Esteio/RS. A amostra foi composta por 161 alunos, sendo 102 da sétima e 59 da oitava série, 67 meninas e 94 meninos, com idades entre 12 e 20 anos (média ± desvio padrão = 14,09 ± 1,19). Foi utilizado o questionário “Violência entre Pares”. Os resultados mostram que 56,9% dos alunos foram vítimas, 82,0% observadores, e 38,5% agressores. Apenas 8,7% foram agredidos mais de 3 vezes. A agressão mais frequente de foi a verbal (47,2%), seguida da física (21,1%) e de outras formas de agressão (13,7%). Não foi significativa a presença de bullying, e os casos de violência foram mais associados à violência doméstica. A grande maioria dos alunos avaliou o ambiente escolar e a relação com os colegas de turma como positiva, e não houve nenhuma associação entre vitimização e piora da avaliação desses dois parâmetros. / This study investigates the occurrence of “peer violence” amongst adolescents in a public school in Esteio/RS. The sample was composed by 161 students, 102 from 7th and 59 from 8th grade, 67 girls and 94 boys, aged between 12 and 20 years old (M ± dp = 14.09 ± 1.19). The questionnaire "Peer Violence" was used. The results show that 56.9% were victims, 82.0% observers and 38.5% aggressors. Only 8.7% were victimized more than three times. The verbal aggression was the most common (47.2%), followed by physical abuse (21.1%) and other forms of aggression (13.7%). Bullying occurrence was not significant, and the violence found in the school was associated to domestic life. Most of students like the scholar environment and the relationship between peers, and there was no association between those parameters and violence.

As instituições buscam, além de sobrevivência, diferenciar-se em um ambiente marcado pela crescente competitividade. Nesse cenário, é necessário que realizem profundas e aceleradas transformações para responder às constantes mudanças que ocorrem nas dimensões econômica, social e financeira. Uma das alternativas para responder a esse desafio é a Gestão por Competências, que tem como pressuposto orientação estratégica sustentada na identificação e na gestão dinâmica de recursos e de capacidades internas que permitam a efetividade do negócio, garantindo a sustentação e/ou a diferenciação das organizações. Nesse contexto, o papel dos gestores é de fundamental importância para mobilizar e articular as competências dos indivíduos e das equipes para o alcance das estratégias definidas para a instituição. Este estudo, que avalia a apropriação da abordagem da Gestão por Competências no ambiente organizacional da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS, é resultante de uma pesquisa realizada com integrantes da Reitoria, diretores das Unidades Acadêmicas e de Apoio e integrantes do grupo estratégico “Gestão e Competências”. Como estratégia de pesquisa foi utilizado um estudo de caso único, qualitativo e de natureza exploratória. Os resultados desse trabalho revelam que: a) existe homogeneidade de entendimento conceitual, por parte dos entrevistados, quanto à noção de competência; b) os elementos facilitadores para o desenvolvimento da lógica do processo de Gestão por Competências estão relacionados aos valores e à natureza da Instituição e os elementos limitadores estão relacionados, principalmente, às categorias de competência gerencial referentes ao negócio e à mudança; c) existe uma articulação das competências gerenciais com as organizacionais, nas categorias de competências relacionadas a valores e a pessoas, porém, as que dizem respeito à orientação para o negócio e à gestão da mudança e da inovação apresentam lacunas que precisam ser superadas para responder às demandas estratégicas identificadas como necessárias para aumentar a competitividade organizacional da UNISINOS. / In fierce competitive markets, organizations are looking for differentiation strategies that can give them a clear identity. In this scenario, rapid and deep changes are necessary in order to respond to the constant transformations in the economic, social, and financial dimensions. An alternative to cope with this changing environment is the competence-based management, an approach that, based on the identification and dynamic management of resources and internal capabilities responsible for the business effectiveness, supports the capacity of organizations to be competitive. With this approach, the managers’ ability to recognize and rise individual and team competences becomes a fundamental strategy towards the achievement of the organization’s objectives. This research describes a case study aimed at evaluating a management development programme, which adopts a competence-based approach in the Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos - UNISINOS. A single qualitative case study, of exploratory nature, was used as research strategy. In order to evaluate the programme, several managers from the President’s Office, directors of academic and support units and members of the strategic group “Management and Competence” were interviewed. The study has revealed that: (a) there is a fair common understanding of what competence means among the interviewees; (b) the facilitating elements for the implementation of the competence-based approach are related to the Institution’s nature and values; while the restraining elements are related to the class of managerial competences associated to business and changes; (c) there is an articulation between managerial and organizational competences regarding values and people. However, the business-oriented and the change and innovation management competences show deficiencies concerning identified strategic requirements that need to be surpassed to increase the organizational competence of UNISINOS.

Interruptions to juvenile detainees' education often delay their progress toward high school completion. Implementing an individualized learning plan (ILP) has been suggested as a solution to this problem. The purpose of this case study was to explore how ILPs facilitate attainment of graduation among incarcerated youth. The study was guided by the Washington State legislative framework for individualized learning plans and the efforts of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency to increase educational opportunities. Three research questions were formulated to explore perceptions of local juvenile detention center educators and administrators regarding their experiences in the development, implementation, and effectiveness of ILPs. Qualitative data were collected from interviews with 5 detention center educators, field observations, and document reviews. The examination of the data through the coding process using a matrix enabled descriptions and themes to emerge. Results indicated that ILPs are collaboratively developed and implemented in the detention center, there is a need for professional development related to ILPs, and ILPs have impacted students' education completion. Results from this study may influence social change by supporting development of ILPs which can result in a higher graduation rate and a reduction in recidivism among the incarcerated youth population.

A interação entre pessoas é essencial à vida em sociedade. As conversas são uma das formas mais comuns de interação. Ainda que estas sejam uma ação natural para muitas pessoas, constituem-se um desafio nos quadros do espectro do autismo, no qual as dificuldades de linguagem e de engajamento social limitam a inserção real na vida comunitária. As desvantagens na linguagem e nas habilidades conversacionais em geral tem sido descritas há muitos anos sem que se saiba ao certo as relações entre estes itens. A fim de investigar estas questões esta pesquisa foi subdivida em três estudos que visaram fornecer elementos para uma micro análise pragmática, sintático-semântica e uma macro analise conversacional. Participaram deste estudo dez indivíduos com diagnóstico pertencente aos Transtornos do Espectro do Autismo com idades entre 5;6 a 16:8 anos (média de 9:6 anos). Nove participantes eram do gênero masculino e todos foram diagnosticados por médicos psiquiatras segundo os critérios do DSM-IV. Todos foram filmados em três situações com diferentes demandas: situação Aniversário (demanda social), situação Lego® (demanda cognitiva) e situação Livro (demanda linguística). A metodologia empregada nos três estudos incluiu a análise de uma amostra de fala espontânea coletada a partir de filmagens de interações fonoaudiólogo-criança. Para a análise foram transcritos os cinco minutos iniciais de cada filmagem. O primeiro estudo analisou variáveis pragmáticas referentes ao espaço comunicativo, uso dos meios comunicativos e total de atos tanto nas iniciativas quanto no total de participações (iniciativas e respostas), bem como a qualificação das respostas e o uso de diferentes funções comunicativas. O segundo estudo analisou o uso de termos de estado psicológico, o uso de termos referenciais, o tipo de relação semântica estabelecida e o tipo de estrutura sintática utilizado pelos participantes. Nos dois primeiros estudos, as três situações foram comparadas entre si. O terceiro estudo investigou elementos de encadeamento e de engajamento conversacional na situação Livro. Os resultados indicaram que, genericamente, os itens pragmáticos não se diferenciaram nas três situações, mas alguns itens sintático-semânticos, sim. Os indivíduos usam diferentes tipos de elementos de encadeamento e de engajamento, sendo que estes apresentaram maior relação com a ocupação do espaço comunicativo e de funções regulatórias. Os resultados indicaram que as habilidades pragmáticas parecem ser um arcabouço sobre o qual habilidades mais refinadas de linguagem se desenvolvem. / Interaction among people is essential to life within any society. Talks are one of the most common means of interaction. Although they are a natural behavior to most people, they are a challenge to people within the autism spectrum to whom language and social engagement difficulties pose a real limit to community living. The impairments in language and conversational skills have been described for many years but there is still no agreement about which and how are the interactions among them. In order to assess these issues the present research comprises three studies aiming to provide elements to a pragmatic and syntactic-semantic micro-analysis and a conversational macro-analysis. Participants were ten subjects with diagnosis within the autism spectrum with ages varying between 5:6 and 16:8 years (average 9:6 years). Nine participants were male and all were diagnosed by psychiatrists according to the DSM-IV criteria. All participants were filmed in three situations with different demands: Birthday situation (social demand), Lego® situation (cognitive demand) and Book situation (linguistic demand). The method used on the three studies included the analysis of a filmed spontaneous speech sample during interaction between speech-language therapist and the child. To the analysis the first five minutes of each sample were transcribed. The first study analyzed the pragmatic variables referring to the communicative space, use of communicative means and total communicative acts including initiatives and total of participations (initiatives and responses) as well as the qualification of the responses and use of different communicative functions. The second study analyzed the use of terms of psychological status, referential terms, the kind of semantic relation determined and the kind of syntactic structure used by the participants. On the first two studies the three situations were compared with each other. The third study assessed the linking and conversational engaging elements during the Book situation. Results show that, generically, the pragmatic items didn\'t vary in the three different situations, but some syntactic-semantic elements did. Subjects use different types of linking and engaging elements and they were more associated with occupation of the communicative space and use of regulatory functions. Results suggest that the pragmatic skills seem to be the basis over which more refined linguistic abilities develop.