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The purpose of this study is to identify main factors when cost estimate is being exceeded in the construction industry both nationally and globally. If the cost estimation is exceeded, it may result in losses for the company, which can be severe and cause extensive damage. Therefore, a study is necessary to see if it is possible to perform a more detailed cost calculation.Cost overruns occur in both bigger and smaller projects. Factors causing cost overruns do not always have to be of the same category. Identifying negative factors as a guideline is troublesome due to the fact that one project outcome might not necessarily be other projects result.In collaboration with Småa AB and our starting point in “The white city”, an examination was performed to identify the factors leading to the costs being exceeded. Study consisting of literature and interviews with the production manager for the White City. At the end of the study the purpose and questions will be answered. Suggestions and solutions will be provided.The work was ongoing during a prevailing pandemic, that has affected the entire world, Covid-19. The pandemic has limited our site visits and interviews. Most of the work has been done digitally.

This study was conducted to explore the feasibility of using sleeves, along with both physiological and perceptual measurements, to assess the thermal comfort and heat strain in chemical protective clothing wear tests. The effect of body sites, i.e. the arms and the chest, and the effect of a Tyvek® coverall on skin temperature and sweat amount were investigated as well. Ten male subjects were selected from college students. Each subject was assigned to wear a garment of either T-shirt and pants or a changeable left-sleeved Tyvek® coverall with or without an experimental sleeve on the left arm. Three experimental sleeves were of the same style, but made of three different fabrics: Tyvek®, Pro/Shield I®, and Pro/Shield II®. Each subject wore an assigned garment and pedaled on a cycle ergometer in an environmentally-controlled room. Skin temperature, sweat amount, and subjective comfort evaluations were recorded and later analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA. Results showed there is a feasibility in using a sleeve with a T-shirt/pants standard garment for assessing thermal comfort in chemical protective garment wear tests. The T-shirt/pants standard garment yielded more consistent and reliable results than did the Tyvek®-coverall standard garment. Under the same conditions, there were no significant differences in skin temperature and sweat amount among the left and right upper arms and the chest. The Tyvek® sleeve in this study impeded the transfer of heat by the greatest amount, followed by the Pro/Shield II® sleeve and the Pro/Shield I® sleeve, respectively. / Master of Science

The dissertation investigated on the base of smallparcelled land the production abilities of chosen varieties of potatoes with different lenght of vegetation period in conventional and ecological system. The aim was to evaluate the yield of the tubers, weight of tubers, number of tubers under bunch, number of tubers with a proportion of market value tubers, amount of starch and amount of nitrates on the base of reached results of one years field experiment based on ecological and conventional grown system. The chosen varieties were divided in germinated and non germinated variantions in small parcelled experiment. It was found out that content of nitrates was by both grown technologies under hygienic limit. The lower values were reached in ecological grown system. The determinated starch content of tubers did not prove the differencies between varieties and growing system and it was determinated by 14 %. The conventional technology was better evaluated by yielded elements. Very early variety Magda non germinated showed from chosen varieties enhanced yield of tubers in ecological grown system and it was defined to 87 % of conventional yield for determinated variety. The whole number of tubers in ecological system reached 82 % of conventional technology. Positive influence of germinated seedlings was proved by the yield of consuming tubers. Despite the ecological way of growing was less productive in all evaluated criteria it has very important position in potatoes offer in the market.

The motivation of this diploma thesis is the end of price regulation on December 31, 2012 lease revenues resulting from this one and the possibility of disputes over the normal rent. The aim of this work is an effort to raise awareness of the normal rent for apartments in the area of Brno-Center. Determine factors that affect the attainment of rental dwellings without a price control system design using the system of essential values "SPV". Based on the selection of appropriate resources to create a database for pricing documentation and analysis of the significant influences that affect the total amount of rent and rent of the unit. These influences are the apartment layout, location and condition of the apartment. The contribution of this work is to create materials and price impact assessment prior to the rental unit and rents, which may serve as a source for other expert tasks.

Bakgrund: Information är en viktig del i anestesisjuksköterskans möte med patienten. Information som verktyg, syftar till en bättre omvårdnad och patientsäkerhet. Vid en sövning kontrolleras patienters luftväg och andning varvid halsont och heshet kan upplevas postoperativt. Postoperativt halsont och heshet är vanligt och drabbar flertalet patienter. Att ge preoperativ information om luftvägshantering samt eventuella postoperativa halsbesvär kan därför vara av betydelse för patienters välbefinnande. Syfte: Att undersöka patienters upplevelser av preoperativ information gällande luftvägshantering samt postoperativa halsbesvär. Metod: Kvalitativ intervjustudie. 8 semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes på patienter som opererats i generell anestesi. Resultat: Intervjuerna resulterade i tre olika kategorier med respektive underkategorier. Känslor inför operation; i en stressad situation kände patienterna förtroende och tillit samt att lugn och trygghet ingavs. Vikten av att avväga informationsmängd; vissa upplevde för mycket information, andra för lite och det är viktigt med individanpassad information efter vad respektive patient vill veta. Informationssätt; hur, när och var information ges, påverkar patienterna, kontinuerlig och kortfattad information med möjlighet att få ställa frågor upplevs positivt. Slutsats: Patienter är olika och reagerar olika på informationsmängd samt informationssätt. Det är därför viktigt att anpassa informationsmängden och ge individanpassad information format efter patienten. Att få ingående information om luftvägsförfarande upplevs av vissa som obehagligt. Information om postoperativa halsbesvär lugnar. / Background: Information is an important part of the nurse anesthetist’s encounterwith the patient. Information as a tool, aims for a better care and safety for the patient. During an anesthesia, the patients airway and breathing is controlled, wherein sore throat and hoarsness can occur post operative. Post operative sore throat and hoarsness are common and affect many patients. Giving preoperative information regarding airway management and probable postoperative sore throat inconvenience, can be of importance of the patients well-being. Objectives: To analyze patients experiences of preoperative information regarding airway management and postoperative throat inconvenience. Methods: Qualitative interviews study. 8 semi structured interviews, were conducted on patients who had been operated in general anesthesia. Results: The interviews resulted in three different categories with respectively sub categories. Feelings before surgery; in a stressful situation the patients felt confidence and trust, and also that calm and safety were submitted. The importance of estimating amount of information; some experienced too much information, others too little and that it is important with personalized information, fitted for what each and other patient wants to know. Means of information; where, when and how the information is given, affects the patients. Continious and concised information, with opportunity to ask questions, is experienced as positive. Conclusions: Patients are different and reacts different on the amount of information and means of information. It is therefor important to adjust the amount of information and to give personalized information suited for each and other patient. Given thorough information about airway management is experienced by some patients as unpleasant. Given information about postoperative throat inconvenience soothes.Keywords preoperative information; airway management; postoperative throatinconvenience; feelings; amount of information; means of information.

食、衣、住、行是人生基本需求，其中「住宅」與人民的生活息息相關，鑒於社會及經濟進步的根基，主要來自住屋的安定。因此，如何協助民眾解決居住問題，使能安心工作，是政府重要施政要項之一。 由於近年來所得最低家庭實質可支配所得已呈負成長現象，惟購屋負擔卻不減反增，參考《住宅需求動向季報》調查，台灣五大都會區「房價年所得比」，已從2002年的6.1倍增加至2008年的7.3倍，而台北市最高，由7.3倍增至9.8倍。換言之，民眾若將全部所得均用於住宅支出，而不做其他消費，需長達7至10年，始能購置住宅。若從「購屋貸款負擔」來看，房貸支出佔家庭月所得比亦從2002年的27%增加至2008年的33%，台北市則由30%增至42%，且這種情況要持續20年以上。若從「房屋購買力指數」來看，台灣七大都會區所得最低家庭購屋指數卻從2003年的0.249下降至2007年的0.206，而台北市則從0.279下降至2007年的0.206。在房價遠超過所得成長的情況下，實無力購屋，故政府以協助「租屋」方式保障中低收入弱勢家庭基本居住權，應比協助「購屋」容易多，且有其必要性，並可照顧更多家庭。 鑒於政府住宅補貼資源有限，如何有「效率」且「公平」的補貼最需要照顧的對象，是政府當前重要的課題，本研究透過文獻回顧及資料分析，了解在住宅補貼制度中，「租金補貼」相較「出售國宅」、「出租國宅」及「購屋貸款利息補貼」是較有效率且公平的作法。惟現行內政部齊頭式固定額度租金補貼的作法，並未考量受補貼者住宅費用負擔能力，有違垂直公平，且以優惠購宅貸款每月利息補貼金額的2.5倍估算租金補貼額度，其理論基礎亦有待探討。 本研究建議在所得負擔25%及最低居住面積下，依受補貼家庭之總收入、人口數及居住地區的不同，研訂差額的租金補貼額度，供政府未來政策參考。

A quantidade de habitat remanescente, a conectividade e o tamanho dos fragmentos são sugeridos como determinantes para a manutenção de espécies em paisagens fragmentadas, e dessa maneira é essencial entendermos e modelarmos tais relações para o embasamento de políticas de conservação. Para analisarmos tais efeitos na riqueza e abundância de aves de sub-bosque e na abundância de 29 espécies de aves da Mata Atlântica, construímos modelos com variáveis representando o tamanho do fragmento e graus diversos de conectividade funcional em três paisagens com diferentes proporções de habitat (14, 31 e 45% de habitat). Posteriormente, confrontamos tais modelos com dados provenientes de amostragens com redes de neblina (4.818 indivíduos) com um esforço amostral total de quase 34.000 horas-rede em 53 fragmentos de diferentes tamanhos (2 a 159 ha) e graus de conectividades (considerando conexões por corredor ou por curtas distâncias pela matriz). Em seguida, hierarquizamos tais modelos através do critério de Informação de Akaike. Um total de 117 espécies foi capturado, e a paisagem com maior riqueza foi aquela de maior proporção de mata (87), enquanto as outras duas apresentaram riquezas semelhantes e menores (62 e 70), o que sugere um limiar de habitat entre 32 e 44% para a perda de um grande número de espécies. Além disso, os aspectos de configuração foram importantes em todas as paisagens, contudo, diferentes características foram relevantes em cada um dos casos. Enquanto na paisagem com menor proporção de habitat o tamanho dos fragmentos foi extremamente influente na determinação da riqueza e da abundância de espécies, os aspectos relacionados à conectividade foram mais importantes nas paisagens com 31 e 45% de proporção de habitat. Dentre as variáveis de conectividade, as que representam conectividade por corredores foram particularmente importantes, seguidas pelas de pequenos cruzamentos pela matriz (20 m). Modelos que levaram em consideração cruzamentos de 40 m pela matriz foram bem menos plausíveis que os demais. Os modelos para abundância das 29 espécies também resultaram em um padrão similar ao observado para a comunidade. No entanto, a importância relativa do tamanho do fragmento e da conectividade mudou em função da proporção de habitat, de acordo com a espécie abordada. Os resultados aqui apresentados são importantes para o embasamento de políticas de manejo para a conservação, e ressaltam a influência relativa das variáveis de configuração ao longo do gradiente de quantidade de hábitat, e devem ser consideradas quando na seleção de áreas para conservação, restauração ou qualquer forma de manejo voltado para a conservação. / Landscape aspects such as habitat amount, fragment size and connectivity, have been suggested as key features for maintaining species in altered landscapes, and thus are essential to be modeled and comprehended for management and conservation purposes. To test their effects on understory Atlantic forest bird species, we built models with variables representing fragment size and functional connectivity in 3 landscapes with different proportions of forest (14, 31 and 45%), and confronted with data from more than 4,818 individuals captured in 53 fragments of different sizes (2.06 to 158.45 ha) and connectivitys (connected by corridors, or by short distances), and then we ranked under a model selection approach (AIC). A total of 117 species were recorded, and the landscape with higher amount of forest was richer (87) than the two others which presented a similar lower richness (62 and 70), what suggests a threshold amount of habitat between 32 to 44%. Configuration aspects were important in all cases; however, different characteristics influenced species richness and abundance in each landscape. Patch size was important in determining species richness and abundance in the landscape with low amount of habitat, while connectivity aspects were crucial in the landscapes with higher amounts of habitat. Within the connectivity models, particularly the ones that take in to account the connectivity by corridors, but also the ones that consider short movements through the matrix are far better supported, then the ones by longer distances gaps. Moreover, specieslevel analyses yielded results similar to the pattern found for the whole assemblage, and the configuration variable influence varied along the habitat conversion gradient. The results presented here are important for management planning towards conservation, and should be considered in site selection for conservation, restoration or any other kind of management.

There are two objectives of this study.The first one was to study the new instrument Deltack fromPrufbau, and with the new knowledge, study the interaction between blanket and paper.Deltack is a new instrument to measure the ink splitting force. Blankets from an earlier study doneby GATF have been montered on 12 different Deltack print forms and those have together with Deltackbeen the base for this project.This study together with information from GATF’s study shows that some of the blankets have ahigher capability to adsorb ink. Those blankets generate a sharper shape on the force curve, they havea lower dot gain, but they print not as good solid.

Studien syftar till att testa teorier om effekter av habitatstorlek, konnektivitet, områdesskydd, habitatmängd och fragmentering på enskilda arters förekomstmönster, samt undersöka existensen av fragmenteringströskel och utdöendetröskel. Förekomstdata för revlummer Lycopodium annotinum och mattlummer Lycopodium clavatum har insamlats i 61 skogsfragment utspridda i 10 kartrutor à 2,5×2,5 km i landskapet Södermanland. I vardera skogsfragment undersöktes en yta om 500m2. Revlummer förekom i 13 och mattlummer i 10 av de undersökta skogsfragmenten. I 7 kartrutor förekom revlummer i minst 1 skogsfragment, för mattlummer var motsvarande siffra 8 kartrutor. Resultaten visar att habitatstorlek har en signifikant positiv effekt på förekomst av revlummer och mattlummer samt att konnektivitet har en signifikant positiv effekt på förekomst av mattlummer. Områdesskydd, habitatmängd och fragmentering i landskapet har ingen påvisad effekt på förekomst av dessa arter och ingen fragmenteringströskel eller utdöendetröskel har hittats. Dessa resultat indikerar att ett bevarande av skogsfragment med stor storlek och hög konnektivitet är viktigt för de undersökta arternas fortsatta livskraft. / The aim of this study is to test theories of the effects of habitat size, connectivity, area protection, habitat amount and fragmentation on the occurrence of single species, plus examining the existence of a fragmentation threshold and an extinction threshold. Occurrence of stiff clubmoss Lycopodium annotinum and stag’s-horn clubmoss Lycopodium clavatum was examined in 61 forest fragments scattered over 10 large 2,5×2,5 km plots, located in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. In each forest an area covering 500m2 was searched for the two species. Lycopodium annotinum occured in 13 and L. clavatum in 10 of the investigated fragments. Lycopodium annotinum occurred in at least 1 fragment in 7 large plots, 8 large plots was the corresponding number for L. clavatum. The results showed a significant positive effect of habitat size on the occurrence of both species and a significant positive effect of connectivity on the occurrence of Lycopodium clavatum. Area protection, habitat amount and fragmentation had no observed effect on the occurrence of these species, and no fragmentation threshold or extinction threshold was found. These results indicate the importance of preserving large forest fragments with high connectivity, to assure continued viability of the examined species.