What is known and objective: Amphotericin is the preferred treatment for pulmonary histoplasmosis during pregnancy. The long half-life of amphotericin supports less than daily administration. Case summary: A 28-year-old pregnant woman diagnosed with recurrent pulmonary histoplasmosis was initiated on liposomal amphotericin 250 mg (4 mg/kg) intravenously daily. After 2 weeks, the patient was discharged and successfully received 250 mg thrice weekly at a hospital-associated outpatient infusion centre. After 6 weeks of outpatient treatment, a chest X-ray demonstrated no remaining disease and therapy was discontinued. What is new and conclusion: Administration of thrice-weekly liposomal amphotericin in a hospital-associated, outpatient infusion centre may be a promising option for stepdown treatment in patients unable to take itraconazole.

Several Fungal species have the potential to cause a broad spectrum of diseases in humans, ranging from mild superficial to disseminated invasive infections that involve the bloodstream and vital organs. Invasive fungal infections are severe, life-threatening diseases that result in the deaths of 1.5 million patients each year. The most common fungal species responsible for the majority of invasive fungal infections include Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus. The current treatment options for invasive fungal infections are restricted to three classes of antifungals: Azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. The emergence of new fungal species, especially C. auris, marked by high resistance profiles and increased mortality rates (30-60%), has further exacerbated the limitations in its therapeutic options. This emphasizes the urgent need for effective alternatives to combat these deadly pathogens. C. auris isolates exhibited high resistance capability especially against azole (fluconazole) and polyene (amphotericin B) antifungals. Here, we utilized the combinatorial strategy to screen ~3400 FDA-approved drugs and clinical compounds to identify hits that can enhance/restore the antifungal activity of azoles and amphotericin B against resistant C. auris. The HIV protease inhibitors (lopinavir and ritonavir) were identified as potent enhancers to the antifungal activity of azole drugs (fluconazole, voriconazole and itraconazole). We confirmed that lopinavir and ritonavir have the capability to interfere with fungal efflux pump machinery. The in vivo efficacy of the combination of azole antifungals and HIV protease inhibitors was also evaluated to discover the best combination of itraconazole, lopinavir and ritonavir. Three drugs (lansoprazole, rolapitant and idebenone) were identified to effectively enhance the antifungal effects of amphotericin B and overcome its resistance in C. auris. Furthermore, the synergistic interactions of these combinations were applied on other medically important Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus species. In a comprehensive mechanistic study, we discovered that lansoprazole interferes with an essential target in the fungal mitochondrial cytochrome system, cytochrome bc1. This interference induces oxidative stress in fungal cells and subsequently enhances the antifungal activity of amphotericin B. For rolapitant, a transcriptomic analysis along with ATP luminescence assays confirmed that rolapitant at sub-inhibitory concentrations significantly interferes with ATP production in C. auris. For idebenone, checkerboard assays confirmed the synergistic interactions between amphotericin B and idebenone against a diversity of medically important fungal species. This combination exhibited a rapid fungicidal activity within 4 hours. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of this combination was assessed in a cell line model of kidney cells. Based on the potent in vitro and in vivo synergistic relationships observed for the identified combinations, it can be concluded that our approach offers a new hope to restore the antifungal activity of the existing antifungal drugs, even against resistant fungal infections. Additionally, it provides valuable insights into identifying novel targets to overcome resistance in multidrug-resistant fungal pathogens. / Doctor of Philosophy / Fungi comprise a diverse group of organisms that interact with humans in many good and bad aspects. Candida auris, a recently identified fungus, poses a significant threat to patients with weak immune systems. Infections with C. auris can be associated with mortality rates of up to 60%. Notably, this fungus is characterized by its powerful spreading capability and displays extraordinary resistance to antifungal agents, rendering many existing antifungal drugs ineffective. As a result, there is an unmet need to find efficient treatments for such deadly fungal infections. In this study, several drugs were identified with the potential to restore the activity of traditional antifungal drugs. The study identified four promising drugs (lopinavir, lansoprazole, rolapitant, and idebenone) with the potential to enhance the activity of the antifungal drugs against C. auris. lopinavir showed great potential to enhance the activity of azole antifungals, including fluconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole. Furthermore, three other drugs (lansoprazole, rolapitant, and idebenone) were identified for their potential to enhance the activity of amphotericin B, which is considered a last-line antifungal therapy. We clarified the mechanisms by which these drugs could restore the activity of antifungal agents. Finally, we confirmed the effectiveness of these combinations in animal models, providing valuable insights into their potential for clinical applications. In summary, our research has opened promising avenues to overcome resistance and develop new treatments for hard-to-treat fungal infections.

As infecções fúngicas invasivas (IFIs) são um problema de saúde pública e representam uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade. A Anfotericina B (AnfB) é a droga de escolha no tratamento das IFIs. Apesar da sua eficácia, a AnfB está associada com efeitos adversos como a nefrotoxicidade. Com o número elevado de pacientes suscetíveis às IFIs, estudos foram desenvolvidos e demonstraram que a nefrotoxicidade pode ser prevenida através do uso de AnfBs modificadas. Dessas modificações, a AnfB incorporada à uma emulsão lipídica (AnfB/EL) apresenta baixo custo e similar eficácia. Existe uma alta prevalência de deficiência de vitamina D (dVD) na população mundial. Sendo assim, a hipovitaminose D pode acelerar a progressão da doença renal e refletir em mau prognóstico em casos de nefrotoxicidade. Esse trabalho visa analisar se a deficiência da vitamina D pode induzir a nefrotoxicidade da AnfB/EL. Ratos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle, animais que receberam dieta padrão por 34 dias; AnfB/EL, animais que receberam dieta padrão por 34 dias e injeção intraperitoneal de AnfB/EL (5mg/kg/dia) nos últimos 4 dias; dVD, animais que receberam dieta depletada em vitamina D por 34 dias; e dVD+AnfB/EL, animais que receberam dieta depletada em vitamina D por 34 dias e a injeção intraperitoneal de AnfB/EL (5mg/kg/dia) nos últimos 4 dias. Amostras de sangue, urina e tecido renal foram coletadas para a análise dos efeitos da droga sobre a função, hemodinâmica e morfologia renal. A associação de AnfB/EL com a hipovitaminose D levou a injúria renal, lesão tubular discreta, hiperfosfatúria, hipermagnesiúria, hipertensão e comprometimento do mecanismo de concentração urinária. Dessa forma, é essencial monitorar os níveis de vitamina D em pacientes tratados com AnfB/EL, uma vez que a deficiência dessa vitamina é um fator indutor de nefrotoxicidade associada ao uso da AnfB/EL / Invasive fungal infections (IFI) have become a worldwide serious health problem and represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Amphotericin B (AmB) is the drug of choice for the treatment of IFI. Despite its efficacy, use of AmB has been associated with adverse reactions such as nephrotoxicity The increasing number of high-risk patients, who are more susceptible to IFI and are more likely to use AmB, has enabled the development of modified AmBs in order to reduce nephrotoxicity. Among these formulations, an extemporaneous lipid emulsion preparation of AmB (AmB/LE) is a lower cost alternative with similar benefits. Moreover, studies have shown a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in immunocompromised individuals and patients hospitalized in intensive care units. Thus, vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency may hasten the progression of kidney disease and reflect on a worse prognosis in cases of acute kidney injury and drug-induced nephrotoxicity. In view of the high worldwide incidence of hypovitaminosis D, the aim of this study was to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency may induce AmB/LE-related nephrotoxicity. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, received a standard diet for 34 days; AmB/LE, received a standard diet for 34 days and AmB/LE (5mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally in the last 4 days; VDD, received a vitamin D-free diet for 34 days; and VDD+AmB/LE, received a vitamin D-free diet for 34 days and AmB/LE (5mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally in the last 4 days. Blood, urine and renal tissue samples were collected in order to evaluate the effects of the drug on renal function, hemodynamic and morphology. Association of AmB/LE and vitamin D deficiency led to impaired renal function, mild tubular injury, hypertension and urinary concentration defect. Hence, it is important to monitor vitamin D levels in AmB/LE treated patients, since vitamin D deficiency induces AmB/LE nephrotoxicity

No description available.

Desenvolveram-se métodos bioanalíticos para determinação de anfotericina B e fluconazol em apenas 200 L de plasma e líquor (LCR) através da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE UV-VIS). A anfotericina B foi determinada através de CLAE-VIS utilizando p-nitrofenol como padrão interno, após purificação das matrizes biológicas com acetonitrila, seguida da análise em coluna Nova Pak C18 (150 x 3,9mm, 4 micron) e fase móvel constituída por tampão acetato 0,1M pH 5,0 e acetonitrila (50:50,v/v) 0,5mL/min em 385nm; o tempo de corrida foi 15 min. Através da validação o método mostrou-se robusto com 0,2-25,0 µg/mL(linearidade, r2 0,9999), LD 0,1 µg/mL, precisão (5,4% e 6,9%), exatidão expressa através do erro sistemático (3,3% e 2,2%): intra e interdias). Os estudos de estabilidade evidenciaram 1,0% para o erro sistemático e 3% de precisão na bandeja (tempo e condição de análise por 24 h), e os ciclos de congelamento evidenciaram boa estabilidade uma vez que todos os ensaios foram realizados em Laboratório de luz amarela. O fluconazol foi determinado através de CLAE-UV utilizando carbamazepina como padrão interno, após purificação das matrizes biológicas pela extração líquido-líquido com diclorometano em meio alcalino, seguido da análise em coluna Nova Pak C18 (150 x 3,9mm, 4 micron) e fase móvel constituída por água UP e acetonitrila (70:30,v/v) 0,5mL/min em 210nm; o tempo de corrida foi 15 min. O método mostrou-se robusto com 0,2-250 µg/mL(linearidade, r2 0,9998), LD 0,1µg/mL, com boa recuperação absoluta (98%) e relativa (100%), precisão 0,5%/1,3%, exatidão expressa através do erro sistemático (1,2%). Evidenciou-se ótima estabilidade para os extratos em bandeja (tempo e condição de análise por 24 h), na longa duração (20° C, 9 meses) e através dos ciclos de congelamento. Investigaram-se 21 pacientes adultos de ambos os sexos portadores de meningite criptocócica com AIDS após internação emergencial em terapia de alta dose com anfotericina B (1mg/Kg) e fluonazol (400 mg, 12/12 horas) durante 12 semanas. O monitoramento das concentrações de anfotericina B e fluconazol no plasma e no LCR forneceram as razões que permitiram estimar a penetração dos antifúngicos no SNC. Obtiveram-se concentrações de anfotericina B, médias (IC95%): 2,30 (0,02-5,08) µg/mL no plasma e 0,30 (0,19-0,36) µg/mL no LCR. As concentrações do fluconazol, médias (IC95%) foram: 31,7 (20,1-43,3) µg/mL no plasma e 19,4 (11,1-27,7) µg/mL no LCR. Com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que a penetração da anfotericina B foi insuficiente (10-27%), enquanto que a do fluconazol mostrou-se adequada com valores médios (IC95%) de 67 (47-87) %. / Analytical methods were developed to determine amphotericin B and fluconazole in only 200 L of plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by liquid chromatography (HPLC UVVIS). Amphotericin B was determined by HPLC - VIS using p-nitrophenol as internal standard, after the purification of biological matrices using acetonitrile, followed by chromatographic analysis in a Nova Pak C18 column (150 x 3.9mm, 4 micron) and mobile phase consisting of acetate buffer 0.1M pH 5.0 plus acetonitrile (50:50,v/v) 0.5mL/min at 385nm; the run time required was 15 min. Bioanalytical method validated showed robustness, 0.2-25,0µg/mL (linearity, r2 0.9999), DL 0.1µg/mL, precision (5.4%/6.0%), accuracy expressed as systematic error (3.3%/2.2%). The stability was investigated, error systematic was 1% for the vials on the rack (time and conditions of drug analysis, 24h). Thawing cycles showed good stability after three freezing-thawing cycles. All procedures were performed under yellow light at room temperature. Fluconazole was determined by HPLC - UV using carbamazepine as internal standard, after the purification of biological matrices using liquid-liquid extraction in alkaline medium, followed by chromatographic analysis in a Nova Pak C18 column (150 x 3.9mm, 4 micron) and mobile phase consisting of purified water plus acetonitrile (70:30,v/v) 0.5mL/min at 210nm; the run time required was 15 min. Bioanalytical method validated showed robustness, 0.2-250 µg/mL(linearity, r2 0.9998), DL 0.1µg/mL. Absolute recovery was 98% and relative recovery was 100%, intra/interday precision were 0,5/-1,3%; accuracy expressed as systematic error were 1.2%/1.2%.and relative recovery was 100%. Good stability for the vials on the rack (time and conditions of drug analysis, 24h) and long term stability (at 20o C for 9 months) were demonstrated. Also thawing cycles showed good stability after three freezing-thawing cycles. Twenty one adult patients of both sex were investigated. Inpatients with meningitis by Cryptococcus neoformans with AIDS were under high dose therapy with amphotericin B 1mg/Kg plus fluonazole 400 mg, every 12h during 12 weeks. Therapeutic monitoring of amphotericin B and fluconazole in plasma and in CSF showed ratios that indicate the penetration of antifungal drugs into CNS. Mean (CI95%) data were for amphotericin B 2.30 (0.02-5.08 ) µg/mL in plasma and 0.30 (0.19-0.36) µg/mL in CSF. Fluconazole showed 31.7 (20.1-43.3) µg/mL in plasma and 19.4 (11.1-27.7) µg/mL in CSF. Based on data obtained we conclude that the penetration of amphotericin B was poor (10-27%) while fluconazole was adequate 67% (47-87%), mean (CI95%).

A lesão renal aguda LRA induzida pela anfotericina B (Anf-B), um antibiótico poliênico isolado do actiniomiceto Streptomyces nodus, ocorre após alguns dias do início da terapia medicamentosa. Os sinais clínicos característicos são acidose, hipocalemia, depleção de magnésio, sódio e poliúria, resultantes da vasoconstrição renal com redução do fluxo sanguíneo renal (FSR), da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) e toxicidade direta nas células epiteliais tubulares com geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs). A diosmina e hesperidina (DH) são flavonoides com propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias. Esse estudo investigou a ação renoprotetora do pré-condicionamento com diosmina e hesperidina em ratos submetidos à toxicidade renal pela Anf-B. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar, adultos e machos distribuídos nos grupos: Salina (controle, 3ml/kg de solução fisiológica 0,9%, salina, intraperitoneal-i.p., uma vez ao dia, cinco dias); DH (50mg/kg de DH na água de bebedouro, dez dias); Anf-B (15mg/kg, i.p. uma vez ao dia, cinco dias); Anf-B+DH (pré-medicação com a solução de DH em água de bebedouro dez dias e a partir do sexto dia do protocolo, Anf-B, 1 vez dia, i.p., 5 dias,). Foram avaliadas a função renal função renal (clearance de creatinina-Clcr, método de Jaffé), as frações de excreção de sódio, potássio e magnésio-FENa, K por meio do método de eletrodo íon seletivos e Mg por Mg por método colorimétrico a lesão oxidativa (peróxidos-PU, FOX-2 e substâncias reativas com o ácido tiobarbitúrico-TBARS urinários). O tratamento com Anf-B resultou em quadro de lesão renal aguda com redução do Clcr, elevação do fluxo urinário, da FENa, da FEK e da FEMg, com elevação de PU e TBARs urinários. O pré-condicionamento com DH demostrou efeito renoprotetor por meio da elevação do Clcr e redução das FENa, FEMg e FEK, além de demonstrar proteção antioxidante confirmada pela redução de metabólitos oxidativos. / The acute kidney inury (AKI) induced by amphotericin B (Amp-B), an antibiotic polyenic group isolated of the actinomycete Streptomyces nodus, occurs after some days of the beginning of drug therapy. Clinical manifestations include acidosis, hypokalemia, magnesium and sodium wasting and polyuria, resulting from renal vasoconstriction with decrease in blood flow, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and direct toxicity in tubular cells with liberating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Diosmin and hesperidin (DH) are flavonoids with antioxidant and antiinflamatory properties. This study investigated the renoprotective effect of DH in rats submitted to the toxicity by Amp-B. Adult male wistar rats were used and divided in the following groups: Saline (control, 3ml/kg of NaCl 0,9% intraperitoneal (i.p.), once a day, for 5 days); DH (50mg/kg in drinking water, 10 days); Amp-B (15mg/kg, i.p., once a day, 5 days); Amp-B+DH (DH in drinking water, 10 days, from the sixth day, 15mg/kg of Amp-B, i.p., 5 days). Renal function (creatinine clearance-crCl, Jaffé method), sodium, potassium and magnesium excretion fraction, (FENa, FEK,) through selective ion method and FEMg by colorimetric method, oxidative injury (urinary peroxides-FOX-2, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances-TBARS) were evaluated. Amp-B induced AKI with reduction in crCl and increment in FENA, FEK, FEMg, UP and TBARS. The pre-treatment with DH confirmed a renoprotective effect through by increasing GFR and decreasing FENa, FEK, FEMg. In addition, the antioxidant protection was confirmed by reduction of oxidative metabolites by DH.

Introdução: As leishmanioses são antropozoonoses que constituem um grave problema de saúde pública por apresentarem um complexo espectro clínico de manifestações e relevante diversidade epidemiológica. Aproximadamente 5% dos pacientes com leishmaniose cutânea não tratada adequadamente irão desenvolver a leishmaniose mucosa (LM). As principais opções terapêuticas disponíveis para esta apresentação da doença são os antimoniais pentavalentes, a pentamidina e as anfotericinas B. As formulações lipídicas da anfotericina B tem sido desenvolvidas na tentativa de melhorar a eficácia e a tolerabilidade das anfotericinas, entretanto, ainda há escassez de estudos que avaliem eficácia, dose e segurança da anfotericina B lipossomal (AFBL) no tratamento da LM. Objetivo: Relatar a experiência do ambulatório e da enfermaria de um hospital escola com medicamentos usados no tratamento da leishmaniose mucosa, comparando a eficácia e a segurança da anfotericina B lipossomal com as outras drogas. Métodos: Foram avaliados os prontuários de todos os pacientes do Ambulatório de Leishmanioses do Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias do HC-FMUSP com diagnóstico confirmado de LM e tratados no período de janeiro de 2000 a julho de 2015. Dados clínicos e epidemiológicos foram descritos, e também avaliados os efeitos adversos e os desfechos com o uso das principais drogas para LM. Resultados: Foram avaliados 71 pacientes com leishmaniose mucosa e um total de 106 tratamentos. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (60,6%) e da Região Nordeste do Brasil (50%). Observou-se associação de flebite (46,2%) e de tremor (30,8%) com o grupo que recebeu anfotericina B complexo lipídico e maior desenvolvimento de artralgia (16%) no grupo que recebeu o antimonial. Os pacientes tratados com anfotericina B desoxicolato apresentaram a maior taxa de insuficiência renal aguda (57,10%) em relação aos demais grupos de drogas. O grupo que usou antimonial pentavalente foi o único que desenvolveu alterações nas enzimas pancreáticas (28%) e alterações eletrocardiográficas (20%). Dos pacientes que usaram anfotericina B desoxicolato, 85,7% precisaram interromper definitivamente o tratamento, o que contribuiu para a pior taxa de cicatrização final (14,3%), enquanto a AFBL apresentou a melhor taxa (81,3%) quando comparada aos demais tratamentos, OR= 4,971 [1,829-13,508] (p= 0,001). O uso de itraconazol mostrou alta taxa de recidiva (63,6%). A dose média de AFBL usada no tratamento de LM foi 1907mg e 28,91mg/kg. Quando comparadas as drogas com a AFBL, a pentamidina foi a única que não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante em relação aos desfechos de tratamento. Conclusão: A pentamidina e a AFBL mostraram-se, neste estudo, as melhores opções terapêuticas no tratamento da LM, sendo que a AFBL foi a droga com a maior taxa de cicatrização. Com base neste estudo e em outras experiências da literatura até o momento, o intervalo de dose compreendido entre 30 e 35 mg/kg é o que parece alcançar eficácia próxima a 100%. Sugerimos, portanto, uma dose cumulativa de 30 mg/kg para o tratamento da LM. Este estudo amplia a experiência com o uso do itraconazol e da pentamidina, e é o primeiro a descrever o uso da ABCL na LM. Apresenta, ainda, a maior casuística que conhecemos na literatura com o uso da AFBL, além de ser o primeiro estudo a compará-la com as demais drogas no tratamento da LMCRO / Introduction: Leishmaniases are anthropozoonoses that constitute a severe problem of public health as they present with a complex spectrum of manifestations and relevant epidemiologic diversity. Approximately 5% of patients with untreated cutaneous leishmaniosis will develop mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). The main treatment options for this presentation are: pentavalent antimonials, pentamidine, and amphotericins B. The lipid formulations of amphotericin B have been developed to improve efficacy and tolerability, however, there are few studies that evaluate efficacy, dosage, and safety of liposomal amphotericin B (LAB) for treatment of ML. Objective: To report outpatient and inpatient experience of a hospital school with medications used for treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis by comparing the efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B with other drugs. Methodology: The medical records of all patients of the Leishmaniasis Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Hospital das Clínicas of University of São Paulo were assessed. The patients had diagnosis of ML and were treated between January 2000 and July 2015. Epidemiologic and clinical data were described, as well as adverse effects and outcomes of the main drugs for treatment of ML. Results: Seventy-one patients with ML and a total of 106 treatments were assessed. The majority of the patients were male (60.6%) and from the Northeast of Brazil (50%). There was an association of phlebitis (46.2%) and tremor (30.8%) to the group that received amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC). There was a higher development of arthralgia (16%) in the group that received the antimonial. Patients treated with deoxycholate amphotericin B presented with the highest level of acute kidney injury (57.1%) when compared to other drugs. The group who received pentavalent antimonial was the only one to develop pancreatic enzymes abnormalities (28%) and electrocardiographic abnormalities (20%). Within the patients who used deoxycholate amphotericin B, 85.7% had to discontinue the treatment, contributing to the worst healing rate (14.3%). LAB presented with the best healing rate (81.3%) when compared to the other treatments, OR = 4.971 [1,829-13,508] (p=0,001). The use of itraconazole showed high recurrence rate (63.6%). The mean dosage of LAB for the treatment of ML was 1,907 mg and 28.91 mg/kg. When LAB was compared to other drugs, pentamidine was the only one with no statistical significance related to the outcomes of the treatment. Conclusion: In this study, pentamidine and LAB were the best therapeutic options for the treatment of ML; LAB was the drug with better healing rate. Based on this study and other references in the literature, the dosage interval between 30 and 35 mg/kg appears to reach efficacy close to 100%. Therefore, our recommendation is the use of a cumulative dosage of 30 mg/kg for the treatment of ML. This study enhances the experience of itraconazole and pentamidine, and it is the first one to describe the use of ABLC for the treatment of ML. In addition, it presents the largest casuistic known in the literature with the use of LAB, and it is a pioneer in comparing this drug with other drugs in the treatment of ML

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:13:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francine Alessandra Manente.pdf: 1212792 bytes, checksum: 5c5b36ad0ca624ee36b65879663b0362 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-18 / Amphotericin B (AmB) is drug "gold standard" for the treatment of invasive fungal infections since 1960. However, amphotericin B has high toxicity, which manifests itself most commonly in the kidneys (nephrotoxicity) and less frequently in the liver (liver toxicity). It is known since 1985 that self-oxidation of amphotericin B gives different forms of reactive oxidative species and these are responsible in part by toxicity. An antioxidant, such as hesperidin and rutin, could contribute, through the reduction of oxidative stress, and to protect against renal injury generated by ischemia. This fact and the involvement of amphotericin B in the generation of free radicals make it interesting to evaluate the effect of hesperidin, rutin and amphotericin B (alone or associated) against reactive oxygen species and free radicals, as well as the study of the same models in toxicity . In testing the antifungal combination with hesperidin showed synergism. In tests oxidative systems, opposite the ABTS+, the hesperidin showed IC50= 0,0044mg/mL, rutin IC50=0,0023mg/mL and amphotericin B IC50=0,0124mg/mL (isolated), IC50=0,0003mg/mL (associated with hesperidin) and IC50=0,0014mg/mL (associated with rutin). In the DPPH assay only rutin was action. Front HOCl, hesperidin showed IC50=0,0109, rutin IC50=0,0025 and amphotericin B showed IC50=0,0056 (isolated) IC50=0,0023mg/mL (associated with hesperidin) and IC50=0,0036 (associated with rutin). In the trial with O2 the samples were not effective. In inhibition kinetics MPO/H2O2/Guaiacol only rutin promote inhibition. Front to erythrocytes, amphotericin promoted lysis in a dose-dependent manner. HUVEC cells using the associations decreased cell viability. However, in the toxicity test with Artemia salina associated samples were able to lower the toxicity of amphotericin B. To conclude, in tests with animals amphotericin B caused leukopenia, monopenia generated and renal damage, which can be reversed using hesperidin in combination. With these results, we suggest that the combination of a natural product with amphotericin B could decrease the toxicity caused by this antinfúngico, and concomitant use could be promising. / A anfotericina B (AmB) é fármaco "padrão ouro" para o tratamento de infecções fúngicas invasivas desde 1960. Entretanto, a anfotericina B apresenta elevada toxicidade, que se manifesta mais freqüentemente nos rins (nefrotoxicidade) e com menor frequência no fígado (hepatotoxicidade). É sabido, desde 1985, que a auto-oxidação da anfotericina B origina diferentes formas de espécies reativas oxidativas e estas seriam responsáveis, em parte, pela toxicidade. Agentes antioxidantes, tais como a hesperidina e rutina, poderiam contribuir, por meio do decréscimo do estresse oxidativo, para a proteção renal e contra a injúria gerada pela isquemia. Tal fato e o envolvimento da anfotericina B na geração de radicais livres tornam interessante a avaliação do efeito da hesperidina, rutina e anfotericina B (isoladamente ou associadas) frente a espécies reativas do oxigênio e radicais livres, bem como o estudo das mesmas em modelos de toxicidade. No teste antifúngico a associação com a hesperidina mostrou sinergismo. Nos testes em sistemas oxidativos, frente ao ABTS+, a hesperidina apresentou IC50= 0,0044mg/mL, a rutina IC50=0,0023mg/mL e a anfotericina B IC50=0,0124mg/mL (isolada), IC50=0,0003mg/mL (associada à hesperidina) e IC50=0,0014mg/mL (associada à rutina). No ensaio do DPPH apenas a rutina mostrou ação. Frente ao HOCl, a hesperidina apresentou IC50=0,0109, a rutina IC50=0,0025 e a anfotericina B apresentou IC50=0,0056 (isolada), IC50=0,0023mg/mL (associada com a hesperidina) e IC50=0,0036 (associada com a rutina). No ensaio com o O2 - as amostras não foram efetivas. Na inibição da cinética da MPO/H2O2/Guaiacol somente a rutina promoveu inibição. Frente aos eritrócitos, a anfotericina promoveu lise de modo dose-dependente. Utilizando as células HUVEC, as associações diminuíram a viabilidade celular. Entretanto, no ensaio de toxicidade com a Artemia salina as amostras associadas foram capazes de diminuir a toxicidade da anfotericina B. Para finalizar, nos testes com os animais a anfotericina B causou leucopenia, monopenia e gerou dano renal, o qual pode ser revertido utilizando a hesperidina em associação. Com estes resultados pode-se sugerir que a associação de um produto natural com a anfotericina B poderia diminuir a toxicidade causada por este antinfúngico, sendo que sua utilização concomitante poderá ser promissora. Palavras-chave: hesperidina, anfotericina B, rutina, estresse oxidativo, citotoxicidade, nefrotoxicidade.

In order to continue with the study of natural products from previously isolated endophytes of the Brazilian medicinal plant Lychnophora ericoides, the main goal of this work focused on the metabolic exchange of endophytic microorganisms from this plant. As it has been demonstrated during the last years, elicitation of different molecules is consequence of microbial interactions, mainly due to the need to compete, survive and establish microbial communities in shared environments. Recent mass spectrometry related approaches, such as imaging and molecular networking, in combination with purification and structural elucidation were applied to the current study of the microbial interactions of endophytes. During this study, several chemical families were identified, such as polyene macrocycles, pyrroloindole alkaloids, leupeptins, angucyclines, siderophores, amongst others. Amongst the polyene macrocycles, the well-known antifungal amphotericin B was identified as a biosynthetic product of the endophytic actinobacteria Streptomyces albospinus RLe7. When S. albospinus RLe7 interacted with an endophytic fungus, Coniochaeta sp. FLe4, a red pigmentation was observed. A new fungal compound was detected from microbial interactions. Isolation and structure elucidation of this new compound enabled to demonstrate the elicitation of fungal secondary metabolites by amphotericin B, an actinobacterial metabolite. It was also demonstrated the elicitation of griseofulvin and its analogue dechlorogriseofulvin from another endophytic fungus, FLe9, as a consequence of exposition to amphotericin B. In addition, investigation of the chemical profile of another endophytic actinobacteria, S. mobaraensis RLe3, led to reveal this strain as angucycline-derivatives producer. Besides that, coculturing of this actinobacteria against Coniochaeta sp. FLe4 also demonstrated elicitation of angucycline analogues. In conclusion, this study demonstrated elicitation of natural products from microbial interactions as well as new compounds from endophytes from L. ericoides and contributed to the identification of microbial metabolites / Com o propósito de continuar com os estudos de produtos naturais de microorganismos endofíticos da planta medicinal Brasileira Lychnophora ericoides, o principal objetivo desse trabalho focou-se no estudo da troca metabólica de microorganismos endofíticos dessa planta. Como tem sido demonstrado durante os últimos anos, a elicitação de diferentes compostos é consequência das interações microbianas, principalmente devido à necessidade de competir, sobreviver e estabelecer comunidades microbianas em diversos ambientes naturais. Abordagens recentes de espectrometria de massas, tais como imageamento e molecular networking, junto com purificação e elucidação estrutural foram aplicadas durante o estudo de interações microbianas de endofíticos. Durante este estudo, várias classes químicas foram identificadas, tais como polienos macrocíclicos, alcaloides pirroloindólicos, leupeptinas, anguciclinas, sideróforos, entre outras. Da classe química de polienos macrocíclicos, foi identificada a anfotericina B como produto da biossíntese da actinobactéria endofítica Streptomyces albospinus RLe7. Durante a interação da S. albospinus RLe7 com o fungo endofítico Coniochaeta sp. FLe4, uma pigmentação vermelha foi observada. Um novo composto de origem fúngica foi detectado a partir de interações microbianas. O isolamento e posterior elucidação estrutural do novo composto permitiu demonstrar a eliciação de metabólitos secundários fúngicos pela anfotericina B, metabólito da actinobactéria S. albospinus RLe7. Foi também demonstrada a eliciação de griseofulvina e desclorogriseofulvina a partir de outro fungo endofítico, FLe9, como consequência da exposição à anfotericina B. Adicionalmente, a investigação do perfil químico de outra actinobactéria endofítica, S. mobaraensis RLe3, evidenciou essa linhagem como produtora de compostos da classe das anguciclinas. Além disso, o cocultivo dessa actinobacteria com o fungo endofítico Coniochaeta sp. FLe4 também eliciou análogos de anguciclinas. Em conclusão, neste estudo demonstrou-se a elicitação de produtos naturais a partir das interações microbianas assim como de novos compostos de endofíticos de L. ericoides e contribuiu-se com a identificação de metabólitos microbianos

O fenômeno de amplificação gênica é um mecanismo de auto-preservação celular observado com freqüência no protozoário parasita Leishmania quando submetido a estímulos negativos como, por exemplo, a presença de drogas. A região H do genoma de Leishmania (Leishmania) major é um dos loci mais estudados que leva à amplificação em resposta a drogas não relacionadas, como a terbinafina. Foram isoladas linhagens de L. (L.) major e Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis resistentes à terbinafina. Análises por corridas curtas de eletroforese em campo pulsado (PFGE) e Southern blotting revelaram que a resistência observada nestas linhagens não foi gerada pela amplificação do locus H. Sendo assim, a resistência ao inibidor da esqualeno epoxidase está sendo gerada por um outro mecanismo uma vez que outros loci podem estar envolvidos na resistência à terbinafina e através da análise diferencial do perfil de proteínas, os mutantes resistentes apresentaram diferenças na expressão de proteínas. O alvo inicial para a elucidação da resistência à terbinafina nas linhagens selecionadas foi a via de biossíntese de ergosterol. Foram escolhidos os genes da 3-cetoacil-CoA tiolase (ERG10), esqualeno sintase (ERG9 ou SQS1), esqualeno epoxidase (ERG1), oxidoesqualeno-lanosterol ciclase (ERG7) e lanosterol 14-demetilase (ERG11), de L. major e L. braziliensis, além do gene YIP1 de L. braziliensis. Para isso foram sintetizados oligonucleotídeos a partir das seqüências geradas pelo projeto genoma destas espécies depositadas em bancos de dados. Os genes ERG10, SQS1, ERG1, ERG7 e ERG11 de L. major e de L. braziliensis além do YIP1 de L. braziliensis amplificados por PCR foram clonados no vetor pGEM-T Easy, que possibilitou a construção de reagentes para ruptura de todos genes pela inserção da marca HYG e, com exceção do gene ERG7 de L. braziliensis, os genes foram subclonados no vetor pXG1. Fragmentos de restrição dos genes clonados no vetor pGEM-T Easy foram utilizados para analisar o nível de seus transcritos por northern blot. Também verificamos através de corridas curtas de PFGE e análises de Southern, que as linhagens em estudo não apresentam amplificação dos loci em estudo. A participação de genes da via de biossíntese de ergosterol de L. major e L. braziliensis e do gene YIP1 de L. braziliensis na resistência ou susceptibilidade à terbinafina e/ou anfotericina B foi verificada através de experimentos funcionais. Com esse objetivo, os genes YIP1, ERG10 e ERG1 de L. braziliensis foram transfectados na linhagem LB2904 de L. braziliensis, e os genes ERG10, SQS1, ERG1, ERG7 e ERG11 e a ruptura do gene ERG1 pelo cassete HYG de L. major foram transfectados na linhagem LT252 de L. major. Foram realizados experimentos para analisar a susceptibilidade à anfotericina B associada ou não à terbinafina, das linhagens selvagens de L. major e L. braziliensis, e a partir destes experimentos iniciais, foram selecionadas linhagens destas duas espécies resistentes à anfotericina B. Para analisar a possível função regulatória dos elementos RIME 5/2/6 de L. braziliensis, foi feita a amplificação por PCR da repetição invertida LbRIME 5/2/6b que permitiu a clonagem deste fragmento no vetor pGEM-T Easy e a sua ruptura pela marca SAT. A clonagem no vetor pGEM possibilitou a análise da interação de proteínas nucleares à repetição LbRIME 5/2/6b através do gel shift. / Gene amplification is a common phenomenon observed in Leishmania cell lines subjected to drug pressure. The H locus of Leishmania (Leishmania) major is normally found amplified in cell lines selected in unrelated drugs, as terbinafine. We selected cell lines of L. (L.) major and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis resistant to terbinafine. Short-run Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Southern blotting analysis showed that this resistance was not generated by H locus amplification. Resistance to squalene epoxidase inhibiter is being generated by other mechanism once others loci can be involved in the terbinafine resistance and through protein partner differential analysis, mutants resistant showed differences in protein expression. The initial target to terbinafine resistance elucidation in the cell lines selected was ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. We choose genes: 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (ERG10), squalene synthase (ERG9 or SQS1), squalene epoxidase (ERG1), oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase (ERG7), and lanosterol 14-demethylase (ERG11), of L. major and L. braziliensis, besides YIP1 gene of L. braziliensis. For this, primers were synthesized using the sequences generated by genome project of these species inserted in gene bank. The genes ERG10, SQS1, ERG1, ERG7 and ERG11 of L. major and of L. braziliensis besides YIP1 of L. braziliensis were amplified by PCR and cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector that enabled all genes disruption by insertion of HYG cassette and, with exception of the ERG7 gene of L. braziliensis, genes were subcloned into shuttle-vector pXG1. Restrictions fragments of these genes were used in Northern analysis to verify the transcripts level. We verified through short-run PFGE and Southern analysis that the resistant cell lines do not show amplification of studied loci. The participation of ergosterol biosynthesis pathway genes of L. major and L. braziliensis and YIP1 gene of L. braziliensis in the resistance to terbinafine was verified in functional experiments. With this objective, the genes YIP1, ERG10 and ERG1 of L. braziliensis were transfected into LB2904 cell line of L. braziliensis, and the genes ERG10, SQS1, ERG1, ERG7 and ERG11 and the ERG1 gene disruption by HYG mark of L. major were transfected into LT252 cell line of L. major. Experiments that analyze the susceptibility to amphotericin B associated or not to terbinafine were performed using the wild type cell lines of L. major and L. braziliensis, and with this initials experiments, we selected cell lines of these two species resistant to amphotericin B. In order to analyze the possible regulatory function of the RIME 5/2/6 elements of L. braziliensis, the repeat LbRIME 5/2/6b was amplified by PCR and cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector and with this clone, the element was disrupted with a SAT cassette. The cloning into vector pGEM enabled to analyze the interaction of the nuclear protein with the repeat LbRIME 5/2/6b through gel shift assay.