Submitted by Alexandre Lordêllo (alexandre_lordello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-10T20:58:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Alexandre Lordêllo.pdf: 16396195 bytes, checksum: 5eaeacfb721a39721e7333a0630552c9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2016-08-11T17:01:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Alexandre Lordêllo.pdf: 16396195 bytes, checksum: 5eaeacfb721a39721e7333a0630552c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-11T17:01:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Alexandre Lordêllo.pdf: 16396195 bytes, checksum: 5eaeacfb721a39721e7333a0630552c9 (MD5) / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A dissertação tem como objeto de estudo o trato pedagógico com o conhecimento contemporâneo da Cultura Corporal denominado Parkour (abreviado como Pk), na formação de professores no currículo do Curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física, de Caráter Ampliado, em andamento na FACED – UFBA, enquanto possibilidade de ampliação e contribuição para o Eixo Conteúdos Específicos. Tendo como objetivo, avaliar possibilidades do trato pedagógico com o conhecimento do Parkour, enquanto elemento contemporâneo da Cultura Corporal. O referencial teórico-metodológico que fundamenta esta pesquisa é a concepção Materialista e Dialética da História. Utilizamos como procedimento de pesquisa: (a) revisão bibliográfica, (b) pesquisa de campo (educação básica e ensino superior). A pesquisa bibliográfica buscou material para estudos em diversas fontes: artigos, monografias, dissertações, teses, livros, banco de dados e documentos. A pesquisa de campo se desenvolveu em três disciplinas do curso de Educação Física da UFBA, com experiências práticas a partir do trato pedagógico com o conhecimento do Parkour. A partir da revisão bibliográfica, podemos concluir que: (a) é preciso ampliar as produções científicas acerca do Parkour, a fim de alavancar o debate; (b) ampliar os tipos das produções para além de artigos, sendo objeto de estudos tratados em monografias, dissertações e teses; (c) ampliar as produções acerca do trato pedagógico com o conhecimento do Parkour; (d) que estas produções superem as conceituações idealistas de Parkour - que são hegemônicas até o momento - na perspectiva de elaborar explicações para além da aparência, embasadas na concepção materialista e dialética da história. A partir das experiências com o trato do Parkour na Formação de professores da UFBA, reconhecemos regularidades no que se refere a necessidade de elaboração, enquanto possibilidade de organização pedagógica, de uma primeira aproximação na sistematização dos conhecimentos acerca do Parkour a partir dos ciclos de ensino. As hipóteses que levantamos: (1) é de que a relação de produção e a ideologia da classe dominante, são determinantes nas produções científicas e no trato pedagógico com o conhecimento do Parkour e; (2) existe possibilidade de trato pedagógico com o conhecimento do Parkour, que seja comprometida com os interesses da classe trabalhadora, a saber, o acesso ao conhecimento sistematizado que permita a apropriação da cultura humana e com isto a elevação do padrão cultural se confirmaram. Concluímos que, a ideologia da classe dominante se reflete diretamente nas produções acerca do Parkour e suas propostas metodológicas de ensino. No entanto, ao se confrontarem, no real concreto, com as condições objetivas da existência humana, explicitam-se as contradições e os interesses de classes antagônicas, próprios de uma sociedade capitalista e, a partir do trabalho pedagógico, em espaços formativos, existem possibilidade de essência, de apropriação, pela transmissão e assimilação deste conhecimento. Novos conhecimentos socialmente produzidos, historicamente acumulados e socializados, pedagogicamente ensinados permitem entender e agir, considerando as determinações históricas e, as condições objetivas e subjetivas, em um movimento que, ao longo da historia poderá ser capaz de superar essas contradições, orientadas para um processo de transição ao Modo de Produção Socialista. / Abstract This dissertation chose as the object of study pedagogical approach with the contemporary knowledge of the called Parkour Body Culture (abbreviated as Pk) in teacher training in the Expanded Character curriculum underway in FACED - UFBA, while the possibility of expansion and contribution to the Axis Specific content. The study aims to evaluate possibilities of the pedagogical approach with knowledge of Parkour as contemporary element of Body Culture, the Expanded character Degree curriculum Physical Education teachers UFBA and its contribution to the Axis Specific Content. The theoretical framework that justified this research is to design and Materialist Dialectics of history. We used as research procedure: (a) literature review, (b) field research (basic and higher education). The literature sought material for studies in various sources: articles, monographs, dissertations, theses, books, database and documents. The field research was developed in three disciplines of the course of Physical Education of UFBA with practical experiences based on pedagogical approach with knowledge of Parkour. From the literature review, we conclude that it is necessary to: (a) expand the scientific production about Parkour in order to leverage the debate; (B) expand the types of productions in addition to articles, the object of study treated in monographs, dissertations and theses; (C) expand the productions about the pedagogical approach with knowledge of Parkour; (D) that these productions exceed Parkour idealistic concepts - that are hegemonic to date - with a view to elaborate explanations beyond appearance, supported on historical dialectic materialism. From experience with parkour tract in the UFBA teacher training, regularities recognized as regards the need to prepare, as a possibility of pedagogical organization in a first approximation in the systematization of knowledge about Parkour, based on cycles teaching. the hypotheses were confirmed we raise for research, namely: (1) the relation of production and the ideology of the ruling class are determining the scientific production and pedagogical approach with knowledge of Parkour; (2) there is a possibility of pedagogical approach with knowledge of Parkour, which is committed to the interests of the working class. This leads us to conclude that the ideology of the ruling class is reflected directly in the production about Parkour and its methodological proposals for education. However, faced from the contradictions of class interests, own a capitalist society, based on historical determinations and the objective and subjective conditions, there is essentially possibilities of a movement capable of overcoming these contradictions, oriented to a process of transition to the socialist project.

Ces travaux de thèse ont permis de mettre en œuvre une méthode de criblage de l'activité antibactérienne des dendrimères greffés de la L-lysine (DGL) par électrophorèse capillaire (EC). Le principe de la méthode est basé sur le suivi du profil électrophorétique des bactéries avant et après leur rencontre avec une bande de composé cationique dont on souhaite cribler l'activité. La mise en œuvre de cette méthode a nécessité plusieurs étapes. Dans la première étape, une nouvelle méthodologie permettant la focalisation, la mobilisation et la quantification des bactéries par EC a été développée. Cette méthode a été appliquée pour la quantification de la flore totale dans des eaux naturelles. Dans la seconde étape, plusieurs revêtements neutres de capillaire ont été comparés pour l'analyse simultanée de composés polycationiques et polyanioniques. Dans la dernière partie, la méthodologie de criblage a été mise en œuvre pour l'étude de l'activité des DGL. / In this work, a new analytical methodology has been implemented for the screening of antibacterial activity of dendrigraft poly-L-lysines (DGL) by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The principle of this methodology is based on the monitoring of the electrophoretic profile of bacteria before and after the meeting with a zone containing the cationic compound to be screened. The implementation of this methodology has required several steps. In a first experimental part, a new methodology has been developed for the focalization, mobilization and quantification of bacteria. This focusing mode has been applied for the quantification of bacteria in natural waters. In a second experimental part, several neutral capillary coatings were compared for the simultaneous CE analysis of polyanionic and polycationic compounds. In the last experimental part, the screening of antibacterial activity has been implemented on DGL.

Capillary electrophoretic (CE) separations were successfully coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometric (TOFMS) detection for the analysis of three families of biological compounds that act as mediators and/or indicators of disease, namely, catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) and their O-methoxylated metabolites (3-methoxytyramine, norepinephrine, and normetanephrine), indolamines (serotonin, tryptophan, and 5-hydroxytryptophan), and angiotensin peptides. While electrophoretic separation techniques provided high separation efficiency, mass spectrometric detection afforded specificity unsurpassed by other types of detectors. Both catecholamines and indolamines are present in body fluids at concentrations that make it possible for them to be determined by capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to TOFMS without employing any preconcentration scheme beyond sample work up by solid phase extraction (SPE). Using this hyphenated approach, submicromolar levels of catecholamines and metanephrines in normal human urine and indolamines in human plasma were detected after the removal of the analytes from their biological matrices and after preconcentration by SPE on mixed mode cation-exchange sorbents. The CE-TOFMS and SPE methods were individualized for each group of compounds. While catecholamines and metanephrines in urine samples were quantitated using 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine as an internal standard, deuterated isotopes, considered ideal internal standards, were used for the quantitation of indolamines. Because the angiotensin peptides are present in biological fluids at much lower concentrations than the previous two families of analytes, their analysis required the application of additional preconcentration techniques. In this work, the coupling of either of two types of electrophoretic preconcentration methods - field amplified injection (FAI) and isotachophoresis (ITP) - to capillary zone electrophoresis with both UV and MS detection was evaluated. Using FAI-CE-UV, angiotensins were detected at ~1 nM concentrations. Using similar conditions but TOFMS detection, the detection limits were below 10 nM. ITP was evaluated in both single-column and two-column comprehensive arrangements. The detection limits achieved for the ITP-based techniques were approximately one order of magnitude higher than for the FAI-based preconcentration. While the potential usefulness of these techniques was demonstrated using angiotensins standards, substantial additional research would be required to allow these approaches to be applied to plasma as part of clinical assays.

V oblasti nových nízkomolekulárních organických materiálů patří deriváty difenyldiketopyrrolopyrrolu (DPP), používané dříve jako barviva a pigmenty, k objektům vysokého zájmu pro jejich potencionální aplikace v moderních technologiích. Studium jejich optických vlastností ve vztahu k jejich chemické struktuře umožní využití jejich vysokého potenciálu ve vývoji pokročilých inteligentních materiálů. Přehled chemických a fyzikálních vlastností DPP derivátů a zhodnocení současného stavu řešené problematiky jsou uvedeny v teoretické části této práce. Tři hlavní procesy studované v této práci jsou: klasická absorpce a emise, dvoufotonová absorpce (TPA) a zesílená spontánní emise (ASE). Výsledky budou diskutovány a shrnuty ve dvou částech: první zahrnuje první dvě výše zmíněné oblasti a druhá problematiku zesílené spontánní emise.

A identificação de espécie de Leishmania é crucial no diagnóstico de leishmaniose cutânea (LC), para terapia e prognóstico, em áreas com diferentes espécies endêmicas. A reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) foi usada em amostras de biópsias estocadas em parafina e formol de pacientes com LC, do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Usando sequências de mini-exon do gênero Leishmania, 63,2% (36/57) das amostras em parafina e 46,1% (6/13) das amostras em formol foram positivas. Numa abordagem usando sequências de kDNA e RFLP, 100% (58/58) das amostras de parafina testadas foram identificadas como Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. Estas reações podem ser usadas tanto para diagnóstico como para definição da espécie infectante / The identification of Leishmania species, a crucial step in cutaneous leishmaniasis, had therapeutics and prognostics implications, specially at when several agent species are endemic. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for analysis of paraffin-embedded and formalin stored skin biopsies from patients with parasitologic confirmed cutaneous formalin stored skin biopsies from patients with parasitologic confirmed cutaneous leishmaniasis, from the Espirito Santo State, Brazil. Tested by PCR targeted to mini-exon genus specific primer, 63,2% (36/57) of parafin and 46,1% (6/13) of formalin stored samples were positive, but using a PCR for kDNA primer followed by RFLP analysis, only Leishamnia (V.) braziliensis was identified in 100% (58/58) of parafin biopsies studied. Those reactions allow either diagnosis or species identification in cutaneous leismaniasis

Nas duas últimas décadas, várias espécies de Candida têm surgido como importantes patógenos hospitalares, no mundo e no Brasil. A identificação da origem da infecção tem importância na definição de estratégias de prevenção e controle. As estratégias para a prevenção de candidíase endógena podem focar, parcialmente, em métodos para redução da colonização de mucosas, por exemplo, a restrição ao uso de antibióticos de largo espectro. Entretanto, nos casos nos quais está envolvida uma fonte exógena, um expressivo reforço, na melhoria da qualidade das práticas de assistência à saúde, é prioritário para prevenção da transmissão. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes sítios de colonização por Candida como potenciais fontes de candidemia. O estudo foi desenvolvido em 3 hospitais no Brasil: Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, hospital universitário de nível terciário de complexidade, com mil leitos; o Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, um hospital com 200 leitos, referência para todo o Estado de São Paulo; e o Hospital Geral de Itapecerica da Serra, hospital de cuidados secundários da Grande São Paulo. Foram incluídos no estudo os pacientes com isolamento de Candida em hemocultura obtida de veia periférica após 48 horas de admissão hospitalar. As culturas de vigilância para Candida foram colhidas dos seguintes sítios: urina, reto, cavidade oral, pele (virilha e axila), pele ao redor do cateter e ponta de cateter caso disponível. A tipagem molecular foi realizada quando a mesma espécie de Candida (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata) foi isolada no sangue e nos sítios de vigilância do mesmo paciente. A eletroforese em campo pulsado foi realizada para os isolados de C. albicans, C. parapsilosis e C. glabrata. A amplificação de segmentos polimórficos do DNA foi realizada para C. albicans e C. tropicalis. No total 63 pacientes consecutivos com candidemia foram incluídos no estudo no período de maio de 2004 a outubro de 2005. C. albicans foi isolada em 42% das hemoculturas, C. parapsilosis em 35%, C. tropicalis em 16%, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. glabrata, e C. holmii, em 2% cada uma. Unicamente seis dos 10 isolados de ponta de cateter apresentaram perfil eletroforético idêntico aos isolados de C. parapsilosis do sangue. Os isolados de C. albicans do sangue e de culturas de vigilância do trato gastrintestinal correspondentes, oriundos de 12 pacientes, apresentaram genótipos idênticos. Os resultados sugerem que a colonização do trato gastrintestinal é a provável fonte de candidemia por C. albicans e que a candidemia por C. parasilosis é de origem exógena. / In the last two decades, Candida spp. have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens in the world and in Brazil. The identification of the source of infection is important in approaching prevention and control strategies. Strategies for the prevention of endogenous candidiasis may focus, to a certain extent, on methods for reducing mucosal colonization, for example limitation use of wide-spectrum antibiotics. However, in cases in which an exogenous source is involved, the aggressive reinforcement of adequate healthcare practices is mandatory to prevent transmission. The objective of this study was to evaluate different Candida colonization sites as potential sources for Candida fungemia. The study was done in 3 hospitals in Brazil: the Central Institute of Hospital das Clinicas, a 1000-bed tertiary-care hospital affiliated to the University of São Paulo; the Institute Emilio Ribas, a 200-bed infectious diseases hospital, reference for all the state of São Paulo; and the General Hospital of Itapecerica da Serra, a secondary-care community hospital located in area of the greater São Paulo. The patients with a positive blood culture for Candida, collected from a peripheral vein, were included in the study if they had to be hospitalized for 48 hours or more before candidemia. The following surveillance cultures for Candida were collected from: urine, rectum, oropharynx, skin (groin and axilla), skin around the catheter and catheter tip if available. Molecular typing was performed when the same species of Candida (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata) was isolated from the blood and from surveillance sites of a single patient. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed for C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata isolates. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA was performed for C. albicans and C. tropicalis. A total of 63 consecutive patients with candidemia were included in the period from May 2004 to October 2005. C. albicans comprised 42% of the blood isolates, C. parapsilosis 35%, C. tropicalis 16%, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. glabrata, and C. holmii, 2% each. Six of the 10 isolates from catheter tips presented identical electrophoretic profiles to corresponding C. parapsilosis blood cultures and no other surveillance sites were related. C. albicans isolates from blood and from corresponding gastrointestinal surveillance sites from 12 patients presented identical genotypes. In conclusion, our results suggest that tract gastrointestinal colonization is the probable source of C. albicans candidemia and that C. parapsilosis candidemia is not endogenous.

A identificação de espécie de Leishmania é crucial no diagnóstico de leishmaniose cutânea (LC), para terapia e prognóstico, em áreas com diferentes espécies endêmicas. A reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) foi usada em amostras de biópsias estocadas em parafina e formol de pacientes com LC, do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Usando sequências de mini-exon do gênero Leishmania, 63,2% (36/57) das amostras em parafina e 46,1% (6/13) das amostras em formol foram positivas. Numa abordagem usando sequências de kDNA e RFLP, 100% (58/58) das amostras de parafina testadas foram identificadas como Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. Estas reações podem ser usadas tanto para diagnóstico como para definição da espécie infectante / The identification of Leishmania species, a crucial step in cutaneous leishmaniasis, had therapeutics and prognostics implications, specially at when several agent species are endemic. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for analysis of paraffin-embedded and formalin stored skin biopsies from patients with parasitologic confirmed cutaneous formalin stored skin biopsies from patients with parasitologic confirmed cutaneous leishmaniasis, from the Espirito Santo State, Brazil. Tested by PCR targeted to mini-exon genus specific primer, 63,2% (36/57) of parafin and 46,1% (6/13) of formalin stored samples were positive, but using a PCR for kDNA primer followed by RFLP analysis, only Leishamnia (V.) braziliensis was identified in 100% (58/58) of parafin biopsies studied. Those reactions allow either diagnosis or species identification in cutaneous leismaniasis

Lolium perenne is one of the most important forage crops globally and in New Zealand. Lotus corniculatus is a dicotyledonous forage that contains valuable traits such as high levels of condensed tannins, increased digestibility, and high nitrogen fixing abilities. However, conventional breeding between these two forage crops is impossible due to their markedly different taxonomic origin. Protoplast fusion (somatic hybridisation) provides an opportunity for gene introgression between these two species. This thesis describes the somatic hybridisation, the regeneration and the molecular analysis of the putative somatic hybrid plants obtained between L. perenne and L. corniculatus. Callus and cell suspensions of different cultivars of L. perenne were established from immature embryos and plants were regenerated from the callus. Of the 10 cultivars screened, cultivars Bronsyn and Canon had the highest percentage of callus induction at 36% each on 5 mg/L 2,4-D. Removal of the palea and lemma which form the seed coat was found to increase callus induction ability of the embryos. Plant regeneration from the callus was achieved when the callus was plated on LS medium supplemented with plant growth regulators at different concentrations. Variable responses to shoot regeneration was observed between the different cultivars with the cv Kingston having the lowest frequency of shoot formation (12%). Different factors affecting the protoplast isolation of L. perenne were investigated. The highest protoplast yield of 10×10⁶ g⁻¹FW was obtained when cell suspensions were used as the tissue source, with enzyme combination 'A' (Cellulase Onozuka RS 2%, Macerozyme R-10 1%, Driselase 0.5%, Pectolyase 0.2%), for 6 h incubation period in 0.6 M mannitol. Development of microcolonies was only achieved when protoplasts were plated on nitrocellulose membrane with a L. perenne feeder layer on PEL medium. All the shoots regenerated from the protoplast-derived calli were albino shoots. The highest protoplast yield (7×10⁶ g⁻¹FW) of L. corniculatus was achieved from cotyledons also with enzyme combination 'A' (Cellulase Onozuka RS 2%, Macerozyme R-10 1%, Driselase 0.5%, Pectolyase 0.2%), for 6 h incubation period in 0.6 M mannitol. The highest plating efficiency for L. corniculatus of 1.57 % was achieved when protoplasts were plated on nitrocellulose membrane with a L. perenne feeder layer on PEL medium. The highest frequency of shoot regeneration (46%) was achieved when calli were plated on LS medium with NAA (0.1 mg/L) and BA (0.1 mg/L). Protoplast fusion between L. perenne and L. corniculatus was performed using the asymmetric somatic hybridisation technique using PEG as the fusogen. L. perenne protoplasts were treated with 0.1 mM IOA for 15 min and L. corniculatus protoplasts were treated with UV at 0.15 J/cm² for 10 min. Various parameters affecting the fusion percentage were investigated. Successful fusions were obtained when the fusions were conducted on a plastic surface with 35% PEG (3350 MW) for 25 min duration, followed by 100 mM calcium chloride treatment for 25 min. A total of 14 putative fusion colonies were recovered. Shoots were regenerated from 8 fusion colonies. Unexpectedly, the regenerated putative hybrid plants resembled L. corniculatus plants. The flow cytometric profile of the putative somatic hybrids resembled that of L. corniculatus. Molecular analysis using SD-AFLP, SCARs and Lolium specific chloroplast microsatellite markers suggest that the putative somatic hybrids could be L. corniculatus escapes from the asymmetric protoplast fusion process. This thesis details a novel Whole Genome Amplification technique for plants using Strand Displacement Amplification technique.

Τρεις ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενες μέθοδοι τυποποίησης, μια βιοχημική (API20NE), μια φαινοτυπική (SDS-PAGE) και μια μοριακή (RAPD) χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την ταυτοποίηση και ταξινόμηση 160 περιβαλλοντικών ψευδομονάδων που απομονώθηκαν από το υδάτινο περιβάλλον της Νοτιοδυτικής Ελλάδας και συγκεκριμένα από εμφιαλωμένα νερά (46%), νερά δικτύου ύδρευσης (16%), κολυμβητικών δεξαμενών (9%) και θαλασσών (29%). Οι ψευδομονάδες ταυτοποιήθηκαν με βάση το βιοχημικό τους αποτύπωμα δια μέσου του συστήματος ΑΡΙ20ΝΕ, και στη συνέχεια υποβλήθηκαν σε ηλεκτροφόρηση των ολικών πρωτεϊνών τους (SDS-PAGE) και σε ανάλυση του γενετικού τους υλικού με τη μέθοδο RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs) με χρήση δύο διαφορετικών δεκαμερών εκκινητών (primers). Το σύστημα API20NE ταυτοποίησε το 88% των στελεχών διακρίνοντας 14 ομάδες-είδη, ενώ η SDS-PAGE ταξινόμησε το 98.1% σε 20 ομάδες και η RAPD το 94% των στελεχών σε 22 και 34 ομάδες, με εκκινητή τον OPA-13 και τον OPD-13 αντίστοιχα. Η ταξινόμηση προέκυψε με εφαρμογή της ανάλυσης κατά συστάδες (cluster analysis) των αποτυπωμάτων (πρωτεϊνικών και γενετικών) που παρήγαγαν τα στελέχη. Τα 20 στελέχη που δεν ταυτοποιήθηκαν σε επίπεδο είδους με το API20NE, ταξινομήθηκαν με την SDS-PAGE σε ποσοστό 100%, ενώ με την RAPD σε ποσοστό 90%. Οι τρεις μέθοδοι συγκρίθηκαν ως προς την επαναληψιμότητα (reproducibility), την ικανότητα τυποποίησης (typeability) και τη διακριτική ικανότητα (discriminatory power). Την μεγαλύτερη επαναληψιμότητα έδωσαν το API20NE και η RAPD με τον εκκινητή OPA-13, την μεγαλύτερη ικανότητα τυποποίησης η SDS-PAGE, ενώ τη μεγαλύτερη διακριτική ικανότητα έδωσε η RAPD με τον εκκινητή OPD-13. Η πλέον σωστή ταξινόμηση, όπως προέκυψε από τη διακριτή ανάλυση, επιτεύχθη με τη μέθοδο SDS-PAGE. Η παρούσα εργασία αποδεικνύει ότι τα βιοχημικά συστήματα ταυτοποίησης (όπως το API20NE) μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν με αξιοπιστία μόνο για αδρή αναγνώριση των περιβαλλοντικών ψευδομονάδων. Πληροφορίες σε βάθος για την ταυτότητα και τη φύση τους μπορούν να εξαχθούν με τη περαιτέρω εφαρμογή ηλεκτροφορητικών και μοριακών μεθόδων. Δεδομένης της ευρείας διασποράς, της ετερογένειας και της, έστω και δυνητικής, παθογόνου δράσης των ψευδομονάδων, είναι σημαντικό, από πλευράς δημόσιας υγείας, ο προσδιορισμός της ταυτότητάς τους να γίνεται με συνδυασμένη εφαρμογή βιοχημικών, ηλεκτροφορητικών και μοριακών μεθόδων ώστε να καθίσταται δυνατή η αναγνώριση στελεχών που μπορούν να αποτελέσουν αιτιολογικούς παράγοντες ασθενειών, ιδιαίτερα σε ομάδες υψηλού κινδύνου. / Three broadly used typing techniques, one biochemical (API20NE), one phenotypic (SDS-PAGE) and one molecular (RAPD), were employed for the identification and taxonomy of 160 environmental pseudomonas isolated from the aquatic environment in Southwestern Greece. In particular, the isolates were obtained from bottled waters (46%), potable waters (16%), waters from swimming pools (9%) and seawaters (29%). The isolates were identified by the system API20NE and then subjected to whole-cell protein electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPD) using two 10-mer primers. The API20NE system identified 88% of the whole bacterial population and classified them in 14 species, while SDS-PAGE classified 98.1% of the isolates in 20 groups and RAPD classified 94% of the strains in 22 groups using the primer OPA-13 and 34 groups using the primer OPD-13. The classification was achieved by applying cluster analysis in the protein or RAPD fingerprints of the isolates. Twenty isolates that could not be identified by the API20NE system, at least to the species level, were classified by the SDS-PAGE and the RAPD in a percentage of 100% and 90%, respectively. The reproducibility, typeability and discriminatory power of the three methods were compared to evaluate their application. The API20NE and the RAPD assay with primer OPA-13 showed better reproducibility in comparison with the other methods; the higher typeability was achieved by the SDS-PAGE assay while the higher discriminatory power was that obtained by the RAPD method with the primer OPD-13. The SDS-PAGE gave the higher percentage of “correctly classified” isolates, as it was assessed by discriminant analysis. This study shows that the rapid identification systems, such as the API20NE, may be reliable only for a rough characterization of environmental Pseudomonas. In order to acquire further information about their identities, other phenotypic and molecular techniques have to be applied. Given the ubiquity, heterogeneity and pathogenicity, either established or potential, of the environmental pseudomonas it is important, from a public health point of view, to monitor the identities of environmental Pseudomonas isolates using the combination of specific methods, so as to be possible for strains, which can serve as causative agents of diseases, especially in high risk population, to be recognizable.

Nas duas últimas décadas, várias espécies de Candida têm surgido como importantes patógenos hospitalares, no mundo e no Brasil. A identificação da origem da infecção tem importância na definição de estratégias de prevenção e controle. As estratégias para a prevenção de candidíase endógena podem focar, parcialmente, em métodos para redução da colonização de mucosas, por exemplo, a restrição ao uso de antibióticos de largo espectro. Entretanto, nos casos nos quais está envolvida uma fonte exógena, um expressivo reforço, na melhoria da qualidade das práticas de assistência à saúde, é prioritário para prevenção da transmissão. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes sítios de colonização por Candida como potenciais fontes de candidemia. O estudo foi desenvolvido em 3 hospitais no Brasil: Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, hospital universitário de nível terciário de complexidade, com mil leitos; o Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, um hospital com 200 leitos, referência para todo o Estado de São Paulo; e o Hospital Geral de Itapecerica da Serra, hospital de cuidados secundários da Grande São Paulo. Foram incluídos no estudo os pacientes com isolamento de Candida em hemocultura obtida de veia periférica após 48 horas de admissão hospitalar. As culturas de vigilância para Candida foram colhidas dos seguintes sítios: urina, reto, cavidade oral, pele (virilha e axila), pele ao redor do cateter e ponta de cateter caso disponível. A tipagem molecular foi realizada quando a mesma espécie de Candida (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata) foi isolada no sangue e nos sítios de vigilância do mesmo paciente. A eletroforese em campo pulsado foi realizada para os isolados de C. albicans, C. parapsilosis e C. glabrata. A amplificação de segmentos polimórficos do DNA foi realizada para C. albicans e C. tropicalis. No total 63 pacientes consecutivos com candidemia foram incluídos no estudo no período de maio de 2004 a outubro de 2005. C. albicans foi isolada em 42% das hemoculturas, C. parapsilosis em 35%, C. tropicalis em 16%, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. glabrata, e C. holmii, em 2% cada uma. Unicamente seis dos 10 isolados de ponta de cateter apresentaram perfil eletroforético idêntico aos isolados de C. parapsilosis do sangue. Os isolados de C. albicans do sangue e de culturas de vigilância do trato gastrintestinal correspondentes, oriundos de 12 pacientes, apresentaram genótipos idênticos. Os resultados sugerem que a colonização do trato gastrintestinal é a provável fonte de candidemia por C. albicans e que a candidemia por C. parasilosis é de origem exógena. / In the last two decades, Candida spp. have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens in the world and in Brazil. The identification of the source of infection is important in approaching prevention and control strategies. Strategies for the prevention of endogenous candidiasis may focus, to a certain extent, on methods for reducing mucosal colonization, for example limitation use of wide-spectrum antibiotics. However, in cases in which an exogenous source is involved, the aggressive reinforcement of adequate healthcare practices is mandatory to prevent transmission. The objective of this study was to evaluate different Candida colonization sites as potential sources for Candida fungemia. The study was done in 3 hospitals in Brazil: the Central Institute of Hospital das Clinicas, a 1000-bed tertiary-care hospital affiliated to the University of São Paulo; the Institute Emilio Ribas, a 200-bed infectious diseases hospital, reference for all the state of São Paulo; and the General Hospital of Itapecerica da Serra, a secondary-care community hospital located in area of the greater São Paulo. The patients with a positive blood culture for Candida, collected from a peripheral vein, were included in the study if they had to be hospitalized for 48 hours or more before candidemia. The following surveillance cultures for Candida were collected from: urine, rectum, oropharynx, skin (groin and axilla), skin around the catheter and catheter tip if available. Molecular typing was performed when the same species of Candida (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata) was isolated from the blood and from surveillance sites of a single patient. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed for C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata isolates. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA was performed for C. albicans and C. tropicalis. A total of 63 consecutive patients with candidemia were included in the period from May 2004 to October 2005. C. albicans comprised 42% of the blood isolates, C. parapsilosis 35%, C. tropicalis 16%, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. glabrata, and C. holmii, 2% each. Six of the 10 isolates from catheter tips presented identical electrophoretic profiles to corresponding C. parapsilosis blood cultures and no other surveillance sites were related. C. albicans isolates from blood and from corresponding gastrointestinal surveillance sites from 12 patients presented identical genotypes. In conclusion, our results suggest that tract gastrointestinal colonization is the probable source of C. albicans candidemia and that C. parapsilosis candidemia is not endogenous.