Cette thèse prend ses racines dans la tradition sémantique montagovienne et dynamique standard. L’objet est les conditions dans lesquelles un syntagme nominal peut agir comme antécédent d'une expression anaphorique. Le travail porte sur l'accessibilité des référents de discours dans un système formel de la sémantique dynamique. Le cadre choisi est celui proposé par De Groote, type théorique Dynamic Logic (TTDL) car il fait appel à des outils mathématiques et logiques standards, qui permettent de conserver le principe de compositionnalité. Nous étendons la couverture de la gestion de l’accessibilité des référents dans TTDL à deux cas naturellement problématique pour les théories sémantiques dynamiques classiques, en particulier, l'anaphore sous la double négation et les modalités. Une adaptation est définie pour chaque cas et enfin, l'intégration des différentes solutions est proposée, ce qui montre la souplesse de TTDL. / This thesis has its roots in the standard Montagovian and dynamic semantic tradition. The subject is conditions under which a noun phrase may act as antecedent of a particular anaphoric expression. The work thesis deals with the accessibility of discourse referents using a formal system of dynamic semantics. The framework used is the one proposed by De Groote, Type Theoretic Dynamic Logic (TTDL) because it follows the Montagovian tradition and only makes use of standard mathematical and logical tools which allows to maintain compositionnality. We extend the coverage of TTDL to cases which are naturally problematic for classical dynamic semantic theories. In particularly, this thesis aims to extend TTDL's coverage of the accessibility of referents to two exceptions of classical dynamic theories, namely anaphora under double negation and modality. An adaptation is defined for each case and finally, an integration of various solutions is proposed, which shows the flexibility of TTDL

Jeder Mensch hat eine eigene, innere Uhr, die nicht immer synchron mit dem Tageslicht verläuft. Im Volksmund wird von „Eulen“ (Spätaufstehern) und „Lerchen“ (Frühaufstehern) gesprochen. Diese innere Uhr ist genetisch und beeinflusst zahlreiche Aspekte unseres Verhaltens, z.B. unsere präferierten Schlafenszeiten, sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit, sämtliche Organfunktionen und auch kognitive Leistungen. Es ist daher zu erwarten, dass auch die Sprachverarbeitung dem Einfluss der inneren Uhr unterliegt. Sprachliche Leistungen (Produktion und Verarbeitung) zählen zu den höheren kognitiven Funktionen und sind bisher selten auf rhythmische bzw. tageszeitliche Schwankungen wissenschaftlich untersucht worden. Daher ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit, solche Schwankungen in der sprachlichen Leistungsfähigkeit zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurde die Verarbeitung der anaphorischen Referenz gewählt. Zentrale Theorien aus der Linguistik beschäftigen sich mit der anaphorischen Referenz (Centering Theory, Optimality Theory in the Centering Theory, Accessibility Theory). Den meisten dieser Theorien ist gemeinsam, dass die Auswahl einer Anapher einem gewissen Ökonomieprinzip unterliegt: Wenn der Referent, auf den verwiesen werden soll, leicht zugänglich ist, dann sollte es sich um eine strukturell einfache Anapher handeln, z.B. um ein Personalpronomen. Demonstrativpronomen, oder die so genannten d-Pronomen (der, die, das), sowie Eigennamen, sind komplexere Anaphern und sollten verwendet werden, wenn der Referent weniger leicht zugänglich ist. Dieser Unterschied der Anaphern wurde auf seine tageszeitlichen Schwankungen in insgesamt 3 Experimenten untersucht: einer Feldstudie mit Schichtarbeitern, die in regelmäßigen Abständen während ihres Schichtdienstes Reaktionszeitaufgaben absolvierten und 2 EKP-Experimenten, die an zwei verschiedenen Tageszeiten durchgeführt wurden und so Aufschluss über tageszeitliche Unterschiede in der Hirnaktivität bei der Verarbeitung anaphorischer Referenzen geben sollen. / Everyone has an inner clock, which is not always synchronized with daytime and nighttime. The individual differences of the inner clock are genetically determined and can vary by up to 8 hours: “extreme larks wake up when extreme owls go to sleep” (Roenneberg, 2003). Many aspects of human life are influenced by circadian rhythms, e.g. physical performance, sleep/wake patterns, cell and organ functions and cognitive performance. Language processing, being a higher order cognitive function, is therefore also assumed to change over the course of the day. To date there are not many studies examining language performance and its diurnal variations. The goal of this thesis, then, is to study such variations in language processing with psycholinguistic methods, looking at the phenomenon of anaphoric reference processing. Many important linguistic theories address the question of how an anaphoric reference is processed (Centering Theory, Optimality Theory in the Centering Theory, Accessibility Theory). Most of these theories have an assumption of underlying economy in common: if the referent is easily accessible, the anaphor should be of a simple type, e.g. a personal pronoun. Demonstrative pronouns, such as the German d-pronouns (der, die, das), noun phrases and names are more complex anaphors which bear more information than a simple pronoun and should therefore refer to a less easily accessible antecedent. With three experiments this difference in anaphor type is examined for its diurnal changes: one behavioral field study in which shift workers were regularly tested during their shifts; and two ERP-experiments conducted at two different times of day. The ERP experiments demonstrate the diurnal changes in brain activity during anaphoric processing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miria Soares dos Santos.pdf: 5447915 bytes, checksum: 9ebda41b0e53898412bb7db70f584a35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims to analyze the referential process in personal letters written by students of the Youth and Adult Education (EJA) from two schools of the city of Guarulhos. From a universe of forty letters, we selected thirteen letters, which is the corpus of this dissertation. The theoretical basis of this study takes into account the Text Linguistics and the main authors in this field, such as Mondada & Dubois, Beaugrande, Teun van Dijk, Luiz Antonio Marcuschi, Jean Michel Adam, Cavalcante and Lima, Lima and Feltes, Apothelóz, Schwarz-Friesel, Morato, Koch, Elias, among others, referring to concepts of text and context, referential progression, frames, referents as discourse objects, and indirect anaphora. We also based our analyses in Bakhtin, with regard to the studies of genres. Studies on the referents are in the current agenda of the Text Linguistics and bring new perspectives to work with texts, as regards the production and comprehension. Specifically, we have analyzed the indirect anaphora as a phenomenon for the coherence construction and text progression, based in socio-cognitive context of the interlocutors in order to establish associations and / or inferences to keep the textual progression and for the construction of coherence. We seek to explore in this study mainly mental representations expressed in the texts that guarantee the textual progression through the adoption of two categories of analysis: Introduction of anchored and non-anchored referents, and Recategorisation of referents through reconstruction / reactivation , blurring / deactivation and packaging and labeling. The results showed that the texts produced by students of EJA are consistent and indirect anaphora ensured coherence and textual progression / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o processo de referenciação na construção de cartas pessoais por alunos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), do 6º. ao 9º. anos, de duas escolas da Rede Municipal de Guarulhos. Foram analisadas treze cartas produzidas por alunos da EJA, que compõem o corpus da pesquisa, de um universo de quarenta cartas no total. A base teórica deste estudo leva em consideração os teóricos da Linguística Textual (LT), como Mondada & Dubois, Beaugrande, Teun van Dijk, Luiz Antonio Marcuschi, Jean Michel Adam, Cavalcante & Lima, Lima e Feltes, Apothelóz, Schwarz-Friesel, Morato, Koch, Elias, entre outros, para os conceitos de texto e contexto, referenciação, coerência, frames ou enquadres e anáforas indiretas, além de Bakhtin no que se refere aos estudos dos gêneros textuais. Os estudos sobre a referenciação estão na agenda atual da LT e trazem novas perspectivas de trabalho com textos, no que se refere à produção e compreensão. Especificamente, tratou-se neste trabalho da análise das anáforas indiretas, que são elementos presentes no contexto sociocognitivo dos interlocutores e estabelecem associações e/ou inferências para manter a progressão textual e para a construção da coerência. Buscamos explorar neste estudo principalmente as representações mentais expressas nos textos que garantem a progressão textual, por meio da adoção de duas categorias de análise: Introdução de referentes de forma ancorada e não-ancorada, e Recategorização de referentes por meio de reconstrução/reativação, desfocalização/desativação e encapsulamento e rotulação. Os resultados das análises mostraram que os textos produzidos pelos alunos da EJA são coerentes e as anáforas indiretas garantiram a coerência e a progressão textual

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Heloisa Felicio.pdf: 2545424 bytes, checksum: 8343a4554c093ccf5ef8e7ed98618979 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-21 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / In this research work, we have as theme the Referencing and our intention is to verify how occurs the process of introduction and resumption / maintenance of referencing textual in rewritten texts produced by students at the Middle School of a public school in the city of Mogi Guaçu, São Paulo state. The research is in Linguistics Textual field and it is justified by the significance of this theme, mostly by the context of the education for text production by Portuguese Language that values discursive and pragmatic dimension of written language. Thinking about the objective of the research, we selected a corpus composed by five rewritten stories of Machado de Assis tale called The wallet , and we compared how the referencing is introduced and maintained in the rewritten and the original story. The results show that in the rewritten stories, after introduced the referencing, the students maintained it mostly using the repetition of this referencing, or using pronouns, ellipse, and defined nominal expressions in order to guarantee the referencing progression and the text cohesion. Either in the original text or in the rewritten ones, the results point that the referencing are introduced mostly by names or by defined and undefined nominal expressions. Saying about the resumption and maintenance, the author of the original text uses the pronouns, the referencing repetitions, the ellipse, defined and undefined nominal expressions and indirect anaphora / Neste trabalho de pesquisa, temos por tema a referenciação e objetivamos verificar como ocorre o processo de introdução e de retomada/manutenção de referentes textuais em retextualizações produzidas por alunos no Ensino Fundamental II de uma escola pública da cidade de Mogi Guaçu SP. A pesquisa situa-se no campo da Linguística Textual e justifica-se devido à importância do tema, principalmente em um contexto de ensino de produção de texto em Língua Portuguesa que valorize a dimensão discursiva e pragmática da língua escrita. Tendo-se em vista o objetivo da pesquisa, selecionamos um corpus composto por cinco retextualizações elaboradas em relação a um conto de Machado de Assis e comparamos modos de constituição e de manutenção de referentes no texto-fonte e nas retextualizações selecionadas. Os resultados indicam que nas retextualizações os alunos, após introduzirem o referente, mantém-no em saliência predominantemente por meio de repetição, pronominalização, elipse e expressões nominais definidas, garantindo a progressão referencial e a coerência do texto. Tanto no texto-fonte como nas retextualizações, os resultados apontam que os referentes textuais são introduzidos principalmente por nomes próprios e por expressões nominais definidas e indefinidas. Quanto às retomadas, o autor do texto-fonte utiliza a pronominalização, a repetição de referentes, a elipse, expressões nominais definidas e indefinidas e anáfora indireta

Cette thèse explore le fonctionnement indexical des pronoms démonstratifs anglais this, that et it d’une part, et des pronoms démonstratifs français, en particulier ça, d’autre part, en vue d’une comparaison entre ces deux systèmes. L’ensemble des phénomènes référentiels et discursifs observés sont ramenés à certaines caractéristiques syntactico-sémantiques propres à chaque démonstratif, alors formalisées dans le cadre de la Grammaire Notionnelle Dépendancielle. Les occurrences de this, that, it et ça analysées étant issues de conversations orales spontanées et enregistrées selon le protocole des projets PAC et PFC, notre étude apporte un questionnement sur les avantages et les limites des grands corpus oraux pour les recherches en linguistique théorique. / This thesis focuses from a comparative perspective on the indexical functioning of both English and French demonstrative pronouns, namely this, that and it on the one hand, and celui-ci/là, ceci, cela and ça on the other – with particular emphasis on the neuter pronoun ça. The overall referential and discursive phenomena which are examined are tied to a number of syntactic and semantic features and representations characterizing each demonstrative item. Our treatment is then formalized within the framework of Notional Dependency Grammar. As all our crucial examples concerning this, that, it and ça are extracted from authentic face to face conversations from the PAC and PFC projects, the present study leads to a discussion of the potential advantages and limits of large spoken corpora for research in theoretical linguistics.

Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-06-11T19:07:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Josiane R da Silva.pdf: 885828 bytes, checksum: c1b7c04345db68585285d33349f9677f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-15T18:03:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Josiane R da Silva.pdf: 885828 bytes, checksum: c1b7c04345db68585285d33349f9677f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-15T18:06:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Josiane R da Silva.pdf: 885828 bytes, checksum: c1b7c04345db68585285d33349f9677f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-15T18:06:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Josiane R da Silva.pdf: 885828 bytes, checksum: c1b7c04345db68585285d33349f9677f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-05 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Polarity analysis aims at classifying the author’s opinion into positive, negative, or neutral. However, given the sheer volume of information available on the web, manually carrying out such task is unfeasible. In particular, in the financial domain this type of analysis is useful for companies in making decisions related to the financial market which is particularly prone to changes according to shifting of opinions. Most studies in literature deal with this problem by considering that documents have a global polarity. However, in general, documents cite several entities with possibly different polarities. This suggests that the classification should be performed in an entity level. Besides this problem, we also noted that many financial documents do not always emit opinion. Thus, a first task of interest in this research field is to identify documents on which opinions are expressed, that is, the subjective ones. Therefore, in this paper we propose a supervised polarity classification method based on multiple models to deal with financial documents with multiple entities. In particular, we study text segmentation strategies that use heuristics such as string matching and anaphora resolution and we propose a hierarchical classification method based on subjectivity detection. Our results showed that the multiple-models approach significantly outperformed the global-model baseline. The segmentation of the documents restricted to sentences that mention entities and the adoption of a hierarchical strategy also achieved gains, although modest. / Análise de polaridade consiste em classificar a opinião do autor em positiva, negativa e neutra. No entanto, dado o grande volume de informações disponíveis na Web, esta análise manual torna-se inviável. Em particular, no domínio financeiro este tipo de análise é útil para empresas na tomada de decisões relacionadas ao mercado financeiro que parece ser particularmente propenso a mudanças de acordo com opiniões. Os trabalhos disponíveis na literatura propõem abordagens globais para esta tarefa, ou seja, consideram que o texto tem apenas uma polaridade. No entanto, verifica-se que os documentos, em sua grande maioria, citam várias entidades e as polaridades para estas entidades, em geral, são diferentes. Isto sugere que a classificação de polaridade deve ser feita em nível de entidade. Contudo, a maioria das abordagens tradicionais não concentram-se na tarefa de classificar polaridade por entidade. Além disso, observamos que muitos dos documentos no domínio financeiro nem sempre emitem opinião. Assim, uma primeira tarefa de interesse nesse domínio é identificar os documentos em que opiniões são expressas, isto é, documentos subjetivos. Portanto, neste trabalho propomos um método supervisionado para classificação de polaridade baseado em múltiplos modelos com o intuito de classificar documentos financeiros com múltiplas entidades. Em particular, estudamos estratégias de segmentação em texto que usam heurísticas de casamento de string e resolução de anáfora e propomos um método de classificação hierárquica baseada em detecção de subjetividade. Nossos resultados mostraram que uma abordagem baseada em múltiplos modelos é capaz de obter ganhos significativos sobre uma abordagem baseada em modelo global na tarefa de classificação de polaridade com múltiplas entidades. A segmentação do documento em sentenças que mencionam as entidades e a adoção de uma estratégia hierárquica também obtiveram ganhos, embora modestos.

pesquisa teve por objetivo observar, analisar e intervir na aprendizagem dos pronomes en e y a partir da leitura do gênero notícia por alunos de francês língua estrangeira, brasileiros, no nível B1 de aprendizagem. Partimos do estudo sobre os materiais que tratam de tais pronomes: gramáticas de francês língua materna, gramáticas de francês língua estrangeira, estudos linguísticos, métodos para o ensino-aprendizagem do FLE. Diante da heterogeneidade de apresentação dos pronomes en e y - complexa em alguns livros, superficial ou falsamente simples em outros -, decidimos verificar na prática como os alunos de FLE lidavam com esses itens. Os dados de nossa pesquisa prática foram obtidos junto a grupos de alunos de nível B1 (QECR) de uma escola de idiomas por meio da aplicação de testes de leitura e reconhecimento de anáforas pronominais, especialmente do en e do y. A dinâmica proposta de leitura que adotamos tomou por base teórica os estudos de FAYOL (1992, 2003), GAONACH (2000), GIASSON (1990, 1995), GOIGOUX (1992, 2003, 2005) e PIETRARÓIA (1997, 2001). Com a análise dos dados, foi-nos possível conceber ações didáticas que visaram à tomada de consciência por parte do aluno de FLE da importância de reconhecer e interpretar, durante a leitura, os pronomes anafóricos e, em especial, o en e o y, cujos equivalentes não existem em português. A dinâmica proposta consistiu em atividades para antes, durante e depois da leitura de cada notícia selecionada, e dentre elas destacamos os exercícios para ativação de processos ascendentes de compreensão, de forma a torná-los mais transparentes e conscientes, ao mesmo tempo em que valorizávamos a questão da coerência e da coesão na construção textual. Os resultados, muito satisfatórios, permitem afirmar que um trabalho explícito e voltado para a complexidade dos pronomes en e y é, não somente necessário ao ensino-aprendizagem do FLE, como permite leituras e aprendizagens mais completas e produtivas / The purpose of this research was to observe, analyze and intervene in the learning of en and y pronouns from the reading of news by Brazilian students learning French as a foreign language on B1 level. The research begun with the study of materials dealing with such pronouns: French grammars as native language, French grammars as foreign language, linguistic studies, FLE teaching and learning methods. Facing the heterogeneity on the presentation of en and y pronouns, complex on some books, superficial or falsely simple in others, we have decided to verify in practice how FLE students were dealing with such items. Data from our practical research were obtained from groups of B1 level students (CEFR) from a language school, applying reading and pronominal anaphora recognition tests, especially on en and y. The reading proposal dynamic adopted had as theoretical basis FAYOL (1992, 2003), GAONACH (2000), GIASSON (1990, 1995), GOIGOUX (1992, 2003, 2005) and PIETRARÓIA (1997, 2001) studies. Having the data analyzed, it was possible to create didactic actions aiming FLE students awareness on the importance of recognizing and interpreting anaphoric pronouns during the reading, specially en and y, whose equivalent does not exist in Portuguese. The proposed dynamic consisted in activities before, during and after the reading of each news selected, emphasizing the exercises for the activation of ascending process of comprehension in order to make them more transparent and conscious, valuing the coherence and cohesion in text construction at the same time. The results were very satisfactory and allowed us to affirm that an explicit work, facing the complexity of en and y pronouns, is not only necessary to FLE teaching and learning, but also make reading and learning even more complete and productive

This thesis examines the role of transfer of first (L1) language properties and access to knowledge of Universal Grammar in second language (L2) acquisition. Two empirical components are included: a study of the syntax of anaphora in Serbo-Croatian and an experimental study of second language acquisition of reflexive binding. Data from field work on the coreference properties of anaphors in Serbo-Croatian are discussed in terms of standard, parameterized, LF movement, and Relativized SUBJECT approaches to Binding Theory. Recent versions of the theory identify a categorial distinction between morphologically simple ($ rm X sp circ$) and complex (XP) anaphor types as a crucial factor in determining coreference relations between reflexive pronouns and their syntactic antecedents. / The predictions of a morphological approach to the Binding Theory were tested in a study of the acquisition of the binding properties of English XP reflexives by native speakers of Serbo-Croatian, a language with $ rm X sp circ$ reflexives. Acquisition of the English binding pattern by this group of L2 learners requires recognition of the morphological complexity of English reflexives. Prior to reanalysis, learners are predicted to produce an incorrect L1 coreference pattern in the L2 environment. / Two sentence comprehension tasks were administered to adolescent and adult Serbo-Croatian speaking L2 learners of English and similar groups of English native speaker controls. Picture identification and multiple choice comprehension tasks produced convergent results with significant differences between control (n = 47) and L2 learner (n = 73) interpretations of reflexives in complex noun phrases and object control infinitival sentences. Their pattern of interpretation shows evidence of transfer of the $ rm X sp circ$ anaphor type found in Serbo-Croatian to the target grammar and suggests L2 learners are able to apply a deductive system constrained by Universal Grammar to compute binding domains in second language acquisition.

In this dissertation, I deal with the problem of presupposition projection. I mostly focus on compound sentences composed of two clauses and conditional sentences in which the second clause carries a presupposition. The central claim is that the presupposition carried by the second clause projects by default, with the exception of cases in which the presupposition entails the first clause (or, in disjunctive sentences, the negation of the first clause). In the latter cases, the presupposition should not project, since it is logically stronger than the first clause (or its negation). Thus, in conjunctions, if the presupposition projected, the speaker’s assertion of the first clause would be uninformative. As for conditionals and disjunctions, if the presupposition projected, the speaker would show inconsistency in his/her beliefs by showing uncertainty about the truth value of the first clause (or its negation). I argue that, in conditionals, this uncertainty is conversationally implicated whereas, in disjunctions, it results from the context’s compatibility with the first disjunct. I maintain that, in cases where projection is blocked, the presupposition is conditionalized to the first clause (or its negation). I demonstrate that the conditionalization is motivated in a straightforward way by the pragmatic constraints on projection just described and that, contrary to what is defended by the so-called ‘satisfaction theory’, presupposition conditionalization is a phenomenon independent from local satisfaction. / En esta tesis, trato el problema de la proyección de presuposiciones. Me centro mayoritariamente en oraciones compuestas de dos cláusulas y en oraciones condicionales cuya segunda cláusula contiene una presuposición. El argumento central es que la presuposición contenida en la segunda cláusula proyecta por defecto, con la excepción de casos en los que la presuposición entraña la primera cláusula (o, en las oraciones disyuntivas, la negación de la primera cláusula). En estos últimos casos, la presuposición no debería proyectar, puesto que es lógicamente más fuerte que la primera cláusula (o su negación). Por tanto, en las oraciones conjuntivas, si la presuposición proyectase, la aseveración de la primera cláusula por parte del hablante no sería informativa. En cuanto a las oraciones condicionales y disyuntivas, si la presuposición projectase, el hablante mostraría inconsistencia en sus creencias al mostrar incertidumbre acerca del valor de verdad de la primera cláusula (o su negación). Sostengo que, en oraciones condicionales, esta incertidumbre es implicada conversacionalmente mientras que, en las oraciones disyuntivas, resulta de la compatibilidad contextual de la primera cláusula. Mantengo que, en casos en los que la proyección es bloqueada, la presuposición es condicionalizada a la primera cláusula (o su negación). Demuestro que la condicionalización es motivada de manera directa por las restricciones de tipo pragmático descritas arriba y que, contrariamente a la idea defendida por la así llamada ‘teoría de la satisfacción’, la condicionalización de la presuposición es un fenómeno independiente de la satisfacción local de la misma.

Mémoire (M.A.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1992. / Ce mémoire a été réalisé à l'UQAC dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en linguistique extensionné de l'Université Laval à l'UQAC. CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. [81]-86. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU