Zugl.: Hannover, Universiẗat, Diss., 2004.

Cette thèse étudie le fonctionnement des déterminations définie et indéfinie au sein des syntagmes nominaux génériques en anglais contemporain à partir d’un corpus essentiellement composé de textes encyclopédiques et scientifiques. La catégorisation générique peut relever de processus cognitifs et de niveaux d’abstraction distincts signifiés par les déterminations définie et indéfinie. La première partie décrit successivement le cadre référentiel de cette étude, la formalisation morphosyntaxique de la généricité nominale, la spécification dont sont porteurs les articles définis et indéfinis, ainsi que les contraintes déterminatives liées à la classe lexico-grammaticale des substantifs et au contexte prédicatif. La deuxième partie étudie les possibilités et impossibilités déterminatives au regard des contextes prédicatifs lorsque le syntagme nominal est associé à un prédicat d’espèce. Nous considérons plus spécifiquement l’interaction entre la classification des espèces, le nombre singulier ou pluriel et la détermination définie ou indéfinie en nous intéressant aux espèces conçues dans leur pluralité interne. La troisième partie examine le fonctionnement de l’article défini comme opérateur d’abstraction. L’étude des spécialisations de the montre qu’il est lié à une visée référentielle externalisante et synthétique. La quatrième partie traite du fonctionnement des syntagmes nominaux génériques définis et indéfinis au sein des textes génériques eu égard à la structuration du discours. L’article défini sous-tend une dimension anaphorique au générique également, et reste la marque de la saillance cognitive du référent. / This dissertation deals with the use of definite and indefinite determiners in generic noun phrases in contemporary English, using a corpus based on encyclopedic and scientific texts mainly. The categorization which genericity is based on results from various cognitive processes and levels of abstraction which are signified in the use of definite and indefinite determiners. The first part successively describes the referential framework of our study, the morphosyntactical forms of generic noun phrases, the values of definite and indefinite articles, as well as the pattern of constraints on definite and indefinite articles established by the lexico-grammatical features of nouns and the predicative context. The second part examines determiner possibilities and impossibilities with regard to the predicative context when a generic noun phrase is combined with a kind-predicate. More specifically, we correlate species classification, singular/plural number marking and definite/indefinite determination as we examine the plural structure of generic referents. The third part studies the use of the definite article as an abstraction operator. As we consider cases in which the use of definite noun phrases is favored, we show that its reference involves an externalizing and synthetic dimension. The fourth part deals with the way generic definite and indefinite noun phrases combine in generic texts with regard to the discourse structure. The use of the definite article presupposes an anaphoric dimension in generic reference also and indicates that the referent is salient in a cognitive perspective.

O presente trabalho é o resultado da análise de alguns problemas matemáticos dos livros didáticos e tem como objetivo identificar as causas da dificuldade de interpretação e intelecção dos problemas matemáticos pelos alunos que estão iniciando a leitura, na 1 série do Ensino Fundamental I. Nossa hipótese é que os fatores lingüísticos relativos aos enunciados dos problemas matemáticos interferem na sua compreensão, conforme a articulação entre os fenômenos da língua e a construção deste tipo textual. Buscamos, então, os estudos dos mecanismos enunciativos e de textualização. A metodologia deste estudo consiste na análise do texto, baseada nos estudos da lingüística textual, relativos ao nível semântico-pragmático-léxico da construção textual, tendo em vista a complexidade dos enunciados dos problemas matemáticos. Acreditamos que as estratégias textuais, as categorias de referenciação (endofórica, anafórica, catafórica e exofórica) e dos dêiticos (tempo, lugar e pessoa), são fatores lingüísticos, que, conforme a articulação na construção do enunciado, dificultam a intelecção e interpretação dos problemas matemáticos, sobretudo, pelos educandos que estão iniciando a leitura e, nesse período, apresentam dificuldades nas relações espaciais e temporais. A pesquisa compreendeu, basicamente, dois momentos fundamentais: a escolha dos problemas matemáticos, e a análise dos dados. Primeiramente buscamos, construir um instrumento metodológico para identificar e selecionar, através do corpus constituído, os problemas matemáticos, cuja construção do enunciado poderá induzir ao erro do educando na resolução do problema. Selecionamos fragmentos textuais, aleatoriamente, conforme a natureza da superfície textual, buscando alguns fatores lingüísticos que interferem na interpretação e intelecção dos problemas matemáticos, sem nos preocuparmos no entanto com a quantidade de problemas analisados. Posteriomente, partimos para a análise dos dados, fundamentada nas relações lingüísticas, e na questão de compreensão textual, considerando os aspectos sócio-culturais em que o educando está inserido. Propomos, pois, ao longo desta pesquisa, embora reconheçamos que não esgotamos o assunto, suscitar uma nova reflexão nos autores dos livros didáticos, na construção dos enunciados dos problemas matemáticos, que no nosso entender, facilitará a intelecção e interpretação dos problemas matemáticos aos alunos de 1 série do Ensino Fundamental I. / The present work is the result of the analysis of some mathematical problems of didactic books, and has as objective identify the causes of the interpretation difficulty and intelection of the mathematical problems for the pupils who are initiating the reading, in first years of basic school. Our hypothesis is linguistic factors into the statments of the mathematical problems intervenes in the understanding, as the joint between the phenomon of the language and the construction of this text type. So we study, the enunciative mechanisms and textmake. The methodology of this study consists in the analysis of the text, based in studies of text linguistics, in the level semantic-pragmatic-lexicon in the text construction, in view of complexity of the statements of the mathematical problems. We believe that the text strategies, referencing categories (endofórica, anafórica, catafórica and exofórica) and the dêiticos (time, place and person), they are linguistic factors, in the construction of statement, they make difficult the understanding of the mathematical problems, over all, for the educating that are initiating reading, and show in this period special difficulties with space and secular relations. The research understood, basically, two basic moments: the choice of the mathematical problems, and the analysis of the informations. First, we search a methodological instrument to identify and select, through the corpus, mathematical problems, whose statement construction will be able to induce the educating to the error in resolution of the problem. We select text fragments, randomly, as the nature of the text surface, searching some linguistic factors that interven in the interpretation and understanding of the mathematical problems, without special about the amount of analyzed problems. Lately, we have analysed the research, buy the social-culture aspects whose the educating is inserted. We meant to reflect about the didatical book, that will be easier to the educating understand the statements of the mathematical problems of the first years of basic school

The general view by some linguists seems to be that the French simple future is often replacedby the periphrastic future in spoken language; a natural development characterized by anincrease of analytical forms at the expense of synthetic forms. However others claim that theusage of both simple and periphrastic future are still present in ordinary French, both havingdifferent implications. In this particular study, we examine the usage of simple future andperiphrastic future in the corpus ESLO2, which consist of transcripts of interviews andconversations from Orléans, France. We also examine some of the linguistic factors thatmight affect the usage of the two forms. Our hypothesis, based on previous literature andarticles treating the subject, being that the periphrastic future is used more frequently than thesimple future and that the traditional distinction between the two forms is not adequate inexplaining their usage in spoken French. The results of the study show that the periphrasticfuture is used more frequently than the simple form, and that there are linguistic factors thatcould explain their usage, however it is difficult to find unison explanations and furtherstudies are needed to conclude the factors behind the two forms.

Orientador: Ariadne Maria Brito Rizzoni Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T04:43:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coelho_ThiagoThomes_M.pdf: 1293031 bytes, checksum: e0e6b1cd98ea1818dfa38a0c78aaf2e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Um dos problemas do processamento de língua natural é a resolução de anáforas, fenômeno que ocorre quando duas ou mais expressões de um texto se referem a uma mesma entidade do discurso. Diversos algoritmos foram propostos para fazer a identificação do antecedente anafórico de pronomes, como o algoritmo de Lappin e Leass (1994), Hobbs (1978) e Grosz et aI. (1995). A resolução de anáforas pode melhorar consideravelmente a qualidade do resultado em diversas aplicações de processamento de língua natural, como por exemplo a recuperação e extração de informações, geração automática de resumos, traduções automáticas, entre outros. A pesquisa envolvendo o processamento automático do português ainda é limitada, se comparada a outras línguas, como inglês, francês e espanhol. Este trabalho visa implementar e avaliar o algoritmo de Lappin e Leass para a resolução de anáforas pronominais em terceira pessoa e pronomes reflexivos e recíprocos, em português. O algoritmo é baseado em um sistema de pesos, atribuídos de acordo com a estrutura sintática da sentença, e utiliza apenas conhecimento sintático na resolução das anáforas / Abstract: One of the most challenging problems in naturallanguage processing is anaphora resolution. This phenomenon occurs when one or more expressions in a text refer to the same entity previously mentioned in the discourse. Several approaches to anaphora resolution have been proposed, such as Lappin e Leass' algorithm (1994), Hobbs (1978) and Grosz et aI. (1995). Anaphora resolution can improve significantly the performance of several naturallanguage processing applications, such as automatic translation and summarisation, among others. Research in automatic processing of Portuguese is still incipient, when compared with other languages such as English, Spanish or French. This work aims at developing and evaluating the Lappin and Leass' algorithm for third person, as well as reflexive and reciprocal pronoun resolution, in Portuguese. The algorithm relies on an weighting scheme assigned according to the syntactic structure of the sentence, and on syntactic knowledge to perform anaphora resolution / Mestrado / Processamento de Linguas Naturais / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Orientador: Ariadne Maria Brito Rizzoni Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T03:50:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_FernandoJoseVieirada_M.pdf: 1134176 bytes, checksum: a3e6489420245269fc086ab2eb5d803e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Cette thèse a pour objectif l’étude des démonstratifs déclinables et indéclinables en espagnol du Mexique, dans une approche synchronique. Le traitement statistique d’un corpus de 205600 mots a permis de décrire l’emploi actuel des démonstratifs, dans la pratique orale et écrite, de déterminer l’état actuel du système et d’évaluer le risque de disparition de certains démonstratifs caractérisés par leur faible fréquence d’emploi [aquel, aquello, acá, allí]. Le travail aborde certains phénomènes propres au Mexique, tels que la difficulté de distinguer ahí de allí et les conséquences qui en découlent, telles que la tendance à la substitution de allí par ahí et l’opposition fréquente de aquí à allá. L’analyse a été réalisée à partir des approches théoriques de Maurice Molho et Jean-Louis Bénézech, fondées, pour l’essentiel, sur l’observation des signifiants. Les opérations de référenciation accomplies au moyen des deux sous-systèmes décrits sont analysées en fonction de trois approches qui, en fait, sont complémentaires. Les emplois déictiques et endophoriques [anaphoriques et cataphoriques] sont étudiés dans le cadre de l’approche traditionnelle. L’approche cognitive tient compte de la manière dont le « nouveau » et le « connu » influencent le choix du démonstratif par le locuteur. L’approche pragmatique offre une vision plus complète du fonctionnement des expressions référentielles ; elle tient compte non seulement de l’interlocuteur mais de la situation de communication dans son entier. / The objective of this thesis is to study the declinable and non-declinable demonstrative words in Mexican Spanish within a synchronic framework. The result of the statistical study consisting of a corpus of 205, 600 words allowed for a description of the current use of the demonstratives in the spoken and the written word, for an analysis of the existing system of demonstrative usage, and an evaluation of the risk of certain demonstrative pronouns and adverbs [aquel, aquello, acá, allí] disappearing totally from Mexican Spanish, given their infrequent use. The work deals with certain linguistic phenomena particular to Mexico, such as the difficulty of distinguishing ahí from allí and the consequences thereof, as well as the tendency to substitute allí with ahí and the frequent establishment of the relationship between aquí and allá. The analysis has been carried out within the context of the theories of Maurice Molho and Jean-Louis Bénézech that are essentially based on the observation of signifiers. The referential functioning carried out by the declinable and non-declinable demonstratives are analyzed in function of the three approaches that are, in fact, complementary. The deictic and endophoric uses [anaphoric and cataphoric] are studied within the framework of the traditional approach. The cognitive approach takes into account the way in which « the new » and « the known » influence the speaker’s choice of demonstrative pronoun. The pragmatic approach offers a more complete vision of the working of the referential expressions, as it takes into account not just the interlocutor but the communication situation in its entirety.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-08-26T22:14:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_AGENILDA.pdf: 3220870 bytes, checksum: 32027f55b213f714258720168ab03b1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-26T22:14:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_AGENILDA.pdf: 3220870 bytes, checksum: 32027f55b213f714258720168ab03b1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-11 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / This paper presents a study on the ways noted by the Indirect Anaphoras ( Marcuschi , 2005) in verbal- visual texts that enrich the possibilities for ( re) construction of the senses through elements of verbal and visual language . In light of this, this study will be from the theoretical perspective of Linguistics Textual, a social cognitive - interactional approach. The corpus consists of a selection of the genre strips, which has as main character a little boy named Calvin, name entitles these narratives created by American cartoonist Bill Watterson, exposed in the "Current" the New School Magazine and on the official site on the internet. About the indirect anaphoric relations, it can be said that there is a direct relationship between the antecedent (anchor) and the anaphoric term, which is introducing a new referent and the anaphoric relationship depends on an interpretation based on a calculation of inferential nature. Thus, it is considered that only the relations of lexical-semantic nature are not sufficient to explain the anaphoric relations and argues that these settings also depend on contextual and conceptual factors that allow the organized distribution of discourse objects, fulfilling a role important in textual progression. The results reinforce the relations established through the indirect anaphora and their anchors are not linked to the notion of correference and even it isn?t having this direct relationship, anchored in the textual universe, extrapolating the co-text and mobilizing a wide universe of cognitive strategies inherent in sociocultural interaction of the individual. The introduction of a new element in the text, even it not directly related to an antecedent, enables thematic continuity ensuring the textual progression. / RESUMO Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um estudo sobre os modos de referir por meio das An?foras Indiretas (MARCUSCHI, 2005) em textos verbo-visuais, que enriquecem as possibilidades de (re)constru??o dos sentidos atrav?s de elementos da linguagem verbal e da linguagem visual. Tendo isso em vista, esse estudo ser? feito sob a perspectiva te?rica da Lingu?stica Textual, numa abordagem sociocognitivo-interacional. O corpus constitui-se de uma sele??o do g?nero tirinhas, que traz como personagem principal um garotinho chamado Calvin, nome que intitula essas narrativas criadas pelo cartunista americano Bill Watterson, expostas na se??o ?Em dia? da Revista Nova Escola e na p?gina oficial da revista na internet. Sobre as rela??es anaf?ricas indiretas, pode-se dizer que n?o h? uma rela??o direta entre o antecedente (?ncora) e o termo anaf?rico, que h? introdu??o de um novo referente e que a rela??o anaf?rica depende de uma interpreta??o baseada num c?lculo de natureza inferencial. Dessa forma, considera-se que apenas as rela??es de natureza l?xico-sem?nticas n?o sejam suficientes para explicar as rela??es anaf?ricas e defende-se que essas configura??es dependem tamb?m de fatores contextuais e conceituais que permitir?o a distribui??o organizada de objetos de discurso, cumprindo um papel importante na progress?o textual. Os resultados refor?am que as rela??es estabelecidas atrav?s das an?foras indiretas e suas ?ncoras n?o est?o ligadas ? no??o de correferencialidade e, mesmo n?o tendo essa rela??o direta, ancoram-se no universo textual, extrapolando o cotexto e mobilizando um amplo universo de estrat?gias cognitivas inerentes ? intera??o sociocultural do indiv?duo. A introdu??o de um elemento novo no texto, mesmo sem rela??o direta com um antecedente, possibilita a continuidade tem?tica garantindo a progress?o textual.

This paper analyzes the functions of stylistic figures in the Russian newspaper text. Material was from the texts of different genres, published in the Central Newspapers of Russia. We analyze anaphora, syntactic parallelism, parcelling. Different logical and expressive function of the mentioned figures. We identify and describe the semantic and stylistic varieties of each figure. / Работа посвящена анализу функционирования стилистических фигур в русском газетном тексте. Материалом послужили тексты разных жанров, опубликованные в центральных газетах России. Анализируются фигуры анафора, синтаксический параллелизм, парцелляция. Различаются логическая и экспрессивная функция названных фигур. Выделены и описаны семантико-стилистические разновидности каждой из них.

The thesis is focused on the Spanish determiners este, ese, aquel, the definite article and their anaphoric function. First, the theoretical groundwork for the latter analysis is built: the deter- miners are characterized together with the anaphora as a device of discourse coherence. Then, the choice between the demonstratives este, ese, aquel and the defi- nite article in different types of nominal anaphora is analyzed using examples from the parallel corpus InterCorp. Diverse factors influencing this choice are examined. The analysis is extended with a comparative analysis in which Czech equivalents of the Spanish determiners in the same types of anaphora are compared.