Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiane Ramon de Alcantara.pdf: 1580752 bytes, checksum: b24b5e39eb3d6d9364aeb2d1cc88265e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the greatest financial barriers faced by Small Technology - Based Firms of CIETEC in Sao Paulo. In particular, this work aims to analyze which of these derives from the absence of adequate sources of funding. In order to achieve this objective we opted for an empirical study with a group of residents and graduated enterprises at the Incubator Center for Technological Companies from USP São Paulo. Mobilizing resources for Small Technology - Based Firms includes the study of financial environment, the institutional arrangements and mechanisms for state action and the actors in the credit and capital market. Additionally, the determinants of funding supply and demand must be understood considering the distinguishing features of this type of company. When we consider these aspects it is possible to find certain facilitator factors, such as the center infrastructure and the capabilities of entrepreneurs. Among the obstacles are mainly the products and services nature and maturation cycles and the academic profile of the founding partners. The conclusion is that the Small Technology - Based Firms of CIETEC even though with difficulties are able to do a better quest for public funding when compared to private ones made in credit and capital markets - particularly in the seed and venture capital modalities. The intense usage of public funds by these companies is sometimes a discouraging factor for market entrance, since these companies are used to survive with public funds. It seems to be a common fear among companies to have their projects rejected in the context of some agencies. In fact, when it occurs, they are obligated to stop the research and development of products and services, slowing the development process. In the field research with investors we found two possible solutions to the problem: i) the free providing, by CIETEC, of a TBCs management course in the same structure of the course made by Fundação Dom Cabral, Belo Horizonte, MG, ii) the development of tools for supporting the preparation of projects, such as courses or consultancy, to promote the reduction of mistakes made by companies during the preparation of funding requests for technology projects / O propósito desta dissertação é investigar quais são os maiores obstáculos financeiros enfrentados por Empresas de Base Tecnológica do CIETEC em São Paulo. Em especial, o trabalho objetiva analisar quais desses obstáculos são derivados da ausência de fontes adequadas de financiamento. Para tanto, optou-se pelo estudo empírico com um grupo de empresas residentes e graduadas no Centro Incubador de Empresas Tecnológicas, da USP São Paulo. A mobilização de recursos para EBTs engloba o estudo do ambiente financeiro, do arranjo institucional e dos mecanismos de atuação do Estado e dos atores no mercado de crédito e capitais. Adicionalmente, os fatores determinantes da oferta e demanda de financiamento devem ser compreendidos à luz das características distintivas desse tipo de empresa. Considerando esses aspectos, é possível encontrar certos fatores facilitadores, como a infraestrutura do Centro Incubador e as capacidades dos empreendedores. Entre os obstáculos enfrentados estão, principalmente, a natureza e o ciclo de maturação dos produtos/ serviços, além do perfil acadêmico dos sócios fundadores. A conclusão do estudo é que as empresas de base tecnológica do CIETEC têm mais facilidade -- embora também enfrentem dificuldades -- na busca por financiamento público do que por financiamento no mercado privado de crédito e capitais especialmente seed e venture capital. A intensa utilização de financiamento público por essas empresas é, por vezes, fator desestimulante para a inserção no mercado, uma vez que as empresas ficam acostumadas a sobreviver com recursos públicos. Parece comum o medo das empresas em ter seus projetos recusados no âmbito de algum órgão de fomento. De fato, quando isso ocorre, elas são obrigadas a parar a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento dos produtos/serviços, retardando o processo de desenvolvimento. Na pesquisa de campo realizada com investidores foram encontradas duas possíveis soluções para o problema: i) o fornecimento gratuito, pelo CIETEC, de um curso de gestão de EBTs, nos moldes do realizado pela Fundação Dom Cabral, em Belo Horizonte- MG; ii) a elaboração de instrumentos de apoio à elaboração de projetos, como cursos ou consultoria, que possibilitem a redução dos erros cometidos pelas empresas durante a elaboração de pedidos de financiamento para projetos tecnológicos

Devenue en l'espace d'une trentaine d'années un segment à part entière de la finance internationale, la finance islamique trouve désormais tout son sens dans l'économie contemporaine. La crise de 2008 et ses conséquences dramatiques sur le tissu économique et entrepreneurial ont donné un attrait aux financements islamiques et notamment aux opérations de capital risque. Apparu au début des années 2000, le capital risque islamique consiste à prendre des participations au capital de sociétés non cotées considérées comme conformes à l'éthique musulmane afin de financer leur création et leur démarrage. Dans cette opération, il existe un lien incontestable entre l'éthique religieuse et la notion d’investissement. Si les prescriptions du droit musulman garantissent un équilibre entre les partenaires financiers, elles soumettent néanmoins l’investisseur à certaines contraintes. La structuration d'une opération financière islamique commande en effet le respect de certains principes d'essence religieuse tels que la prohibition de la spéculation, l'aléa et toute forme de rémunération par l'intérêt. Se pose alors la question de l'acculturation de ce modèle dans la finance française. En ce sens, l'hypothèse principale de cette recherche vise à analyser l'adaptabilité du capital risque islamique en vue de sa structuration dans le cadre juridique français. A travers une analyse approfondie des exigences de la loi islamique et du cadre de la gestion collective en France, la présente étude met en perspective les structures juridiques permettant d'atteindre la flexibilité requise pour mettre en œuvre une opération de capital risque islamique en droit français. Outre les enjeux économiques qui sont attachés à la réception d'une activité à haute valeur ajoutée, la modélisation d'un « capital risque islamique à la française » pourrait renforcer l'attractivité de la place de Paris en permettant l'inclusion d'une catégorie d'entrepreneurs et d'investisseurs à la recherche d'une alternative plus éthique et solidaire pour le financement d'entreprise. / In the space of 30 years, Islamic finance has become a full segment of international finance and has proved its value in the contemporary economy. The 2008 crisis and its dramatic consequences on the economic and business fabric raised attractiveness of Islamic finance transactions, in particular venture capital. The latter was created in the early 2000’s and consists in taking equity participations in unlisted companies that are considered compliant with Islamic ethics to finance their creation and startup. Thus, religious ethics and investment are indisputably linked. If the Islamic law requires ensuring a balance between financial partners, the investor is nevertheless subject to certain constraints. Indeed, the legal structuring of Islamic financial transactions obliges compliance with certain religious principles such as prohibition of speculation, hazard and any form of remuneration by interest. This raises the question of the acculturation of this model within the French finance. To this end, the main hypothesis of this research aims to analyze the adaptability of Islamic venture capital in view of its implementation in the French legal framework. Through in-depth analysis of the requirements of Islamic law and the framework of collective management in France, this study puts into perspective the legal structures that could provide the flexibility required to implement an Islamic venture capital transaction into French law. In addition to the economic benefits attached to the receipt of an activity with high added value, modeling a "French Islamic venture capital" could increase the attractiveness of the financial place of Paris by allowing the inclusion of a class of entrepreneurs and investors looking for ethical and cooperative alternatives for corporate finance.

Over the past decade, Social Impact Investing (SII) has garnered increasing attention among public policy makers as a solution for multigenerational, complex, intractable social and environmental problems, or as some advocates like to say, ‘wicked’ problems. The growing interest in SII aligns with the expansion, since the 1980s, of a set of public sector reforms that make use of new public policy instruments to achieve public objectives. Neoliberal economists and New Public Management (NPM) theorists have long argued for these reforms to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of government bureaucracies. These reforms have led to a paradigm shift that Lester M. Salamon has labeled ‘New Governance’, characterized by public policies that make use of market mechanisms, partnerships with new actors, networks and flexible rules. Public administration scholars have suggested focusing on public policy instruments instead of the traditional focus on programs and institutions to gain an understanding of the dynamics of the ‘New Governance’ paradigm and to address important questions that go beyond the dimensions of effectiveness and efficiency. This dissertation draws on Lester M. Salamon’s framework for analyzing public policy instruments combined with a conceptual framework developed by the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD). The thesis uses this framework to assess the SII market by examining three cases of Canadian federal public policy instruments designed and implemented to achieve socio-economic objectives. These policy instruments provide either a cash transfer or a tax incentive to create investment funds mandated to invest with a purpose of making a return and achieving a positive social outcome. The dissertation employs a qualitative research approach and case study method to explore questions of equity and effectiveness to produce findings and recommendations useful to pubic administration scholars who focus their research on public policy instruments and to public policy makers who are considering policy options for structuring and growing the SII market. Data was collected through an extensive document review and 19 semistructured interviews. A dimensional analysis, SII analysis and discourse analysis of the data were undertaken. The researcher made the choice of undertaking a discourse analysis in order to fill a gap in the public policy instrument literature and inform the debate on SII. This dissertation contributes to the body of knowledge on public policy instruments and SII by presenting the results of a comparative analysis of three public policy instruments that created investment funds mandated to produce socio-economic outcomes.

Over the last three decades, scholars in management, policy, and geography have examined the growing economic, social, and spatial impact of the financial sector. Venture capital firms have been a focus, generating a contested but deep literature around the roles of such "value-adding" capital providers in supporting the growth of firms, industries, and various territorial innovation models. In parallel, there has been substantial government support-financial, regulatory, and otherwise-of these private sector financial intermediaries, despite scepticism. The past twenty years have seen the emergence and rapid growth of analogous funders in the third sector, itself the realm of substantial experimentation and growth. These new intermediaries, "venture philanthropists", have become important players in shaping, structuring, and channelling funding to the third sector. The activities and effects of venture philanthropists are underexplored, as are their growing interactions with governments-despite intentional and striking similarities between the evolution of venture capital and that of venture philanthropy. This dissertation addresses these gaps by systematically examining the emergence, evolution, and operational practices of two influential British venture philanthropy funds: the first such fund in Europe (Impetus Trust) and the first fund in the world co-created with the state (Inspiring Scotland). The two venture philanthropy organisations (VPOs)-one with roots in venture capital, the other with roots in the voluntary and government sectors-both conducted the venture capital-inspired operational model of venture philanthropy in similar ways. That said, the VPOs reflected the logics and practices of their founders and funders. Impetus Trust more closely resembled early-stage venture capital, with a reliance on London-based networks, funders, and service providers-and a heavily London-focused portfolio. Inspiring Scotland evidenced the logics of government rather than charity in several instances, with substantial original research into social issues, heavily structured portfolios on set timelines, and regionally-distributed staff. This approach broadened access, allowing support of SPOs and their clients across various (and underserved) geographies, but limited options for opportunity-driven or expressive functions of philanthropy. I surveyed the CEOs of most organisations supported by the two venture philanthropy funds (82 of 98 charities and social businesses), supplemented by interviews of selected CEOs and the founders and staff of the two funds. I find that, overall, the two VPOs each engaged in seven core activities of venture capital, intentionally adapting them to the third sector: sourcing and selection, due diligence, an engaged relationship, provision of funding, provision of non-financial support, creation of network linkages, and intentional exiting of relationships. As in venture capital, this process had broader effects: providing signals of investee quality, preparing investees for subsequent funding, and expanding networks. The combination of long-term relationships and high formal reporting requirements imposed significant costs for SPOs-and also created a virtuous cycle of trust and collaboration between VPOs and SPOs. The venture philanthropy model also had broader societal effects, creating data regarding individual organisations and the efficacy of responses to social issues, which in both cases informed policy. As intermediaries, venture philanthropists decreased power differentials and improved the flow of (oft-anonymized) information amongst funders, statutory bodies, and funded organisations, facilitating several types of collaboration. SPO managers indicated that they received, on average, approximately ten different types of non-financial support-like strategy consulting, human resources support, or legal counsel. These managers reported in interviews and surveys that the non-financial services provided by venture philanthropists were highly valued, on average. Further, managers believed these services provided more value than it cost the VPOs to provide them. Likewise, managers highly valued most forms of new networking connections (though not all services or linkages were found to be valuable). Smaller SPOs valued services and network links more highly than larger SPOs, although all sizes of SPOs indicated both were valuable, on average. Importantly, this data was provided by SPO managers and focused on the SPO-VPO dyad-rather than provided by VPOs and focused at the portfolio or trust level. This filled an important gap in the literature: academics and practitioners often lament that the voices of charities supported by foundations are not often enough heard, which limits our understanding of many aspects of organizational philanthropy and its effects-in particular the burdens and benefits for recipient organisations. I documented the co-creation of the first government-supported venture philanthropy fund through eleven interviews with founding managers and government officials. This model, in which state, private, and civil society actors collectively founded and funded a value-adding capital provider, militates against neoliberal assumptions of an ever-diminishing state, as does the leveraging of private resources in alignment with state aims-though it raises concerns around democratic processes, accountability, and local control. This work helps inform the changing nature of the voluntary sector and its relationship with the state. I focus on the increasing interaction of actors between and across systems-sometimes in new roles and coordinated by new intermediaries-in the allocation of resources and delivery of services in the public interest. These new interactions inform broad bodies of work that seek to understand changing sectoral roles, most notably discourses surrounding neoliberalism(s), financialisation, and public management. Overall, I find privately- and publicly-funded venture philanthropy playing a role in the third sector analogous to the role of venture capital in the private sector, with similar practices and concomitant effects in data generation, network formation and strengthening, facilitating partnerships, and signalling the quality of supported organisations. By examining two such emerging models of capital provision, I contribute grounded understanding of the way such systems are created and function across the private, public, and third sectors.

Cette thèse s’interesse à l’étude des effets des sociétés de Capital-Investissement (SCI) sur la performance des introductions en bourse. La démarche suivie pour argumenter cette thèse nous a conduits, dans une première partie, à justifier notre positionnement théorique et à définir nos hypothèses de recherche. Cette étape nous a orientée vers l’analyse des caractéristiques des introductions en bourse et l’analyse du rôle des SCI notamment sur le marché des introductions en bourse. Nous avons construit une argumentation autour du rôle des SCI en matière de résolution des asyémtries informationnelles caractérisant les sociétés introduites en bourse. Les SCI, étant dotées d’une capacité à concevoir des contrats, d’un réseau de connaissance et d’une expertise, pourraient atténuer les conflits d’agence et émettre un signal positif sur le marché d’IPOs. En revanche, ces sociétés pourraient se retrouver face au problème de sélection adverse au moment de la décision d’investissement et/ou adopter un comportement opportuniste pour servir leurs intérêts. La vérification empirique de cette problèmatique est développée dans la deuxième partie de notre thèse. Elle consiste à comparer la performance à court et à long terme des sociétés financées de celles non financées par CI, ensuite analyser cette performance en foction de l’affiliation institutionnelle des SCI et enfin, expliquer cette performance en fonction de la réputation des SCI et des stratégies d’intermédiation de celles-ci, notamment la syndication, le financement séquentiel et la distribution des droits aux cash-flows et au contrôle / In this dissertation, it is tried to understand the effects of Venture Capital Firms (VCF) on the performance of VC-backed listed companies in France. To do this research, we try to develop, in the first part, theoretical framework and define research hypothesis. This part leads us to examine characteristics of initial public offerings (IPOs) and the role of venture capitalists particularly in conducting an IPO. We develop the argument around the role of VCF in resolving informational problems, characteristics of IPO’s market. A VCF, being specialists to draw up contract with entrepreneurs and possessing expertise and knowledge network, could diminish conflicts of interests and certify IPOs. However, these firms could run a problem of adverse selection and/or adopt opportunistic behaviour to serve their own interests. The empirical validation of this problem is dealt with in second part of this dissertation. It consists, in first place, to compare performance of VC backing IPOs to Non-VC backing IPOs. In second place, we determine the relation between the performance of VC backing IPOs and the institutional affiliation of VCF. In last part, we test explanatory power of reputation of VCF and their mechanisms of intermediation, particularly, syndication, staged financing and distribution of cash-flows and control rights

在中國大陸的法律環境中，外商私募股權基金是較新的議題，它同時牽涉了「外商投資」與「私募股權投資」兩個領域。因此，就外商私募股權基金而言，其為中國大陸在國外法律繼受嬗變後，再於法律雙軌制下的二次嬗變。 外商私募股權基金，是指由外國投資者注資或者外國投資者管理的私募股權基金。因此，它的市場屬性為「外國直接投資」、「國際金融服務」。 由於中國大陸對外商採取「外資法群」進行規範，而並沒有一部外商法典做集中、統一的規定。因此，彼此間存在一定程度的分散、重複、衝突等問題。再加上中國大陸對外商、內資採取雙軌制立法，故法律規範雖有創新但也常有彼此扞格或不足之處。也因此造成運作上的幾個問題：外匯管制、投資待遇、雙軌制、地方政府隨意的政策、實務操作的衝突(投資協議、有限合夥)、及優先股的欠缺。 財經法律因應經濟市場而生，惟經濟市場逐年改變。外商私募股權基金既是經濟市場的產物，就無法透過行政力量加以限制，也無需透過偏頗政策揠苗助長。僅需創造一個平等的法治環境，讓市場自行運作。 本文探討中國大陸對外商私募股權基金相關法規的發展現狀、投資障礙與內外資衝突等議題。除對如何完善立法略盡棉薄之力外，並希冀能提供台灣投資者於前進中國大陸時有所參考。 / In the legal environment of China, the foreign private equity fund is a relatively new issue, it involves two areas of "foreign investment" and "private equity investment” simultaneously. Therefore, with respect to the foreign private equity fund, it is subject to transmutation of foreign laws and subsequently the second transmutation under the dual system of laws in China. The foreign private equity funds refer to the private equity funds injected by foreign investors or managed by foreign investors. Therefore, its market attribute to the "foreign direct investment", "international financial service." Although China has adopted a series of laws to regulate foreign enterprises, there is not one foreign investment code as centralized and unified regulation. Thus, there exists a certain degree of dispersion, overlap, conflict problems among them. Along with the duel system of legislation adopted for foreign enterprises and domestic investments, there are often discrepancies or deficiencies between the legal requirements, although they have been innovated. This resulted in several operational problems: foreign exchange controls, investment treatments, duel system, arbitrary policies of local governments, conflict in practices (investment agreement, limited partnership), and the lack of preference shares. Financial laws are established in response to the market economy, but the economic market changes every year. Since the foreign private equity funds are the production of the market economy, they cannot be restricted only by the administrative power, and they don’t need partial polices to pull up. They only require creating an equal legal environment to make the market operate under its own mechanism. This paper discovers the issues with respect to the current development status of related regulations on the foreign private equity funds, foreign investment barriers and conflicts between domestic and foreign investment in China. In addition to make a little contribution to improve the legislation, it’s also expected to provide reference to Taiwan investors for developing business in China.

Questo studio vuole illustrare le possibilità di sviluppo dell’industria del venture capital nei mercati emergenti. Il venture capital rappresenta un’alternativa importante per le imprese emergenti dei paesi in via di sviluppo, contribuendo a rafforzare uno sviluppo integrato di tutto il sistema finanziario e dei suoi attori principali quali le istituzioni bancarie tradizionali, i fondi d’investimento ed il mercato dei capitali. L’obiettivo principale del progetto consiste nell’identificare gli attori principali, e gli investimenti target, così come le esperienze più significative, analizzando i fattori critici e mettendo a fuco azioni e programmi utili per attirare investitori di venture capital, accrescere la conoscenza di questi strumenti e superare i maggiori ostacoli al fine di massimizzare l’impatto che l’industria del venture capital può avere nel rafforzare la crescita industriale a livello paese. Il lavoro comprende alcune analisi empiriche nell’ambito dell’area arabo-mediterranea, svolte con l’obiettivo di facilitare partnership ed accrescere investimenti tra i paesi scelti ed i paesi europei. Commenti, spunti e proposte presentate nella parte finale del lavoro sono il frutto di un attento studio degli attori e fattori chiave che contraddistinguono le operazioni di venture capital. Le proposte ed i programmi suggeriti cercano di rispondere alle esigenze e necessità individuate nel corso delle analisi empiriche che sono state svolte trascorrendo lunghi periodi a contatto con gli imprenditori, investitori e funzionari locali. Le analisi empiriche sullo sviluppo dell’industria del venture capital a livello paese sono state svolte in: Giordania, Palestina, Egitto, Israele e Tunisia. / This research aims to verify development of venture capital in emerging markets. Venture capital represents an important alternative to emerging businesses in developing countries by increasing the strength of the entire financial system and its key players, from traditional banking institutions and investment funds, to stock market capital. The project’s main goal is to identify key actors, investment targets, and experiences as well as aiming at analyzing critical factors and conceptualizing related actions pertinent to becoming more competitive in attracting venture capital investors, developing know-how, overcoming barriers, and maximizing the impact venture capital industry may have on industrial growth. The project is focused on the Arab-Mediterranean region seeking to foster partnership and facilitate investment among European and Arab-Mediterranean countries. The comments, ideas, and proposals presented in the final part of the work come from a careful study of the key issues and players exemplified by the operation of venture capital. The findings are also the result of observations made at the end of country-level empirical analyses where much time has been spent in contact with entrepreneurs, investors, and local officials. Country Empirical Analyses on Venture Capital industry development are being carried out in Egypt, Jordan, Palestine, Tunis and Israel.

The three chapters of this thesis investigate the decision-making processes behind financial and donation behaviour of individuals. Chapter One studies the impact of prior learning and competition on the presence of the disposition effect in a venture capital setting. It reveals that prior learning leads to better venture choices and confirms competition as the most efficient form of resource allocation and management. Chapter Two addresses the empirical finding of a negative relationship between income and charitable giving as a proportion of that income. As the first study to replicate this downward relationship in an experiment, it exposes income rank information as one of the factors causing the relationship. Using a unique dataset from a natural experiment in Chapter Three, I explore the effect of increased publicity via additional visibility and information on the household donation behaviour. The results show that donations increase with public announcements and the announcement order. / Los tres capítulos de esta tesis investigar los procesos de toma de decisiones que describen la conducta financiera y la donación de los individuos. Capítulo I estudia el impacto de la formación previa y la competencia en la presencia del efecto de la disposición en un entorno de capital de riesgo. El estudio confirma que la formación previa favorece el proceso de selección y que la competencia permite la asignación más eficaz de recursos y gestión. Capítulo II investiga la presencia de una relación negativa entre los ingresos y las donaciones (representados en proporción de esos ingresos). El capitulo presenta los resultados del primer estudio que examina esta relación con un experimento y propone que entre los factores que explican esta relación es la información sobre los ingresos personales comparado con los de sus compañeros. Capítulo III utiliza una base de datos única que contiene los resultados de un experimento natural y presenta resultados empíricos sobre el efecto de una mayor publicidad a través de la visibilidad e información adicional sobre el comportamiento de la donación de los hogares. Los resultados muestran que las donaciones aumentan con los anuncios públicos y el orden de estos anuncios.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2009.

Cette thèse aborde l’impact du private equity sur la gouvernance des entreprises (chapitres 1 et 2) et les déterminants du capital risque (chapitre 3). Les deux premiers chapitres examinent les changements que les capital-investisseurs introduisent dans la gouvernance des entreprises (en termes de remplacement du dirigeant) suite à une opération Public-to-Private. Les résultats empiriques montrent que (i) les entreprises soutenues par private equity exercent un suivi plus actif et sont plus susceptibles de licencier le dirigeant que les compagnies cotées (chapitre 1) (ii) les entreprises soutenues par des firmes de private equity plus spécialisées (en termes de secteur d’activité) ont moins tendance à licencier leur dirigeant que les entreprises soutenues par des firmes de private equity plus généralistes (chapitre 2). Du point de vue de la théorie, les résultats montrent que le taux de remplacement du directeur général et la sensibilité du départ du dirigeant à la performance sont plus élevés dans les entreprises soutenues par private equity que dans les compagnies cotées (chapitre 1). Ce résultat va dans le sens de l'hypothèse de contrôle, qui affirme que la structure de propriété plus concentrée des entreprises soutenues par private equity induit un contrôle plus fort des actionnaires et un remplacement plus fréquent du dirigeant en cas de faible performance que la structure de propriété dispersée des entreprises cotées. Pour les entreprises ayant des structures de propriété concentrées similaires (i. e., notre échantillon de compagnies soutenues par private equity du Chapitre 2), nos résultats empiriques confortent plutôt l’hypothèse de « l'information interne » avancée par Cornelli et Karakas (2015). Cette théorie suggère que les investisseurs sophistiqués (en particulier les firmes de private equity spécialisées) sont plus enclins à utiliser de l’information «soft» (interne) pour évaluer la compétence du directeur général et pour décider de son remplacement. A contrario, les investisseurs moins sophistiqués auraient tendance à privilégier de l’information «hard», par exemple la performance financière relative de l'entreprise (par rapport à des firmes similaires). Enfin, le Chapitre 3 est lié aux débats sur les déterminants du développement du capital-risque. Nous essayons d'évaluer la façon dont les mécanismes de soutien gouvernemental à l'innovation ont un impact sur les investissements en capital-risque. Nous examinons également l’effet modérateur de l'environnement institutionnel sur la relation entre les dépenses gouvernementales en recherche et développement (R&D) et le capital-risque. Nos résultats montrent qu'un niveau plus élevé de dépenses gouvernementales en R&D entraîne un niveau plus élevé d'investissements en capital-risque. Nous trouvons également une relation positive entre la qualité des institutions formelles et le montant des investissements en capital-risque early-stage. Contrairement aux résultats attendus, la qualité de l’environnement institutionnel a un effet modérateur négatif sur la relation entre les dépenses gouvernementales en R&D et le niveau des investissements en capital-risque. Ce résultat suggère qu’en présence d'institutions formelles hautement développées les opportunités technologiques mesurées par les dépenses gouvernementales en R&D n'ont aucun effet stimulant sur le développement du capital-risque. / This PhD thesis addresses the effects of private equity on corporate governance (Chapter 1 and 2) and the determinants of Venture Capital (VC) investments (Chapter 3). The first two chapters examine the changes that private equity investors introduce in the governance of their portfolio companies (in terms of CEO turnover) after a Public-to-Private (PTP) operation. Our empirical results show that (i) PE-backed companies exert a more active monitoring, and are more likely to dismiss their CEO than public firms (Chapter 1) (ii) PE-backed companies with more specialized investors are less likely to dismiss their CEO than other PE-backed companies (Chapter 2). From a theory perspective, the findings that CEO turnover rate and CEO turnover-performance sensitivity are higher in PE-backed companies comparing with public firms (Chapter 1) seem to support the ‘control hypothesis’, i.e., the contention that the concentrated (and illiquid) ownership structure of PE-backed companies provides stronger shareholder monitoring and a tighter control for poor performance than the dispersed ownership structure of public firms. For companies with similar concentrated ownership structures (i.e., our sample of PE-backed companies in Chapter 2), our results rather support the ‘inside information hypothesis’ of boards advanced by Cornelli and Karakas (2015). This theory suggests that sophisticated investors (e.g. specialized PE firms) are more likely to use ‘soft’ (inside) information when they evaluate the CEO’s competence and the decision to dismiss the CEO. In contrast, less sophisticated investors are more likely to base their decision on ‘hard’ information, e.g., the firm’s performance relative to its peers. Finally, Chapter 3 is related to debate on the determinants of venture capital development. We try to assess how particular mechanisms of governmental support to innovation impact VC investments, and whether the institutional environment moderates the relationship between governmental R&D and VC investments. Our results show that higher level of governmental R&D expenditures lead to higher level of VC investments. We found also that higher quality of formal institutions is associated with higher level of early stage VC activity. Contrary to what was expected, the quality of the institutional environment has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between governmental R&D expenditures and VC activity. A possible interpretation of this result is that in the presence of highly developed formal institutions the technological opportunities measured by governmental R&D expenditures have no stimulating effect on venture capital development.