Les PME structurent 90% des économies émergentes. Elles sont duales, à la fois moteurs de l'activité mondiale et vulnérables à cause d’un recours excessif à l'endettement et d'une économie informelle prégnante. Nous pensons que le capital investissement peut consolider et diffuser cette traction économique devenue l’apanage des seules nations émergentes. Se pose alors la question : « Quel modèle de capital investissement pour les pays émergents ? ». La méthodologie retenue répond à la contrainte d’une littérature encore réduite et d’un difficile accès à l’information. Nous suivons en conséquence une démarche inductive et étudions, au travers du modèle théorique de Timmons, la création d’un fonds d’investissement en Egypte de 2008 à 2011. A partir de ce cas clinique longitudinal, nous induisons un modèle de capital investissement entrepreneurial, à destination des pays émergents et inspiré du capital risque technologique. / SMEs represent 90% of emerging economies. They are dual, both engine for the world economy and vulnerable because of their excessive indebtedness and the weight of informal activities. We think private equity can enhance and spread this economic traction that only qualifies emerging countries. Thus, our question appears as: “Which model for emerging markets private equity?”. We select an inductive approach to address constraints of a limited research literature and a difficult access to data. Through the theoretical Timmons’ model, we perform a longitudinal clinical study of a private equity fund in Egypt, during its inception from 2008 to 2011. We design from our research an entrepreneurial private equity model, dedicated to emerging markets and inspired by venture capital.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:51:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 61060100567.pdf.jpg: 20106 bytes, checksum: 1ff7adf4792cc6a22adf6d7d1a9838cc (MD5) 61060100567.pdf: 845220 bytes, checksum: 2626aeceb589dd82625e0a79d1ed7a1b (MD5) 61060100567.pdf.txt: 236945 bytes, checksum: 2c82a62e156a9da7528d1164f9df2908 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-26T00:00:00Z / Este trabalho investiga a influência da participação de gestores de private equity e venture capital (PE/VC) na governança corporativa das empresas investidas. Mais especificamente, o objetivo do presente estudo é verificar se as empresas financiadas por fundos de PE/VC estréiam no mercado acionário brasileiro com melhor qualidade de informação contábil e melhores padrões de governança corporativa do que as restantes. A amostra utilizada é composta por 69 empresas que efetuaram oferta pública inicial (IPO) na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA) no período de janeiro de 2004 a julho de 2007. Primeiramente, constatou-se que o nível de gerenciamento de resultados contábeis, ou earnings management (medido pelas acumulações discricionárias correntes) das companhias com investimento de PE/VC é significativamente inferior ao nível apresentado pelas empresas que não receberam este tipo de aporte de capital. Ademais, os resultados indicam que a influência do gestor de PE/VC na redução da manipulação de informações contábeis é mais importante exatamente no momento mais crítico, ou seja, no intervalo imediatamente ao redor da data do IPO, quando as empresas gerenciam os resultados mais intensamente. Por fim, também foram encontradas evidências de que as empresas investidas por PE/VC possuem conselhos de administração mais independentes da gestão, em comparação às demais empresas da amostra. A proporção de membros executivos e instrumentais, estreitamente relacionados à administração, é menor entre o grupo de companhias do portfolio dos fundos de PE/VC, enquanto a participação relativa de conselheiros com a função de monitoramento é substancialmente maior. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo foram robustos a diversos testes de sensibilidade. Em síntese, as evidências encontradas levam à conclusão de que as organizações de private equity e venture capital influenciam de forma positiva as práticas de governança corporativa das empresas por elas financiadas. / This paper investigates the role of private equity and venture capital (PE/VC) organizations in the corporate governance of portfolio firms. More specifically, the objective of the present study is to verify if the PE/VC-backed companies have better financial reporting quality and corporate governance standards than others at the time of the Initial Public Offering (IPO) in Brazil. The sample is composed of 69 firms’ IPOs on the Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA) in the period from January 2004 to July 2007. First, it was verified that PE/VCbacked companies have significantly lower earnings management (measured by the level of discretionary current accruals) than non-PE/VC-backed firms. Moreover, the results indicate that the influence of PE/VC managers in reducing the manipulation of accounting information is more important exactly in the most critical moment, that is, in the interval immediately around the date of the IPO, when firms manage earnings upwards more intensely. Finally, evidences have showed, as well, that PE/VC invested companies have boards of directors more independent from management, compared to other companies in the sample. The proportion of executive and instrumental members in the board, closely related to the management, is lower among the group of companies in the portfolio of PE/VC funds, while the participation of directors with the task of monitoring is substantially greater. The results obtained in this study were robust to different tests of sensitivity. In summary, the evidences found lead to the conclusion that private equity and venture capital organizations influence in a positive way the practices of corporate governance at companies they finance.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:55:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 68050200531.pdf.jpg: 24637 bytes, checksum: a9469b3a5f734c6738b9ff9c49f2508f (MD5) 68050200531.pdf: 1938487 bytes, checksum: 9dd4afb2a2459dfda859ad5f8c463ad4 (MD5) 68050200531.pdf.txt: 294218 bytes, checksum: 5ff7dfde34e99cc9cdf90feb228133a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-19T00:00:00Z / Nas economias desenvolvidas, especialmente nos Estados Unidos, a indústria de Private Equity & Venture Capital, que vive o seu segundo ciclo de expansão no Brasil, representa importante fonte de crescimento e dinamização da atividade econômica, através do fomento do empreendedorismo e da inovação tecnológica. Como tal, o estudo da adaptabilidade deste mecanismo a diferentes ambientes jurídico-institucional merece crescente atenção. A complexidade dos chamados contratos incompletos pelas incertezas e assimetrias de informações intrínsecas a estas operações, aliado ao estabelecimento de estruturas de incentivos ótimas que remunerem e protejam adequadamente tanto o investidor quanto o empreendedor, pode ser um fator limitante da expansão do modelo de PE/VC em determinadas geografias. Estas limitações seriam maiores nos países com sistemas legais e instituições menos adaptáveis ao modelo norte-americano de PE/VC. O objetivo central deste trabalho é estudar modelos de financial contract praticados no Brasil entre fundos de PE/VC e empresas investidas em diferentes estágios de maturação; visando a identificar como, se é que existem, condições impeditivas do nosso ambiente jurídico-institucional à celebração de contratos mais eficientes. À luz das teorias em financial contracting e das peculiaridades do ambiente jurídico-institucional brasileiro avaliar-se-á a adequação das estruturas contratuais mais utilizadas em operações de PE/VC no Brasil comparadas aos modelos e às estruturas contratuais mais praticados internacionalmente. De posse destes insights, aplicar-se-á questionário junto a operadores da indústria (gestores de fundos de PE/VC) para identificar suas percepções no tocante às limitações impostas pelo ambiente jurídico-institucional. E se há, na visão deles, um modelo / estrutura de contrato mais recomendado para operações de PE/VC.

Submitted by Cristiane Oliveira (cristiane.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2011-06-13T16:04:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 61080200037.pdf: 2311848 bytes, checksum: fbf28a6d46c2c0ab74e653cc55b05635 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-13T16:08:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 61080200037.pdf: 2311848 bytes, checksum: fbf28a6d46c2c0ab74e653cc55b05635 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-13T16:10:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 61080200037.pdf: 2311848 bytes, checksum: fbf28a6d46c2c0ab74e653cc55b05635 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-13T17:51:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 61080200037.pdf: 2311848 bytes, checksum: fbf28a6d46c2c0ab74e653cc55b05635 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-30 / Esta dissertação analisa o controle societário nas companhias com investimentos de fundos de private equity e venture capital (PE/VC). Lerner e Schoar argumentam que os fundos de PE/VC assumem o controle através da participação acionária majoritária em países do civil law, como o Brasil, em virtude dos baixos índices de proteção aos investidores. Este trabalho investiga a aplicabilidade dessa hipótese nas companhias com investimento de fundos de PE/VC que realizaram a abertura de capital entre os anos de 2004 a 2008. Neste período, 38 companhias com investimento de fundos de PE/VC ingressaram no Novo Mercado da BM&FBovespa. Algumas companhias do Novo Mercado possuem uma estrutura de propriedade mais dispersa e a ausência de um controlador definido. Nessas companhias, acionistas vinculam os seus direitos de voto em um acordo de acionistas para obtenção de mais de 50% do capital votante e para o exercício do controle da sociedade. O acordo de acionistas, portanto, serve como um substituto à participação majoritária em algumas companhias do Novo Mercado. Desta forma, este trabalho analisa a hipótese de que o acordo de acionistas serve como substituto à participação acionária nas companhias com investimentos de fundos de PE/VC, regulando um controle compartilhado. / This research analyzes the corporate control in private equity and venture capital fund (PE/VC) backed companies. Lerner and Schoar argue that PE/VC funds take control over the majority stake in civil law countries, such as Brazil, because of low rates protection for investors. This work investigates the applicability of this assumption in companies with PE/VC investment funds that made an IPO in BM&FBovespa between the years 2004 to 2008. During this period, 38 PE/VC backed companies in the Novo Mercado have a more dispersed ownership structure and the absence of a controlling shareholder. In these companies, investors bind their voting rights in shareholders agreements works as a substitute for a majority stake in some companies in Novo Mercado. This study analyses the assumption that shareholders’ agreement works as a substitute for majority ownership in PE/VC backed companies regulating a joint control.

Portés par des changements technologiques, des cadres juridiques nouveaux, une demande de financement croissante de la part des entreprises innovantes et une montée en maturité des opérateurs du marché, les professionnels du financement de l’innovation ont pour partie modifié leurs pratiques et de nouveaux outils émergent. Ces nombreuses évolutions posent des questionnements théoriques essentiels.La thèse vise à investiguer trois de ces modes de financement. Le premier, les Social Impact Bonds (autrement dénommés en France Contrats à Impact Social) sont un mode de financement de l’innovation sociale non entrepreneuriale apparu en 2010 en Grande-Bretagne. Le second outil analysé est celui du financement participatif (crowdfunding). Forme émergente de financement des projets entrepreneuriaux par la foule sur internet, il connait une croissance forte depuis une décennie. La thèse questionne l’impact du degré d’innovation sur la réussite des campagnes. Le troisième et dernier outil évoqué dans la thèse est celui des fonds de Multi Corporate Venture Capital (MCVC), et leurs formes organisationnelles. / Driven by technological change, new legal frameworks, growing demand for cash from start-ups, and a growing maturity of market operators, innovation finance professionals have partly modified their practices. On the one hand, traditional financing tools have modernized their organizations and methods, and on the other, new forms of financing have emerged. These numerous evolutions open essential theoretical questions, while questioning the traditional theories of the financing of innovation as well as suggesting new theoretical considerations.The thesis investigates three of these modes of financing. The first, the Social Impact Bonds (otherwise known as Contrats à Impact Social, in France) are a way of financing the non-entrepreneurial social innovation that appeared in 2010 in Great Britain. The second tool analyzed is about equity crowdfunding. Emerging form of financing entrepreneurial projects by the crowd on the internet, it knows a strong growth since a decade. The thesis analyzes the impact of innovation degree on campaigns’ success. The third and last tool mentioned in this thesis is that of the funds of Multi Corporate Venture Capital (MCVC).

隨著經濟全球化的發展，創新創業在國際競爭的地位越來越重要，創新不僅是國家經濟增長的動力，也是企業長期競爭力的關鍵。我國創業投資在電子產業快速發展進程中，扮演緩解新創企業融資障礙的重要角色。近期各項經濟數據均顯示，伴隨國家產業創新政策，電子新創企業在研發投入過程中有嚴重的資源錯置問題。本研究以台灣創投投資電子產業之研發效率為例，研究結果證實電子新創企業於首次公開發行期間具研發效率不足現象，主要原因為企業致力於美化財報，提高資本支出以利當期產出反應高財務績效，而抑制研發投入作為上市（櫃）經營策略。 / Innovation activities have long been accredited by its crucial role to sustain continuous long-term economic growth. Recent studies nonetheless suggested severe problems of input misallocation associated with innovation investment. This research measures input misallocations of venture capital supported business and identified significant underinvestment of new ventures right before their initial public offerings (IPOs). This is because new ventures have the incentives to adjust the reported earnings by cutting the R&D investment that is supposed to cut the current expense but not to affect short-term operational performance in the market. Therefore, new ventures would typically incur underinvestment in innovation activities right before IPOs.

Le succès du modèle d’innovation américain pour faire émerger des firmes leaders dans plusieurs domaines a largement influencé de nombreuses transformations réglementaires concernant les Droits de Propriété Intellectuelle (DPI) et le financement par les marchés en Europe. Cette thèse vise à analyser le rôle et l’importance de ces transformations dans l’organisation et la performance des firmes du logiciel. Nous montrons que des multiples mutations réglementaires des DPI ont ouvert la voie à un certain type de brevetabilité « très restreint » du logiciel en Europe. En parallèle, les évolutions dans le domaine financier ont favorisé l’émergence des marchés financiers dont le rôle est de plus en plus déterminant dans la croissance et le développement des jeunes firmes innovantes. De plus, il semblerait que l’usage stratégique du brevet soit complémentaire avec le financement par le marché de firmes du logiciel. Nous étudions cette complémentarité à travers l’analyse de la valeur du brevet en tant que signal pour les investisseurs lors de l’introduction en bourse ainsi que son effet sur la survie des firmes du logiciel après leur cotation. Cette complémentarité expliquerait en partie le recours accru au brevet dans un secteur dans lequel il est très controversé. Elle renvoie à un processus de sélection particulier du système et à l’émergence d’acteurs gagnants et perdants. / The success of the US innovation model to help start-ups emerge as global leaders has greatly influenced many regulatory changes on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and the external finance of firms in Europe. This study aims to analyze the role and importance of these changes in the organization and performance of software firms. We show that multiple regulatory mutations of IPR have paved the way for some kind of “restricted” patentability of software in Europe. In parallel, via changes in financial markets, they play an increasing role in the growth and development of young innovative companies. In addition, it seems that the strategic use of patents is complementary with software firms’ access to capital markets. We study this complementarity by analyzing the value of patents as signals for IPO markets and their impact in the likelihood of survival of newly-listed companies. We argue that this complementarity may explain the increased importance of patents in a sector where patents are highly controversial. It refers to a particular market selection process and the appearance of winning and losing actors.

Diploma thesis analyses venture capital, which is part of alternative asset class investment. At the outset, paper very briefly discusses the private equity industry and differences between venture and buyout capital. Followed by a chapter that discusses entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial finance, financing alternatives for new ventures and the importance of venture capital and its impact on new businesses. Next chapter describes problems and risks that venture capital fund and entrepreneurs face after the contract is being signed. The paper also highlights some instruments that can be used against these risks and problems. The biggest part of thesis describes whole venture capital investment cycle from getting money, screening opportunities to valuation and exit of portfolio companies. Lastly the paper analyses venture capital in Central and Eastern Europe region (CEE) and briefly describes venture capital company based in Prague - Credo Ventures and its portfolio companies.

Bakgrund: Riskkapital är en betydande finansieringsmetod för unga företag. Riskkapital tillhandahålls av Venture Capital-bolag som har en betydande inverkan på det investerade företaget. Venture Capital-bolagens fokus under den period som de är investerade i portföljbolagen ligger på tillförsel av värde och övervakning. Trycket för företag att arbeta mer med hållbarhetsfrågor har ökat. Vilket öppnar frågan om hur de kan använda ESG för att öka värdet i sina portföljbolag. Mål: Syftet med denna studie är att ge förståelse för hur svenska Venture Capital-bolag arbetar med ESG som ett verktyg längs alla investeringsfaser för att kunna tillföra värde till sina portföljbolag. Metod: För att besvara frågeställningen samt uppnå syftet av studien har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts. Det har genomförts sex intervjuer där fem av respondenterna arbetade på ett Venture Capital-bolag och en respondent arbetade på en intresseorganisation. Resultaten av intervjuerna jämfördes med tidigare separerade resultat till ämnena ESG och Venture Capital. Slutsats: Betydelsen av ESG i portföljföretag kan variera på grund av bristande standard inom branschen. Några monetära värdeökningar har inte kunnat fastställas däremot är en del av respondenterna eniga om att ESG bidrar till värdeökning genom mjukavärden. Alla respondenter tror att ESG kommer ha en betydande roll i framtiden för branschen. Vidare har det kunnat observeras att respondenter tror på att ESG bidrar till riskminimering som enligt teorin tillför värde i bolag. / Background: Venture Capital is a significant financing method for young companies. Venture capital is provided by Venture Capital companies that have a significant impact on the invested company. The focus of the Venture Capital companies during the period in which they are invested in the portfolio companies is on the supply of value and supervision. The pressure for companies to work more with sustainability issues has increased. Which opens the question of how they can use ESG to increase the value of their portfolio companies.  Objective: The aim of this study is to provide understanding how Swedish Venture Capital are working with ESG as a toll along all investment phases to be able to add value to their portfolio companies.  Methodology: To answer the question and achieve the purpose of the study, semistructured interviews were conducted. Six interviews were conducted in which five of the respondents worked at a Venture Capital company and one respondent worked at an interest group. The results of the interviews were compared with previously separated results for the topics ESG and Venture Capital.  Conclusion: The importance of ESG in portfolio companies may vary due to lack of industry standards. No monetary value increases could be determined, however, some of the respondents agree that ESG contributes to value increases through soft values. All respondents believe that ESG will play a significant role in the future of the industry. Furthermore, it has been observed that respondents believe that ESG contributes to risk minimization, which according to the theory adds value in companies.

Venture capital (VC) plays an increasing role as part of the private equity asset class and the general investment continuum. The lack of transparency due to limited reportings and market data obstructs a concise view on VC investment value and performance. This thesis aims to shed some light on VC investment peculiarities and their effect in valuation terms. It primarily reflects on the implications of contractual rights on the investment value. In the first chapter, I present an approach to integrate the multi-perspective of VC investment and analyze the interaction effects of control and cash flow rights on the feasibility of follow-on funding based on the value position of investors. In the second chapter, I present a joint study by Prof. Dr. Schwetzler, Dr. Schreiter, Dr. Lodowicks and myself where we propose a valuation framework that is applied to a sample of primarily European ventures to derive investment level values and assess misvaluation when using simple heuristics instead. In the third chapter, a joint work by Dr. Schreiter, Dr. Lodowicks and myself is presented where we develop a prediction model that allows to derive more accurate estimates of VC investments.