Under andra världskriget kom tyskarna att använda sig av tillfälligtsammansatta förband. Många av dessa tillfälligt sammansatta förband stred inom ramenför division och skapades oftast också ur dem. Från 1939 och ända till slutet av krigetanvändes så kallade kampfgruppen för att lösa olika uppgifter. Tiden varierade för detillfälliga uppsättandena från enstaka dygn till veckor och månader.Med de olika truppslagens sammansättning i divisionerna skapades grunden för att kunnakombinera många system till rätt sammansättning av tillfälligt sammansatta förband,kampfgruppe.Uppsatsen kan ge generella erfarenheter, slutsatser och idéer inför framtidens tillfälligtsammansatta förband, inte minst med tanke på EU:s bataljonsstridsgrupper, EUBattlegroups, från de erfarenheter man finner i militärhistorien.Syftet med denna uppsats är att problematisera och kritiskt diskutera fenomenet tillfälligtsammansatta förband genom att analysera organiseringen av tyska kampfgruppen underandra världskriget, för att om möjligt, identifiera de viktigaste förmågorna som ettsammansatt förband behöver ha för att framgångsrikt uppnå sina mål. / During WWII the Germans employed ad hoc combined arms formations. Manyof these units were created at the divisional level. From 1939 onwards throughout the Warthe Germans utilised the so-called Kampfgruppen for special tasks. The lifespan of theseunits was from a couple of days up to weeks and months.The mix of branches within the divisions created the foundation for the combination ofarms in the Kampfgruppe.The purpose of the essay is to examine the problem and by means of a critical discussionof ad hoc combined arms formations analyse the organization of German Kampfgruppeduring WWII, and if possible, identify the most important characteristics an ad hoccombined arms formation needs to posses in order to successfully carry out an operation. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 04-06

Hensikten med denne studien er å undersøke hvorvidt tvangsmakt har effekt somtermineringsinstrument i intrastatlige konflikter, og om eventuell effekt henger sammen medhvilken konflikttype innenfor det intrastatlige konfliktspekteret tvangsmakten benyttes i.Innenfor samlebegrepet intrastatlige konflikter etableres det for denne analysens formål 2hovedtyper konflikter. Disse er tradisjonelle intrastatlige konflikter og konflikter i kollapsedestater. Hovedtypene skiller seg i verdier på to variabler: Antall organiserte aktører som bruker voldog grad av fungerende statsmakt. Den tradisjonelle intrastatlige konflikt karakteriseres av etredusert antall voldsaktører der en av aktørene forvalter en form for statsmakt. Konflikt ikollapsede stater karakteriseres av et større antall voldsaktører og forvitret eller ikke-eksisterendestatsmakt. Etter en utvalgsprosess tas konflikten i Kosovoprovinsen 1998-99 og konflikten iLiberia 1990-2003 ut som eksempler. Dette er konflikter som nettopp illustrerer de 2 hovedtypeneav intrastatlige konflikter. Når det gjelder oppgavens teorigrunnlag står Peter Viggo Jakobsensidealmodell for tvangsmakt sentralt.Analysen resulterer i to nye hypoteser. Den ene er at tvangsmakt anvendt i henhold til Jakobsensidealmodell i en tradisjonell intrastatlig konflikt, gitt visse betingelser, har mulighet forkonfliktterminering. Den andre hypotesen er at samme tvangsmaktanvendelse har liten eller ingenmulighet for å oppnå konfliktterminering om den anvendes i en konflikt i en kollapset stat. / The purpose of this analysis is to investigate the effect of compellence as an instrument forconflict termination in intrastate conflicts and to ascertain if the effect it achieves is linked to whatkind of conflict within the intrastate conflict spectre compellence is used in.For this study two main types of conflict within the spectre of intrastate conflicts are chosen.These are traditional intrastate conflicts and conflicts in failed states. These main types differ mostin two variables: the number of violent actors and the degree to which a state functions. Thetraditional intrastate conflict is characterised by a limited number of actors where one of the actorsholds state-like assets. Conflicts in failed states are characterized by a large number of violentactors, and a limited or non-existing degree of state power or capacity.After having discussed the different types of intrastate conflicts, the conflict in Kosovo 1998-99 isselected as an example of a traditional intrastate conflict, whereas the civil war in Liberia from1990-2003 is selected as an example of a conflict in a failed state. Peter Viggo Jakobsen’s modelof compellence is then used as a theoretical framework to analyse the conflicts, and the effect ofcompellence upon conflict termination.The analysis points to two specific results formulated as a new hypothesis. Firstly, thatcompellence may contribute to conflict termination in a traditional intrastate conflict in certaincircumstances. Secondly, that the same use of compellence in a conflict in a collapsed state haslimited or no potential for success. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 04-06

During the period of occupation of Norway between the years 1940-1945 the National Lutheran Church took the responsibility of supporting the Norweigans in their ideological battle against the Nazis. This was a period named Holdningskampen in Norwegian history. One person to remember was Eivind Berggrav, bishop in Oslo diocese. He was the one responsible for the theological document of importance Kirkens Grunn that became important as a document against the Nazis and the small percentage of Christians that related to the naziinspired-church. Berggrav was also one of the founders of Den Midlertidlige Kirkeledelsen, the organisation responsible for the non-nazified churches. During Easter 1942 there was a division between the national church department and the churches. The outcome was that almost all priests left their offices because they did not want to be part of a Nazi-friendly system. The German-inspired government did their best to keep the churches going with the help of new politically correct priests and bishops. However, people did not accept them and they mostly had to talk for empty rows. The attention was instead given to the priests who marked their standpoint against the Nazis and for the freedom of the people and their country. They became the good examples that helped many Norwegians to keep their courage during a period of tribulation in the history of the country. The purpose is to analyze how and why the support became so important. By using letters from the bishop’s office in Tromsö, literature written about these subjects and local sources I will try to answer the following questions: What difference made the Church for Holdningskampen and the following years and what response did the people give to this standpoint? In what way did the Church support cooperation? How was this perceived by people in general? How did the Church support those who did not sympathize with the party Nasjonal Samling and the occupying power? What became the response from the people and the authorities? The importance of the local priests cannot be underestimated. Their resistance against the Nazis had an important role in the local community during a period of great turmoil and uncertainty in Norway. While their government and King had escaped to London, the Norwegian Church remained in the country. The Nazi-inspired church tried to get the people’s attention but very few listened. Because of the many undeviating priests and church leaders all over the country the locals remained hopeful and resistant, in spite of the Nazi-government’s threats. The interaction between the locals and the church gave them courage. Together they were made strong.

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Under andra världskriget vidtogs i Sverige ett antal åtgärder som gick på tvärs mot den traditionella svenska pressfriheten. Ett inslag i denna politik var inrättandet av Statens Informationsstyrelse, SIS, med uppgift att bland annat leda och övervaka den svenska pressen. Informationsstyrelsen har i efterhand blivit mest känd för de så kallade ”grå lapparna”, förtroliga meddelanden till tidningarnas redaktörer om vad som inte fick publiceras. Under kriget utkom på Gotland tre dagstidningar. Gotlänningen som ägdes av bondeförbundsintressen, konservativa Gotlands Allehanda vars huvudägare C E Ekman även var tysk konsul och tidningen har betraktats som mycket pronazistisk samt socialdemokratiska Gotlands Folkblad som framställts som ytterst anti-nazistisk. Utifrån SIS arkiv beskrivs SIS styrning av tidningarna genom de grå lapparna och påpekanden av överträdelser. Vidare har undersökts om SIS vidtog några åtgärder mot de gotländska tidningarna och om det i så fall var Gotlands Folkblads påstådda antinazism och/eller Gotlands Allehandas påstådda tyskvänlighet som SIS reagerade på. Resultatet visar att de allra mest som SIS reagerade på i de gotländska tidningarna var rena nyhetsartiklar. Inte i något enda fall klandrade SIS någon kommenterande artikel. / During World War II a number of actions were taken contrary to the traditional  Swedish freedom of the press. One of these actions was the establishment of “Statens Informationsstyrelse”, SIS,  the Gouvernment Board  of Information. SIS hade rhe task of managing and monitoring the Swedish press. It has subsequenly become known for the so-callade “grey notes”, cinfidential message to newspaper editors about what was not allowed to be published. There were three newspapers in Gotlands during World War II. “Gotlänningen” represented the farmer´s party. The right-wing Gotlands Allehanda, whose principal shareholder C E Ekman was also the German consul, was often portrayed as very pro-nazi. The social demofratic “Gotlands Folkblad” was, on the other hand, potrayed as anti-nazi. Based on the SIS archive, a review has been done about how SIS controlled the newspaperes and ruled through the greynotes and reprimands in case of transgressions. Furthermore an analysis has been done on the different reprimands SIS took aginst the Gotland newspapers and if the reprimands were taken in response to the alleged anti-nazism of Gotlands Folkblad or the allegeds pro-nazism of Gotlands Allehanda. The result show thar the vast majority of the articles SIS responded to in the Gotland newspapers were pure news articles. In no single case did SIS respond to a commentary article.

Bombningen av Dresden är en av andra världskriget mest kontroversiella nyttjanden av luftstridskrafterna från den allierade sidan. Vissa argumenterade för att Dresden var ett civilt mål utan militärt eller strategiskt värde. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att analysera Dresden som mål för de allierade luftstridskrafterna ur Giulio Douhet och John A.Warden IIIs luftmaktsteorier. Undersökningen bär mot att analysera hur och om man kan motivera Dresden som ett militärt och strategiskt mål ur två olika luftmakteoriers perspektiv. Uppsatsen genomförs med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och komparativ analys för att jämföra teorierna med fallet. Resultatet av undersökningen visar hur man kan motivera Dresden som militärt och strategiskt mål. Warden och Douhets teorier är användbara för att analysera bombningen av Dresden. / The bombing of Dresden is one of the most controversial actions carried out by the allied air forces during World War 2. Some argue that Dresden was a civilian target, without strategic or military value. The purpose of this essay is to analyse Dresden as a target for the allied air forces using Giulio Douhets and John A. Warden IIIs theories of the use of air forces. This essay aims to investigate if and how one can justify Dresden as a military and strategic target by using Douhets and Wardens theories. The essay is conducted through qualitative content analysis and comparative analysis to compare the theories with case. The result shows how one can justify the bombing of Dresden using Douhets and Wardens theories.

Military campaigns has throughout time been analysed through the eyes of the commanding officers and their tactical knowledge. Is this the only way to analyse military campaigns or can victory be explained through other actions then tactical decisions? Can the importance of logistics explain outcomes in different military campaigns? This study strives to explain how logistic measures can explain different outcomes in military campaigns. The concept which is used in this study is Moshe Kress theory on operational logistics, and through this I will try to explain the importance of logistics as a factor for outcomes in military campaigns. This study has shown that pre-emptive measures in the operational logistics level can change the outcome of military campaigns. Although logistics isn´t the only reason for victory or defeat in military campaigns this study shows the importance in understanding and making sure your logistic planning is as well planned as your tactical planning.

The essay is about what information that reached the Swedish people through Swedish newspapers linked to three specific events during Second World War. The newspapers that is being reviewed are Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter. The essay focuses on a broad historically background of antisemitism to get a better understanding. The essay also describes the chosen specific events in detail so the reader knows what the events is about. The events follows a chronological order, which starts with the night of broken glass. The other two events the essay focuses on are war outbreaks and Hitler’s suicide. The main reason with the essay was to review the information that was published in the newspapers the days before and after the events. The essay also focuses on a comparison between the two newspapers and the conclusion is that both newspapers reported similar information and that there were no political difference between what information they published.