Submitted by Vitor Cavaliere Machado (vitorcavaliere@gmail.com) on 2017-12-19T13:58:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation Final Version.pdf: 1024233 bytes, checksum: 843f4707f12f7d42ff5d5f1a1fba5c39 (MD5) / Rejected by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br), reason: Sr. Vitor, bom dia. Não estamos conseguindo visualizar a submissão digital da sua Dissertação. Favor fazer nova submissão. Aguardamos seu contato quando o senhor realizar essa nova submissão. Não será necessário trazer outro impresso. cordialmente. on 2017-12-27T12:34:46Z (GMT) / Submitted by Vitor Cavaliere Machado (vitorcavaliere@gmail.com) on 2017-12-27T14:23:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation Final Version.pdf: 1024233 bytes, checksum: 843f4707f12f7d42ff5d5f1a1fba5c39 (MD5) / Rejected by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br), reason: Sr. Vitor. O arquivo que o senhor está submetendo à Biblioteca Digital, não está deixando que visualizemos as primeiras páginas (01 à 20). Por favor, peço que faca uma verificação no seu arquivo e proceda com nova submissão. Cordialmente, on 2017-12-27T16:00:31Z (GMT) / Submitted by Vitor Cavaliere Machado (vitorcavaliere@gmail.com) on 2018-01-02T11:39:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation Final Version.pdf: 1024233 bytes, checksum: a5d5c7681101a55ac00c268a5e21c448 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2018-01-02T12:44:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation Final Version.pdf: 1024233 bytes, checksum: a5d5c7681101a55ac00c268a5e21c448 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-09T16:37:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation Final Version.pdf: 1024233 bytes, checksum: a5d5c7681101a55ac00c268a5e21c448 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-23 / É de grande relevância, tanto no meio acadêmico como para a sociedade como um todo a questão da fraude, um problema recorrente que atinge empresas e governos em diversas partes do mundo. Muitos casos recentes chamam a atenção para este assunto, porém, um em especial, o esquema de corrupção envolvendo práticas ilegais, como pagamentos de propina dentro da Petrobras e outras empresas brasileiras, descoberto após a deflagração da “Operação Lava-Jato”, conduzida pela Polícia Federal e pelo Ministério Público. Após a descoberta desse esquema, muitos envolvidos foram presos, alguns já investigados e condenados pela justiça brasileira. Porém, além dos desdobramentos na esfera criminal de pessoa-física, as práticas de corrupção tiveram outros desdobramentos jurídicos e financeiros no âmbito empresarial, principalmente relacionados a ações judiciais propostas por acionistas da empresa que alegam ter sofrido perdas em seus investimentos. Nesse sentido, dadas as questões financeiras e legais enfrentadas pela Petrobras e demais empresas brasileiras, propomos, através desta pesquisa, determinar como a detecção da fraude impacta no valor das empresas. Para atingir o objetivo final desta pesquisa, usei a metodologia de estudo do evento, proposta por MacKinlay (1997). A amostra deste estudo incluiu as cinco empresas brasileiras listadas na “New York Securities Exchange” (NYSE), que estavam sujeitas a ações de classe nos EUA, até o final de 2016. Os resultados gerais dos testes suportam a hipótese de que a fraude, uma vez divulgada ao mercado, gera reações negativas nos preços das ações, em linha com a literatura existente sobre a influência da fraude no valor das empresas e com a Teoria da Eficiência de Mercado. Nesse sentido, este estudo é capaz de contribuir de maneira significativa para aprofundar a discussão acadêmica relacionada à fraude no Brasil e incentivar as empresas brasileiras de capital aberto a se preocuparem cada vez mais com suas práticas de conformidade e combate à corrupção e se prevenirem em relação aos seus possíveis riscos, desdobramentos e impactos jurídico-financeiros. Além disso, esta pesquisa serve de insumo, não apenas para a gestão de patrimônio dos investidores dos EUA, mas também como um incentivo para aumentar o poder de barganha dos investidores pessoa-física no Brasil / It is of great importance, either for academia or society as a whole, the issue of fraud, a recurring problem that affects companies and governments around the world. Many recent cases draw attention to this issue, but one in particular: the corruption scheme involving illegal practices such as bribery payments inside Petrobras and other Brazilian firms, discovered after the outbreak of the so-called "Operação Lava-Jato" and “Operação Zelotes”, conducted by the Brazilian Federal Police and Federal Public Prosecutor. After the scheme became public, over a hundred people were arrested and many already investigated and condemned by the Brazilian justice, including some of the firm’s former and current employees. In addition to the developments on individual employee´s criminal sphere, once detected, the abovementioned corrupt practices have caused other legal and financial impacts to the firms, mainly related to lawsuits filled by shareholders who claim to have suffered losses on their investments. In this sense, given the financial and legal issues faced by Petrobras and the other Brazilian firms, we propose through this research to determine how disclosed fraud could have an impact on the value of firms. In order to achieve its final goals, this research uses the event study methodology, proposed by MacKinlay (1997). Firm sample includes the five Brazilian firms listed in the New York Securities Exchange (NYSE), which were subject to securities class action lawsuits in the US, as of the end of 2016. Overall test results support the hypothesis that fraud, once disclosed to the market, provides negative stock price reactions, in line with the existing literature on the influence of fraud on firms’ valuation and the Market Efficiency Theory. In this sense, this study is able to provide significant contribution to deepen the academic discussion related to fraud in Brazil and encourage Brazilian firms to increase their concerns about anticorruption and compliance practices and prevent themselves in relation to eventual legal and financial impacts of fraud. In addition, this research contributes, not only to U.S investors wealth management, but also as an incentive to increase the bargain power of individual investors in Brazil

Corruption from a criminological perspective forms the basis of this dissertation. The crime component of corruption the 'what', 'why' and 'how' is the dominant theme throughout the study and includes corruption in the South African public sector, highlighting police corruption in the Western Cape. Although this study is exploratory, certain qualitative interviewing techniques, including an interview guide, were used to maximise the information obtained from knowledgeable interviewees. Corruption was further elucidated by the employment of criminological theories to explain pertinent findings in the research, by highlighting risk factors that lead to corruption, by giving examples of corruption and by discussing anti-corruption agencies and the effectiveness of existing legislation. Corruption in the public sector has always been around and will be ad infinitum. The severity of the consequences of this phenomenon can be curtailed by the will of politicians, the involvement of civil society and an operational criminal justice system. / Criminology and Security Science / MA (Criminology)

The study sought to investigate the impact of systemic corruption in public enterprises in the Harare metropolitan area in Zimbabwe. This research study used a case and explanatory research designs as its major research approaches. The study was largely prompted by the high level of corruption in public enterprises as reported to the Anti - Corruption Commission and the media. In this study, fourteen (14) directors and twenty six (26) public enterprise officials were used as research subjects. Questionnaires, interviews and documentary reviews were used as research instruments to collect information on the impact of systemic corruption in public enterprises in the Harare metropolitan area. The study showed that low remuneration levels for both low and high level public enterprise officials, patronage appointment to higher level of management and the lack of political will to empower public enterprise officials on the evil of corruption were the causes of systemic corruption. Greed, the disintegration of work morality and ethics in the manner in which public affairs across public enterprises were being handled, were key causes of systemic corruption (see chapter 4 for details). The high level of secrecy in the management of public affairs, the lack of transparency, discipline, fairness, responsibility, equity and weak legal system on corruption were also noted to be corruption drivers. With regard the manifestation of corruption in public enterprises, it was established that systemic corruption occurred in the following forms: abuse of power, fraud, favouritism, embezzlement, weak control, extortion and ghosting.The study also showed that systemic corruption created problems such as administrative inefficiency and parasitism, a social atmosphere of tension and dishonesty within public enterprises (see chapter 4 for details). Corruption reallocated resources to the rich and powerful public officials who were aligned to the ruling party or those in authority. The study also noted that public enterprises officials were using technical complexity in procedures and regulations to conceal under-dealings.It was iv the findings of this study that rewarding for reasons not related to performance, dishonesty, over claiming expenses, falsification of reports/records and favouritism in public enterprises were high. The study also revealed that bid-rigging, shifting from core business, ghosting, and giving gratitude/gift to influence decision were some of the prevalent unethical activities in public enterprises. Against this backdrop, it is recommended that the level of remuneration in public enterprises for public officials is improved so that the minimum grounds for corruption motives are reduced. When salaries are too low, officers are obviously forced to indulge in unethical activities which in turn affect the general public directly or indirectly. It is critical that all public enterprise officials undergo training in the dimension of corruption and corporate governance as a means of empowerment. Corrupt individuals and business organisations in the Harare metropolitan area should not be employed or engaged in public related work and that public affairs must be managed in a transparent and open manner although confidentiality must be observed. The study also recommends that the appointment of public enterprise officials must be based on competence, relevant educational qualifications and experience. Another recommendation is that all cases of corruption must be treated as high level criminal cases which attract longer and deterrent court judgments (see chapter four for details). / Public Administration and Management / M.P.A.

中共認為體制編制變革，既是武裝力量管理方法及作戰力量體系編組思路的體現，也是提升軍隊戰鬥力，引導軍隊現代化發展的重要措施，特別是習近平在中共十八大會後，藉反貪名義積極進行整風運動，改革已確定是習近平政權的重要施政目標，2015年9月，習近平於閱兵時公開宣布將裁軍30萬，更讓外界增添許多想像空間，在2016年裡逐步落實四總部的重整，軍委機關改制，二砲部隊改為火箭軍，及新成立戰略支援部隊，撤銷七大軍區，改設立五大戰區，完成推動領導指揮體制、優化結構規模力量編成與強化軍事訓練等，勢必對解放軍的體制與發展造成相當的影響。 中共歷任領導人都將掌握軍權視為權力穩固的基礎，上任之後安排信任者或同一派系擔任重要領導角色。本研究嘗試從中共中央軍委直轄體系與軍隊的變化，探討戰區改革現況，及軍事法治改革之意圖與目標，並從中分析改革對軍文職關係之影響。 / PLA thought that the change of armed forced‘structure and organization’is a good way to show the management and combat force system as well as the measure for power enhancement and leading the development of modernization, especially after the 1th CPC National Congress,‘reformation’has been determined to be an important policy objective of regime of Xi Jinping. Particularly in September of 2015, Xi Jinping announced at the parade that they will disarm 300,000 people, and leave a lot of imagination to outside world. And in 2016, it was gradually implemented in reforming of the four general departments, restructured the Central Military Commission, and reorganized the Second Artillery to the Rocket Forces and the new established strategic support units. The announcement of cancelling seven military regions to establish five war regions at same level. Already completed the leadership system change, forces and structure reform and improve the combat training , which is bound to cause a considerable impact. Xi’s predecessors regarded securing military power as a basis for a stable authority. Therefore, they usually assigned major positions to people they trusted or from the same factions. This study attempts to discuss the change of the PLA Central Military Commission to the variation of the governance system to military, as well as practices of joint operations while seven MR integrate into war regions. And the intentions and objectives of military rule of law reform. And analyzes the influence of reform on military relations.

Korruption lässt sich als ökonomische Austauschbeziehung mit den Akteuren Prinzipal, Agent und Klient darstellen. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, welche Faktoren das Ausmaß der Schädigung des Prinzipals durch Korruption beeinflussen und mit welchen Mitteln der Prinzipal entgegen steuern kann. Neben den Auswirkungen von Kontrollen, Strafandrohung, kulturellen und individuellen Faktoren wird insbesondere der Einfluss der Entlohnungsgestaltung untersucht. Die Zusammenhänge werden mit Hilfe formaler Modelle dargestellt und durch eine Auswertung empirischer Untersuchungen ergänzt.:1. Einleitung 2. Korruption als gesellschaftliches Phänomen 3. Verbreitung und Auswirkungen von Korruption 4. Korruption als ökonomische Austauschbeziehung 5. Wirkung von Aufdeckungsmechanismen und Bestrafung 6. Individuelle und kulturelle Ein üsse auf die Korruptionsentscheidung 7. Korruptionsvermeidende Entlohnungsverträge 8. Zusammenfassung

This master thesis tries to bold and underline the connection and intersection between arbitration and corruption. The main duty of arbitrators is the settlement of disputes, and their scope of power is determined by the parties. However, it is recognized through the jurisprudence of international arbitration that not only are arbitrators responsible for making decisions and enforceable awards about the disputes of parties, but also they are in charge of the promotion of justice, moralities, and public interest. If arbitrators violate the international rule of law including equality, good faith, and moralities, the arbitration will not seem legitimate. It has been recognized that solidarity and collaboration are needed for elimination of corruption, choosing the passive role in the arbitral proceeding against corruption helps it to remain concealed and also alive. Arbitrators should not be indifferent and apathetic about the matter of corruption in the arbitral cases. The arbitration proceedings can be treated as a legitimizing instrument for the parties engaged in corruption due to the principle of confidentiality. Therefore, being inactive against suspicious circumstances of illegality or allegation of corruption may endanger arbitrators to criminal charges, which are based on national applicable laws, such as facilitation of illicit enrichment of parties or assisting fraud. It has been proved through the transnational public policy and campaign against corruption that it affects public interests, and the main cost would be paid by taxpayers and citizens. All social, political and economic rights of citizens are being eroded and undermined by the evil of corruption. Anti-corruption norms are fundamental parts of sustainable development goals. The arbitrators are an indispensable part of administration of justice against corruption in private dispute settlement. They have a public responsibility for eradication of corruption as a supporter of justice and moralities in the society. The importance of corruption and public policy lead the tribunal to the guideline that arbitral tribunals should not delay in raising the matter of corruption where the parties have not raised any allegation of corruption, and they can exercise sua sponte investigation about the corruption, they have to be pro-active in the arbitral proceedings against corruption instead of taking an eyes shut and apathetic approach. / این پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، تلاش دارد تا ارتباط میان داوری و فساد را برجسته ساخته و مورد توجه قرار دهد. وظیفه اصلی داوران در حل و فصل اختلافات و حدود اختیارات ایشان منبعث از توافق طرفین اختلاف است، با این حال، رویه داوری های بین المللی، مشخص ساخته است که داوران نه تنها جهت صدور آرای قابل اجرا، مسئولیت دارند، بلکه  در مقام تحقق و ارتقای عدالت، اخلاق و تامین منافع عمومی نیز مسئولیت دارند. اگر داوران اصل مترقی حاکمیت قانون  و اصولی همچون برابری، حسن نیت و یا اخلاقیات را نقض کنند، داوری در چنین وضعیتی مشروعیتی نخواهد داشت. امروزه، همبستگی و همکاری به عنوان عواملی حیاتی برای محو فساد مورد شناسایی قرار گرفته است و انتخاب رویکرد بی طرفی و انفعال در روند داوری و در مواجهه با فساد، به پنهان شدن و ادامه حیات این پدیده شوم کمک می کند. داوران نمی بایست در خصوص فساد در پرونده های ارجاعی، بی طرف و منفعل باشند. رسیدگی های داوری می تواند به عنوان وسیله ای جهت مشروعیت بخشی و ابزاری برای قانونی جلوه دادن فساد تحت اصل محرمانگی توسط طرفین مورد سوء استفاده قرار گیرد. بنابراین، غیرفعال بودن داوران در برابر شرایط و وضعیتهای مشکوک به فساد و یا انفعال آنها در برابر ادعاهای فساد از سوی طرفین،  ممکن است داوران را در مظان اتهامات و تضامین کیفری قرار دهد که بر اساس قانون حاکم، مشخص خواهد شد. این اتهامات می تواند در برگیرنده جرائمی همچون تسهیل و معاونت در داران شدن غیر عادلانه یا معاونت در کلاهبرداری نیز بشود. بواسطه نظم عمومی بین المللی، کمپین و اتحادی گسترده علیه فساد شکل گرفته است، مبنی بر اینکه فساد، منافع عموم را متاثر می سازد و هزینه اصلی آن نیز بواسطه پرداخت مالیات بر عموم مردم و شهروندان تحمیل می شود. همه حقوق بنیادین شهروندان از قبیل حقوق اجتماعی، سیاسی و اقتصادی آنها بواسطه فساد مخدوش و تنزل می یابند. استانداردهای مبارزه با فساد، بخشی عمده و بنیادین از اهداف توسعه پایدار محسوب می شوند. فی الواقع داوران جزیی جدایی ناپذیر از نظام قضائی و دادگستری علیه فساد در چارچوب حل و فصل اختلافات مردم به شکل خصوصی، محسوب می شوند. داوران عموما برای محو فساد به عنوان خدمتگذاران و سربازان عدالت و اصول اخلاقی در جامعه، مسئولیت بر عهده دارند.  اهمیت فساد و نظم عمومی باعث می شود تا دیوانهای داوری این اصل و مسیر را دنبال کنند که دیوانهای داوری نمی بایست در طرح و پیگیری موضوع فساد حتی در آنجاییکه هیچیک از طرفین اختلاف آنرا مطرح نساخته است، تاخیر کنند و داوران می توانند بدون نیاز به درخواست طرفین و بر اساس تشخیص خود، تحقیات خود را در خصوص فساد اجرایی نمایند.، داوران می بایست در جریان و روند رسیدگی در برابر فساد، فعال باشند و بجای اتخاذ رویکرد چشمان بسته و انفعال در برابر پدیده شوم فساد، نقشی فعال در روند داوری را بر علیه فساد اتخاذ نمایند.

This research aims to investigate the causal linkages between the EU democratic legitimacy and the crises of representative democracies in the field of anti-corruption. The threats of corruption to the EU democratic legitimacy and the approach in handling this negative phenomenon is seen as a symptom of a more profound crisis of the EU integration project. The mutual interdependence between the EU and it is member states in delivering the standards of democracy, it's values and principles is seen through legitimation as an act of actual justification. This actual exercise of the EU indirect legitimacy in normative terms is translated into action through the key actors of representative democracies on a national level, the national parliaments and the political parties. However, the role of the parliaments and the party democracy in the broader EU context, especially evident in Central-East Europe (CEE), has been challenged and weak, suggesting hollowness of democracy. This status has been also challenged by the misuse of political power for private gains, as a general understanding of corruption, also adopted by the EU. However, the mutual reinforcement of corruption and the hollowness of democracy have remained under-acknowledged in the broader neoliberal context. The reasons behind are few:...

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The aim of this study is to assess the multi-disciplinary approach in the investigation of corruption in the South African public service. Data was collected by means of in-depth interviews conducted with members of the Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation’s Anti-Corruption Task Team to gain a comprehensive understanding of their experiences regarding the effectiveness of the Anti-Corruption Task Team in the investigation of corruption within the public service. In addition, the researcher conducted a comprehensive literature study of local and international legislation to curb corruption, supplemented with various multi-disciplinary approaches employed internationally. Furthermore, various global Anti-Corruption Agencies were studied to comprehend their functions and efficacy. The findings of the research identified and described various impediments facing the Anti-Corruption Task Team’s effectiveness in investigating corruption within the public service. As a result, this study recommends the need to establish a single Anti-Corruption Agency with a comprehensive mandate to prevent, investigate, and educate on corruption, to critically safeguard the independence of the Anti-Corruption Task Team against political interference, as well as the allocation of adequate resources and budget for its effective operation. The research identified best practices globally to combat corruption, which can be used to amend the current anti-corruption practices to suit the South African public service. Consequently, this study contributes significantly towards effective anti-corruption investigation in the South African public service. / Maikemišetšo a dinyakišišo tše ke go lekola mokgwa wa go kopanya dikarolo tše mmalwa tša thuto go nyakišiša bomenetša ka ditirelong tša setšhaba tša Afrika Borwa. Data e kgobokeditšwe ka mokgwa wa dipoledišano tše di tletšego tšeo di dirilwego le maloko a Sehlophatšhomo sa Twantšho ya Bomenetša sa Ofisi ya Molaodimogolo wa Dinyakišišo tša Bosenyi bjo Bogolo go hwetša kwešišo ya maitemogelo a bona a go šoma ga Sehlophatšhomo sa Twantšho ya Bomenetša mo go nyakišišeng bomenetša mo ditirelong tša setšhaba. Go tlaleletše, monyakišiša o dirile dinyakišišo tše di tletšego tša dingwalwa tša peomolao ya gae le ya ditšhabatšhaba tšeo maikemišetšo a tšona e lego go fokotša bomenetša le mekgwa ya go kopanya dikarolo tše mmalwa tša thuto yeo e dirišwago ditšhabatšhabeng. Go tlaleletša, mekgatlo ya twantšho ya bomenetša bja lefase ya go fapana e nyakišišitšwe go kwešiša mešomo le mehola ya yona. Monyakišiši o utollotše le go hlaloša mapheko a go fapana go moholo wa dinyakišišo ka Sehlophatšhomo sa Twantšho ya Bomenetša mo bomenetšeng ka ditirelong tša mmušo. Ka lebaka leo, dinyakišišo di digela tlhokego ya go thoma mokgatlo o tee wa go lwantšha bomenetša wa taolela ye kgolo ya go thibela, go nyakišiša le go ruta ka ga bomenetša; go šireletša boikemelo bja sehlophatšhomo sa twantšho ya bomenetša le go thibela go tsenatsena ga dipolotiki; le go aba methopo yeo e lekanego le ditekanetšo gore e šome gabotse. Dinyakišišo di utollotše tirišo ye botse go feta ka moka lefaseng ka moka go lwantšha bomenetša, yeo e swanetšwego go mpshafatšwa go fihlelela dinyakwa tša ditirelo tša setšhaba tša Afrika Borwa. / Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuhlola inqubo ebandakanya amadisiplini ehlukene ukuphenyisisa ngenkohlakalo kwezezimali kumkhakha wabasebenzi bakahulumeni eNingizimu Afrika. Idata iqoqwe ngokwenza ama-interview ajulile enziwe nabethimba elilwisana nezinkohlakalo kwezezimali, i-Anti-Corruption Task team lwabophiko lwabenza uphenyiso lobugebengu obukhulu lwe-Directorate of Priority Crime Investigation ukuthola ukuqondisisa okujulile ngezipiliyoni zabo ngokusebenza ngendlela enomphumela kwethimba le-Anti-Corruption Task Team ekuphenyisiseni ngenkohlakalo kwezezimali kumkhakha wabasebenzi bakahulumeni. Nangaphezu kwalokho, umcwaningi uye wafunda ngokujulile ngemibhalo yocwaningo imibhalo yemithetho yezwe kanye nemithetho yamazwe omhlaba enenhloso yokulwisana nenkohlakalo kwezezimali, kanye nezinqubo ezihlanganisa amadisiplini ehlukene ezisetshenziswa kumazwe omhlaba. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ama-ejensi omhlaba alwa nezinkohlakalo nawo kwafundwa ngawo ukuqondisisa imisebenzi yawo kanye nemiphumela yemisebenzi yawo. Umcwaningi waphawula kanye nokuchaza izihibe ezihlukene maqondana nokusebenza ngendlela enomphumela kophenyisiso olwenziwa ngabethimba le-Anti-Corruption Task Team kwinkohlakalo kwezeziali emkhakheni wabasebenzi bakahulueni. Ngenxa yalokhu, ucwaningo luncoma isidingo sokuthi kusungulwe i-ejensi eyodwa enamagunya ajulile okuvimbela, ukuphenyisisa kanye nokufundisa ngezindlela zokulwa nenkohlakalo kwezezimali; ukuvikela ukuzimela kwethimba lokulwa nenkohlakalo kanye nokuvimbela ukuthi ithimba lingaphazanyiswa ngabezepolitiki; kanye nokuhlinzeka ngemithombo eyenele kanye namabhajethi ukuze ithimba lisebenze kahle ngendlela enomphumela. Ucwaningo luphawule izindlela ezingcono kuwo wonke umhlaba zokulwa nenkohlakalo kwezezimali, kanti futhi lezi zinqubo kumele zichitshiyelwe noma zihlelwe kabusha ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomkhakha wabasebenzi bakahulumeni eNingizimu Afrika. Kanti-ke futhi emuva kwalokho, lolu cwaningo luthela esivivaneni kuphenyisiso olunomphumela lokulwa nenkohlakalo kwezezimali okwenziwa kumkhakha wabasebenzi bakahulumeni eNingizimu Afrika. / Criminology and Security Science / Ph. D. (Criminal Justice)

With the establishment of the Directorate of Special Operations (Scorpions), the Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU), the Special Investigating Unit (SIU) and the Departmental Investigating Unit (DIU), questions were asked as to whether this is a creation of new units of the Police Service. These questions were exaggerated by the fact that the media uses the term "Scorpions" whenever the Scorpions, the AFU, SIU and the DIU perform their functions. South African legislation that governs organised crime does not demarcate activities to be dealt with by the SAPS, AFU, DIU, Scorpions and the SIU. The Constitution of South Africa lays down the objects of the police, but it is silent about the objectives of the Scorpions, AFU, SIU, DIU and other investigative institutions except that it only mentions the creation of a single National Prosecuting Authority (NPA). A literature study was used as the basis for this study. In addition, unstructured interviews and observation were used to gather evidence from the relevant stakeholders. An analysis of the SAPS Detective Service, the Special Investigating Unit (SIU), the Scorpions, the Departmental Investigating Unit (DIU) of the Department of Correctional Services and the Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU), was done in order to establish the overlapping of functions. Indeed, overlapping was discovered between the Scorpions and the SAPS Detective Service, the AFU and the SIU, as well as between the SAPS and the DIU. In order to make a proper finding, an analysis was done of anti-corruption agencies in Botswana, Nigeria, Malawi and Hong Kong. The findings indicate that the better way of fighting corruption, fraud, economic and financial crimes, is through the establishment of a single agency that will work independently from the police, with a proper jurisdiction. / Criminology / D.Litt. et Phil.(Police Science)