Guilt appeals are used to try to influence consumer behavior, with literature defining three kinds – existential, anticipatory, and reactive guilt. Anticipatory and reactive guilt appeals have never been individually studied. The purpose of this study is hence to explain the relationship between anticipatory guilt and reactive guilt, respectively, inferences of manipulative intent, and consumers’ attitude toward a brand. To test this, an online questionnaire was used, followed by linear regression and moderation analyses. The results show a positive relationship between both anticipatory guilt and attitude and between reactive guilt and attitude. Inferences of manipulative intent do not moderate either relationship. Keywords Guilt appeal, anticipatory guilt, reactive guilt, inferences of manipulative intent, consumer brand attitudes

The study begins with an overview of the 1948 political situation, followed by the evaluation of Truman's use of ethical appeal using criteria developed by Thonssen, Baird, and Braden. Each of their three constituents of ethical appeal--character, sagacity, and good will--is applied to four speeches. Results of the analysis establish that Truman utilized a strong ethical appeal during the campaign. Conclusions are that his use of ethical appeal probably had a significant effect on the voters of America. Regardless of the quality of his use of pathos or logos, a less capable use of ethical appeal would probably have had a fatal effect on his campaign.

This study advances a theoretical model of appeal, the framework readers’ advisory (RA) librarians use to make book suggestions. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, it combines elements of media studies, literary theory, and library science to posit new elements of appeal and new models for understanding its dynamics. This dissertation argues that, because appeal as currently practiced relies heavily on reductive binaries, it fails to account for a number of features that play a crucial role in a reader’s experience of a work. Through a historically informed explication of the existing appeal framework, it posits a new formulation: appeal is a tripartite construct involving the sensibility of a text, the content of a work, and the interest of a reader, where reader is understood in its broadest sense. The new framework demonstrates explicitly that appeal is both textual and readerly and advances a number of additional concepts that are possible only in a more nuanced, tripartite structure. The dissertation illustrates its findings through three application chapters, considering in depth Jane Austen’s Persuasion, Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. The study further provides a new theory/practice model of appeal, strongly urging that, if RA service is to continue to advance, its provision and an understanding of its critical concepts be undertaken with depth and rigor.

Le Livre Vert et le Livre Blanc de la Commission Européenne sur les actions en dommages-intérêts en cas d'infraction au droit communautaire de la concurrence ont constaté « le sous-développement total » de l'action en réparation des infractions au droit de la concurrence et proposé certaines réformes afin de remédier aux obstacles identifiés. L'étude empirique remet toutefois partiellement en cause ce constat, car il convient de distinguer réparation des concurrents (contentieux horizontal) et réparation des consommateurs (contentieux collectif). Les actions en réparation du préjudice d'éviction engagées entre concurrents apparaissent raisonnablement efficaces. Elles donnent lieu assez fréquemment à des décisions favorables et le montant des dommages-intérêts alloués est parfois significatif. Ainsi, les réformes proposées en matière probatoire pour l'accès aux documents n'apporteraient aucun progrès sensible, pas plus que l'adoption d'un instrument non-contraignant sur la quantification du préjudice. En revanche, les actions en réparation du préjudice de surcoût engagées par les acheteurs directs ou indirects paraissent vouées à l'échec dans le cadre actuel de la responsabilité civile, en l'absence de mécanisme de recours collectif et de distribution efficaces. La réflexion engagée au niveau national et européen ne paraît guère pouvoir contourner l’obstacle de la distribution massive de dommages-intérêts diffus, et les options envisagées ne semblent guère convaincantes. Il est donc proposé alternativement au bénéfice des consommateurs, un mécanisme public de recours collectif, confié aux autorités de concurrence nationales et à la Commission européenne. Cette réforme peut être engagée à droit constant dans le cadre des pouvoirs existants de la Commission européenne et de l'Autorité de la concurrence. Il conviendrait à cet effet de réviser la politique d’amende afin de sanctionner le défaut d’indemnisation des consommateurs, et d’affecter une partie du produit des amendes à des mesures de réparation directes ou indirectes, pécuniaires ou en nature, des consommateurs affectés par l’infraction. / The Green Paper and the White Paper on damages actions for breach of EU competition law found private antitrust enforcement in a state of “total underdevelopment” and proposed reforms to adress the identified obstacles. Empirical study of french case law does not support entirely these findings, because it’s important to distinguish between actions brought against competitors, and actions brought by consumers. Exclusionary practices litigated between competitors show reasonable success compared to similar cases. The reforms proposed by the European Commission concerning access to documents and quantification of damages would not bring any significant improvement to french law. However, damages actions in compensation of overcharges brought by direct and indirect purchasers seem doomed to failure, in the absence of a collective action and distribution mechanism. Debate is storming at EU and national level, but the considered options appear unconvincing. It is proposed a public mechanism for collective redress. Within their existing powers, competition authorities should review the fine policy to achieve collective compensation as private penalty. Substantial amount of fines should be inflicted when infringers cannot show they have taken active steps to provide compensation to consumers. In that case, a partial amount of the total fine should be dedicated to compensate consumer, directly or indirectly, in pecuniary or non-pecuniary form. Competition authorities should have the power to order infringers to create trust funds for that purpose.

Remedial and supervisory measures in tax procedure The major aim of my thesis is to characterise and analyze each legal means of protection used in tax procedure with putting emphasize on conditions of using them and ways of protection they providing especially the taxable entities. The next purpose is to compare the selected aspects of the remedial and supervisory measures according to the current and previous legislation. The main part of my work focuses on the remedial and supervisory measures regulated by a Tax Procedure Code, but there are briefly mentioned other legal means of protection contained in the same act and also the judicial means of protection regulated by the relevant procedure codes. The analysis of these legal instruments is based on diction of the legislation and also the relevant judicial decisions. The thesis points out the disputable provisions of their regulation in the Tax Procedure Code too. My thesis is composed, besides Introduction and Conclusion, of other five chapters, mainly dealing with each of the remedial and supervisory measures. Chapter One defines the basic terms used in my work and characterises generally legal means of protection coming into consideration in tax procedure. This chapter is divided into three parts. Part One illustrates possible division of...

Abstract The report investigates computer generated (CG) lighting techniques with a focus on the rendering of interior architectural visualisations. With rapid advancements in CG technology, the demand and expectation for greater photorealism in visualisations are increasing. The tools to achieve this are widely available and fairly easy to apply; however, renderings on a local scale are still displaying functionality and lack visual appeal. The research discusses how design principles and aesthetics can be used effectively to create visual interest and display mood in the visualisation, with strong attention to the elements that are defined as the fundamentals in achieving photorealism. The focus is on a solid understanding of CG lighting techniques and principles in order to achieve high quality, dynamic visualisations. Case studies examine the work of lighting artist James Turrell and 3D artist Jose Pedro Costa and apply the findings to a creative project, encompassing the discussions in the report. The result is the completion of three photorealistic renderings of an interior visualisation, using different CG lighting techniques to convey mood. The research provides a platform for specialisation in the 3D environment and encourages a multidisciplinary approach to learning.

O trabalho objetiva dar uma abordagem crítica ao julgamento do Superior Tribunal de Justiça no recurso especial repetitivo. O julgamento por amostragem trata-se de técnica que identifica questões de direito que se repetem em vários recursos especiais, escolhe recursos para serem julgados como representativos da controvérsia e paralisa os demais recursos que versem sobre o tema a ser decidido. Na análise realizada constata-se que o julgamento por amostragem é uma tutela recursal coletiva adequada para o enfrentamento do problema do excesso de recursos e da litigância de massa. No entanto, para o aproveitamento adequado da sua potencialidade, o trabalho conclui no sentido de que deve ser superada a crise de identidade do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, amoldando-o às funções contemporâneas das Cortes Supremas, bem como os problemas relativos à instabilidade da sua jurisprudência e à baixa aderência aos seus precedentes. Para adequada aplicação do recurso especial repetitivo, enquanto modelo de julgamento por amostragem, deve-se dar ênfase ao aspecto gerencial desse modelo de tutela recursal coletiva, a exemplo do que ocorre nas experiências de outros países nos modelos de tutela multipartes. Para adequação do recurso especial repetitivo ao modelo de julgamento por amostragem em sua efetiva potencialidade, devem-se aperfeiçoar os aspectos procedimentais para o fim de assegurar a efetividade do contraditório pelos amici curiae. / The aim of this work is to provide a critical approach regarding the trial of the so-called repetitive special appeals by the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice (STJ). Sampling judgment is a technique that identifies repetitive law issues in several special appeals, chooses those appeals that will be tried as representative of the controversy and paralyzes the remaining appeals about that same topic. In the analysis it was found that sampling judgment is an appropriate collective appellate adjudication to address the problem concerning the excessive amount of judicialization and mass claims. However, for proper use of its potential, this study concludes that the identity crisis of the Superior Court of Justice must be overcome, shaping it to contemporary functions of the Supreme Courts, as well as problems related to the instability of its jurisprudence and low compliance to its precedents. In order to obtain an adequate implementation of repetitive special appeals, as an example of sampling judgment, the managerial aspect of this collective appellate adjudication model needs to be emphasized, similar to what occurs in the experiences of other countries regarding multiparty adjudication models. To adapt repetitive special appeals to the model of sampling judgment in its effective potential, the procedural aspects should be improved to ensure the effectiveness of the right of adversarial proceedings by amici curiae.

Esta dissertação discute três problemas dos estudos do judiciário: a discriminação de grupos sociais com impacto no tempo de sentença, nas condenações e no regime da pena; os incentivos ao recurso; e a influência de posições ideológicas dos juízes em suas decisões. Analisando os processos penais distribuídos na comarca de São Paulo em 2002, o trabalho conclui que não há padrões de discriminações por características sociais dos réus, mas sim variações decorrentes de possibilidades processuais, e uma das variáveis importantes para predizer o recurso é o regime da pena. Por fim, faz um estudo qualitativo com um pequeno grupo de juízes, que aponta uma pequena influência da posição ideológica no resultado dos processos e no incentivo ao recurso das sentenças. / This dissertation discusses three issues of judicial studies: the discrimination of social groups with an impact in the time of sentence, condemnations and disciplinary rules; stimulation to appeal; and the influence of the judge\'s ideological position on their decisions. Analyzing the penal processes of 2002 in the judicial districts of São Paulo, we conclude that defendants are not distinguished by their social backgrounds, but by variations resulting from processual possibilities, and one of the important variables for predicting appeals is the disciplinary rules. At last, we make a qualitative study with a small group of judges, indicating a tenuous influence of ideological position on the result of processes and the appealing of sentences.

O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar se o exagero de exigência das formalidades aplicado no momento de admissibilidade impede o conhecimento dos recursos. / This dissertation analyses the formal aspects regarding permission to appeal especially to the Higher Courts. One of the main targets was to investigate whether exaggerated formalities, i.e., those imposed conditions on permission to appeal prevent hearing and considerations regarding the appeals\'merit.

Estudos comprovam que a lembrança de determinada marca é um componente essencial para a geração de seu valor. Na tentativa de atrair a atenção visual e, consequentemente, influenciar o processo de fixação da marca na memória do consumidor, profissionais de marketing utilizam, em seus anúncios, conteúdos com a presença de apelo sexual. Tais conteúdos sugerem, dentre outras formas, a exposição da nudez (total ou parcial) de modelos fisicamente atraentes. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa tem como principal objetivo verificar se a presença de apelo sexual em anúncios de mídia impressa influencia a lembrança da marca sob a ótica do Neuromarketing. A disciplina do Neuromarketing pode ser definida como uma área de estudo que utiliza ferramentas de análises clínicas para entender melhor reações fisiológicas dos indivíduos e como tais reações afetam o comportamento do consumidor. A ferramenta utilizada na pesquisa foi o Eye-Tracking, que consiste em um aparelho que capta a movimentação dos olhos e registra os pontos de maior atenção visual. A pesquisa foi realizada em três etapas: inicialmente, foram escolhidos trinta anúncios reais de mídia impressa e, por meio de uma pesquisa com 96 participantes, foram selecionados seis anúncios com apelo sexual. Em seguida, 201 participantes assistiram, durante cinco segundos, seis anúncios diferentes. Destes 201 participantes, 100 deles assistiram os anúncios com a presença de apelo sexual e 101 participantes assistiram anúncios sem a presença de apelo. Nesta etapa, os registros da movimentação ocular foram captados pelo eye-tracking. No final do experimento, os participantes responderam um questionário em que, dentre outras informações, mencionaram quais marcas estavam contidas nos anúncios. O teste estatístico para provar se há diferenças entre os dois grupos, considerando os dados coletados, foi o teste de Mann Whitney Wilcoxon. Os resultados evidenciaram que não existe diferença estatisticamente significante entre a lembrança da marca e a presença ou não de apelo sexual no anúncio. Já no contexto do Neuromarketing, os resultados mostraram que os participantes fixaram mais o olhar na imagem com apelo sexual do que na imagem sem apelo sexual. Entretanto, no que diz respeito à fixação do olhar na logomarca do anúncio, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes do tempo de fixação na logomarca dos anúncios com apelo sexual e sem apelo sexual / Studies show that the recall of a particular brand is essential for its value generation . In an attempt to attract visual attention and thus influence the process of fixing the brand in the consumer\'s memory, marketing professionals use, in their ads, content with the presence of sex appeal. Such content suggest, among other forms, the exhibition of nudity (partial or total) of physically attractive models. In this context, this research aims to verify if the presence of sex appeal in advertisements for print media influences brand recall from the perspective of Neuromarketing. The discipline of Neuromarketing can be defined as an area of study that uses clinical analysis tools to better understand physiological reactions of individuals and how such these reactions affect consumer behavior. The tool used in the research was the Eye-Tracking, which consists of a device that captures eye movements and records the points of greatest visual attention. The research was conducted in three stages: initially, were chosen thirty real print media ads and , through a survey with 96 participants, six ads with sex appeal were selected. Then two hundred and one participants watched, for five seconds, six different ads. Of these two hundred participants, 100 of them watched the ads with the presence of sex appeal and the 101 watched ads without the presence of appeal. At this stage, the records of eye movements were captured by the eye-tracking. At the end of the experiment, participants answered a questionnaire that, among other information, mentioned which brands were contained in the ads. The statistical test to prove whether there are differences between the two groups, considering the data collected, was the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test. The results showed that the presence of sex appeal in advertising has no influence in the consumer\'s ability to remember a brand. Under the Neuromarketing vision, the results showed that participants spend more time looking to the sex appeal image comparing with the non sex appeal image. Considering the fixation duration in the brand image, the results presented that there no statistical difference between sex appel and non sex appeal advertising