Cattle are widely used in cultural landscape management in Sweden today. However, there are few recent studies concering what types of cattle or what breeds of cattle that are being used for cultural landscape management. The aim of this study is to examine the use of cattle in cultural landscape management in Sweden, focusing on the aims and the types of cattle and cattle breeds that are used. I will also examnine why these specific types of cattle and cattle breeds are being used. To answer these questions a literature study, combined with three case studies and interviwes was conducted. The results show that there are a series of aspects that effect what type of cattle that is being used for cultural landscape management. These aspects range from the aim of the cultural landscape management, the modern breeding objectives, animal welfare and the milk and meat yield of the different breeds. The result also show a need for further studies on the subject.

The Pacific is the part of the world that was last settled by humans. The colonization occurred in different stages which can be discerned through various methods, one of them DNA analysis of humans as well as other species of animals and plants associated with human settlement. The direction of human migration is traditionally believed to have taken a west-eastern direction, originating in the area near Taiwan and spreading eastward until reaching the islands of Remote Oceania. However, there are also strong indications of an east-western route of interaction, with recent DNA studies confirming prehistoric human contact between South American and Polynesian peoples. The aim of this paper is to investigate the current research on human settlement of the Pacific focusing on the genetic analyses of humans as well as animals and plants believed to have accompanied the human settlers. It is to be hoped that this research survey will shed new light on the subject of geographical origins of Pacific migration and the early interactions and settlement patterns that ensued. / Oceanien blev den sista världsdelen att befolkas av människan. Koloniseringen ägde rum i flera steg som kan studeras med olika metoder, däribland DNA-analys av människor samt andra arter av djur och växter vilka förknippas med mänsklig migration. Kolonisationen av Stilla Havet gick enligt den vedertagna forskningen i en väst-östlig riktning, med utgångspunkt från området kring Taiwan och vidare österut till Bortre Oceanien. Det finns emellertid även starka indikationer på öst-västliga interaktioner mellan polynesier och sydamerikansk ursprungsbefolkning. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka det aktuella forskningsläget med fokus på genetiska analyser av människor såväl som av de djur och växter som tros ha följt människorna. Förhoppningen är att denna forskningsöversikt ska kasta nytt ljus över frågan om det geografiska ursprunget för den oceaniska expansionen och de tidiga migrationsmönster och interaktioner den gav upphov till.

This study about Norrland’s hillforts has been a way to understand and figure out how the hillforts has been used. By reading previously published literature around mostly Scandinavian hillforts and what they may have had for functions and dating, if the assumed previously functions in Norrland was right or if there could be more to them. In this study it shows that functions for hillforts is mostly assumed with none or a few archaeological evidence. The first assumed function of Norrlands hillfort as refuge has been criticized by authors from Norway and Finland because of the distance between district and hillfort. The assumption suggested that it would have been too difficult to flee from an enemy if a raid would be of essence, and with published literature, GIS-analysis, and 3D pictures this can hopefully be shown for the reader.

Throughout the course of history flint has been used in Sweden. However, flint does not naturally occur in the northern parts of the country. Yet flint has been discovered in the North.This is the result of humans transporting the material from southern most Scandinavia and/or from south-eastern Karelia. This begs the question, which way did the flint travel to northern Sweden? This paper aims to try to answer this question by analyzing the distribution and concentration of flint that has been found in the Swedish counties of Norrbotten,Västerbotten, Västernorrland and Jämtland. To do this it is first necessary to gather information regarding finds of flint. This is the first task of this paper. Its second task is to analyze this information using Qgis, with its associated tools, to create maps showing the distribution and concentration of flint. It has also been assumed that the modes of contact might have changed over time, therefore additional maps were created showing the distribution of flint from two different periods. The paper's third and final task, through theuse of the maps, is to suggest and discuss possible ways of contact that allowed flint to find its way into northern Sweden. It has been observed that the flint is not distributed evenly across the North and that there are certain areas with higher concentrations of flint. It has also been noted that the distribution of flint from two distinct time periods have dissimilar distribution patterns suggesting different modes of contact.

The gallery graves in Kronoberg county, Småland, are well known and archaeologists have been studying them since the 19th century. They were built in the Late Neolithic but this essay studies how these monuments were used in the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. A total number of 73 monuments have been analyzed. During the Early Bronze Age, the elite of the society was buried with high status metal objects in the gallery graves. Studies of the same kind of monuments in the neighboring county of Scania demonstrate that here they were used by the non-elite indicating variations in-between neighboring regions. Also, in the Late Bronze Age and in the Iron Age the gallery graves in Kronoberg county were used for burials, but these graves are generally less spectacular. The results demonstrate that the gallery graves in Kronoberg county have a long-term use and that the use of the monuments changed through time. The monuments’ biography begins in the late Neolithic and continues to the present, from being a monument and a grave to a gravel pit or a dump and now it is protected by law and an object of study.

The purpose of this study has been to examine the methods and arguments used to date rock art sites in Swedish Norrland. Three types of rock art are discussed, the pecked, the polished and the painted. A secondary goal was to create a revised and up-to-date compilation of all currently known rock art sites in Norrland because the last compilation was published in 2004 and many more sites have been discovered since then. This study is based on previously published literature concerning the thoughts and theories of other scholars regarding the dating of the different sites. The study shows that the methods and arguments employed to date sites are weak. In some cases authors are more or less guessing as concerns the date of a rock art site.

Why is it so often a gap between science and general opinion? And how authentic is the monuments when they has been moved or damaged. This paper deals with the question of how the archaeological science interpret things and places from prehistoric times, and how it is presented for a general public. Under what circumstances is there a gap between archaeological science and general opinion and why?

The aim of this paper is to find where the earliest signs of farming are located in the municipality of Örnsköldsvik and to see if typical artefacts ascribed to farming societies are represented in that area. The study focuses especially on Neolithic and Bronze Age periods. Literature on early farming in this area was utilized as well as archaeological reports from sites with noted signs of Neolithic and Bronze Age farming. A spatial examination of previously collected material eg. pollen analysis, artefacts and excavated sites are presented using a combination of maps. The relationship between soils and artefacts is also examined. Issues concerning why, how and what type of farming was practiced as well as by whom and where is also discussed.

This thesis examines the concept of phosphoric iron as a distinct type of iron. A key assumption in current archaeometallurgy is that the prehistoric blacksmiths deliberately produced and used phosphoric iron. If, how and in what quantities a blacksmith can perceive the properties of phosphoric iron through the human senses is nevertheless taken into consideration. By applying a craft perspective based on perception, this thesis examines the presence and quantities of phosphoric iron in prehistoric artifacts and compares it to other ferrous alloys. The results show that no indications of deliberate use of phosphoric iron can be seen in the examined objects. The phosphorus contents encountered in the object are low compared to international results, and the differences in properties have probably been perceived as a difference of degree and not kind, if noticed at all. Few objects have been chemically analyzed, however, and more analytical research must be conducted to discuss the concept of phosphoric iron.

This paper studies the stone towers on Gotland which are known as kastal in Swedish. This paper aims to answer the question of why they were built and also who ordered their construction. In order to answer these questions, the aim of this paper is to contextualise the kastal by understanding their construction chronology. In order to accomplish this, both the activities and the political actions that have been linked to the kastal by other scholars and analysed. Those activities include trade, Medieval ideologies, the Baltic crusades and residential farms. A case study is also made through researching the kastal's function, form,age and the artefacts found within them. The research conducted here indicates that no clear originator can be determined , although it is clear that some social organisation was the driving force behind the building phase. This is seen for example at Bulverket, a wooden fort built in Lake Tingstäde in northern Gotland during the twelfth century, showing the Gotlanders were able to organise and coordinate building structures on a massive scale. Whether this organisation was formed around a single aristocratic individual or around a collective group, cannot be determined within this paper. It seems that no direct link can be said to place all the kastal within one unified phase or singular incident. However, the differnet activities analysed in this research could have had a significant impact in the construction of the towers.