Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie verhandeling word gepoog om teen die agtergrond van multikulturele skoolsituasies in Suid-Afrika 'n oorsig van die problematiek random kommunikasievaardighede te gee. Algemene intra- en interpersoonlike kommunikasievaardighede word uitgelig. In aansluiting by 'n literatuurondersoek is kwalitatiewe data deur middel van onderhoude met skoolhoofde en onderwysers wat by multikulturele skoolsituasies betrokke is, ingesamel. Die wyse waarop mense met mekaar praat is deurslaggewend. Kommunikasieprobleme kan ontstaan wanneer kultuurgroepe met mekaar kommunikeer. Die hantering van misverstande en konflik in multikulturele skoolsituasies is belangrik. Onderwysbestuurders moet verskeie kommunikasievaardighede tydens 'n konfliksituasie aanwend. Die doeltreffende funksionering van 'n skool word grootliks medebepaal deur effektiewe kommunikasievaardighede wat toegepas word om verhoudinge tussen verskillende groepe te verbeter. Onderwysbestuurders behoort opgelei te word om effektief met alle betrokkenes in 'n konfliksituasie te kommunikeer. / This paper endeavours to give a review of the problematic nature of communication skills against the background of multicultural school situations in South Africa. General intra and interpersonal communication skills are highlighted. Further to the literature review, qualitative data has been gathered through interviews with a number of principals and teachers who are involved in multicultural school situations. The manner in which people speak to each other is important. Communication problems can occur when culture groups communicate. The management of misunderstandings and conflict is important in multicultural school situations. Education managers must utilise several communication skills during a conflict situation. The successful functioning of a school is essentially co-determined by the employment of effective communication skills to improve relationships between different groups. Education managers should be trained to communicate effectively with all persons involved in a conflict situation. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Onderwysbestuur)

This thesis raises diagnosis of the term creativity and related terms in the semantic sphere of students of teaching and primary school teachers. The aim of this work is to find out to what extent the perception of some chosen scholarly concepts are related comparing students of pedagogical faculty and experienced primary school teachers. The theoretical part includes the chapter about the theory of research in pedagogy and defines the method of semantic differential. The next chapter theoretically defines the concepts. The practical part includes the results of the research that are supported by needed tables and graphs.

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, nível de estresse, consumo de álcool e drogas e repertório de habilidades sociais na prática de sexo sem preservativo em uma amostra representativa de indivíduos com HIV/AIDS em tratamento ambulatorial na cidade de São Paulo. Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 667 pacientes, 383 (57,4%) homens e 284 (42,6%) mulheres, portadores do vírus HIV em tratamento na Casa da AIDS, Emílio Ribas, CRT Santa Cruz, SAE DST/AIDS Campos Elíseos, SAE DST/AIDS Cidade Líder II, CR DST/AIDS Nossa Senhora do Ó, AE Vila Prudente e CR DST/AIDS Santo Amaro. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Mini Exame do Estado Mental, questionário sociodemográfico, Escalas de Avaliação de Ansiedade e Depressão de Beck, Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse, Escala de assertividade de Rathus, questionário sobre uso de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas, AUDIT, Questionário sobre Comportamento Sexual na Vida e a Escala de Avaliação de Comportamento Sexual de Risco - SERBAS. Os pacientes foram entrevistados nos locais onde faziam seu tratamento. Resultados: A análise múltipla mostrou que ter algum parceiro soropositivo e ter feito uso de maconha antes do sexo foram associados negativamente ao uso do preservativo. Ter dois ou mais parceiros sexuais nos últimos três meses foi associado a ter trabalho regular, ter feito sexo em grupo, contaminação anterior por alguma outra doença sexualmente transmissível, parceiro soropositivo, não residir com o parceiro, sexo em troca de álcool, droga, abrigo/comida alguma vez na vida, orientação homossexual, prática de sexo anal, CD4 acima de 350 cels/mm3 e uso de cocaína antes do sexo. Sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, nível de estresse e falta de habilidades sociais afetaram significativamente a vida sexual dessa população diminuindo as chances de fazer sexo nos três meses anteriores à entrevista, mas não mostraram associação com o uso de preservativo e múltiplos parceiros. Conclusão: Pessoas com HIV que fazem sexo sem preservativo apresentam características diferentes daquelas que tem múltiplos parceiros. A sorologia do parceiro foi uma variável importante para a prática de sexo sem preservativo. A orientação homo e bissexual, prática de sexo anal e o sexo masculino foram mais associadas a ter mais parceiros sexuais. O consumo de álcool e outras drogas esteve presente nos dois comportamentos de risco. Identificar os fatores associados a esses comportamentos de risco e as diferenças encontradas no perfil das pessoas que fizeram sexo sem preservativo e daquelas que tiveram múltiplos parceiros são pontos importantes para programas de prevenção. Tais características podem servir como marcadores que auxiliam os profissionais de saúde a detectar possíveis comportamentos de risco e planejar estratégias de prevenção / Introduction: The AIDS epidemic is a major public health problem. It is estimated that, even after becoming aware of their serostatus, one in three people with HIV continues to have sex without a condom, regardless of the partner\'s serostatus. Purpose: To evaluated the influence of symptoms of anxiety and depression, stress level, alcohol and drug use and the range of social skills on having sex without a condom in a representative sample of individuals living with HIV/AIDS and receiving outpatient treatment in the city of São Paulo. Methods: 667 patients - 383 (57.4%) men and 284 (42.6%) women - with HIV and being treated at Casa da AIDS, Emílio Ribas, CRT Santa Cruz, SAE DST/AIDS Campos Elíseos, SAE DST/AIDS Cidade Líder II, CR DST/AIDS Nossa Senhora do Ó, AE Vila Prudente and CR DST/AIDS Santo Amaro participated in the study. The following tools were used to collect data: Mini-Mental State Examination, social and demographic survey, Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories, Stress Symptom Inventory, Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, alcohol, tobacco and other drugs use survey, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Sexual Behavior Survey, and Sexual Risk Behavior Assessment (SERBAS). Patients were interviewed at the places where they were being treated. Results: The multiple analysis has shown that having an HIV-positive partner and using marijuana before sex were negatively associated with condom use. Having two or more partners over the past three months was been associated with having regular job, have done group sex, previous infection with other sexually transmitted infections, an HIV-positive partner, not living with the partner, sex in exchange for alcohol, drug, shelter/food at least once in their lives, homosexuality, engagement in anal sex, CD4 cells/mm3 count above 350, and use of cocaine before sex. Anxiety and depression symptoms, stress level and lack of social skills significantly affected the sexual lives of that population, making them less likely to have sex in the three months before the interview, but they were not associated with the use of a condom and multiple partners. Conclusion: The characteristics of HIV-positive individuals who have unprotected sex are different from those who have multiple partners. The partners\' serostatus was an important variable for engaging in unprotected sex. Homosexuality and bisexuality, anal sex and male gender were more associated in individuals who had more sexual partners. Use of alcohol and other drugs was present in both risk behaviors. Identifying the factors associated with those risk behaviors and the differences between the profiles of the individuals who had sex without a condom and those who had multiple partners is critical for prevention programs. Such characteristics can serve as markers to help health care professionals identify possible risk behaviors and plan prevention strategies ____________________________

D.Litt. et Phil. / A problematic aspect of the latter half of the twentieth century in the South African health context, has been the change of the incidence of hypertension amongst black South Africans from being barely. endemic to being a virtual epidemic. This change in hypertension has had several negative components, notably the development of malignant hypertension wherein a markedly accelerated rate of development in hypertension has led to severely high incidences of morbidity and mortality amongst black South Africans notably in urban areas. Many researchers have cited the rapid process of urbaniztion as being the major cause, of this rapid rise in the relative incidence of hypertension amongst black South Africans. Whereas previously, the rapid rise of hypertension in urbanizing black South Africans has been attributed to the social readjustment, associated with urbanization, recent research have suggested that it is not only stressrelated, but also related to a change in basic lifestyle. Basic lifestyle changes have been found to include a change in work ethic from being a rural, cooperative work ethic, to being an urbanized firstworld type A, aggressive, competitive workstyle. This has led also to changes in eating habits with the ingestion of more salt, fats and oils, and has led to a hurried, but non exercised lifestyle. Because of the rapid increase of incidence of hypertension amongst black South Africans, the treatment of this condition has become problematic~ While black South Africans do not respond as well to traditional pharmacological interventions in this condition, they also show side-effects which make it very difficult for them to continue taking this medication. The cost aspects have also been noted to be prohibitively high and the availability of medicines because of the cost aspects has been projected to decline in the coming century. For this reason it would be "important to address other adjunctive measures to treat hypertension amongst black South Africans. In addition to standard harmacological interventions , it appears that there has been mention in the Iiterature of. lifestyle changes to be an efficacious intervention method in stabilizing and reducing blood pressure amongst hypertensives. This has however not been investigated individually or systematically amongst black South Africans. It was therefore the purpose of this study to investigate the effectiveness of lifestyle intervention programs, notably an aerobic exercise intervention, a dietary intervention, and an intervention to increase assertiveness and therefore reduce the aggressiveness associated with the competitive working style acquired by black South Africans. In order to test the efficacy of these treatment measures, a large group of black mineworkers were selected on a basis of meeting the diagnostic criteria for essential hypertension. These black mineworkers were then systematically sUbjected to an aerobic exercise intervention, a dietary intervention, and anger management by means of assertiveness training. Various measures were performed on a pretest and posttest basis. All three interventions were shown to have moderate efficacy. It was found that aerobic exercise, the dietary intervention and the anger management to be associated with a decline in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and to be associated with a reduction in the taking of hypertensive medication as ordered by the attending physicians. The aerobic exercise intervention also indicated that black South African mineworkers are relatively unfit and a ch~nge in fitness resulted in a decline in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The dietary intervention proved to be efficient in terms of changing lifestyle eating habits. Of note is the fact that there was a substantial decrease in the taking of medication when compared to a· control group. It would appear from this research that the specific forms of lifestyle change in black hypertensives noted in this study would be an efficient adjunct or even a substitute for present treatment of hypertension amongst black mineworkers.

Due to the changing demographics of South African organisations after the 1994 elections and the subsequent sub-cultural diversification, the working environment is becoming the primary place where the different South African sub-cultural groups, with their different value systems, are in interaction with each other. The consequent lifting of sanctions exposed South African organisations to globalisation and international competition. This forced managers to improve organisational processes and operations, not only to protect their own domestic markets, but also to become internationally competitive. At the same time, they had to adhere to newly created labour legislation, which dramatically changed the face of the South African labour market. The complex combination of several sub-cultures in the South African work environment can adversely affect organisational effectiveness if not properly understood and managed by effective transformational leaders. The concept of cultural values was used to explore the differences, as well as the similarities, between the various sub-cultural groups in the South African environment. This study examined cultural differences and similarities between 477 junior and middle managers in the financial services sector, who belonged to the four South African sub-cultural groups (Black, Coloured, White, and Indian), and between South African male and female managers. It also investigated whether cultural values change indiscriminately during the acculturation process, or whether certain cultural values, labelled peripheral values, change easier or before other cultural values, labelled core values. Due to the importance of transformational leadership in the work environment, this study also explored the differences and similarities of South African managers on Bass and Avolio’s Full Range Model of Leadership. (Avolio&Bass, 1999; Bass, 1985, 1997). A moderate social constructionist theory was used as a framework for this study, to analyse and describe quantitative results obtained with the various measuring instruments. Firstly, it was found that although there were statistically significant differences between most of the cultural value dimensions of the various sub-cultural groups, not all of these differences were practically significant. Results indicated that these groups could often be clustered together on specific cultural value dimensions, sometimes consisting of a Black, White, and Coloured cluster, sometimes as a Black, Coloured, and Indian cluster, and so forth. Secondly, independent variables other than sub-cultural group, gender, and age also showed practically significant relationships with some of the cultural value dimensions. Thirdly, the results indicated that the cultural values are very stable, even in the dynamic and multi-cultural South African environment, and as such, no core or peripheral values could be identified. Finally, the results also indicated that the transformational-transactional leadership model is cross-culturally endorsed within the South African financial services sector. It pointed out that irrespective of gender, junior or middle management level, age, educational level, number of years full-time work experience, number of years as manager, or having been exposed to formal Western management training, all managers evaluated themselves as more transformational than transactional. / Thesis (PhD (Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Psychology / unrestricted

No description available.

Объектом исследования явилось удовлетворенность браком. Предметом связь уровня удовлетворенности браком с индивидуально-психологическими особенностями личности в период взрослости. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух разделов, заключения, списка литературы (83 источников) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 129 страница, на которых размещены 17 рисунков и 12 таблиц, 9 приложений. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первый раздел включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме удовлетворенности браком и индивидуально-психологические особенности личности. Представлены разделы, посвященные исследованию показателей удовлетворенности браком, самоактуализации, ассертивности, личностной зрелости, готовности к переменам. Выводы по первому разделу представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Второй раздел посвящен эмпирической части исследования. В нем представлены описания организации и методы проведенного исследования и результаты, полученные по всем использованным методикам: опроснику «Уровень удовлетворенность браком», опроснику «Самоактуализация личности», тесту-опроснику «Уровень личностной зрелости», опроснику «Ассертивность», опроснику «Личностная готовность к переменам». Также в разделе представлен корреляционный и сравнительный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по разделу 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of the study was satisfaction with marriage. The subject is the relationship between the level of satisfaction with marriage and the individual psychological characteristics of the individual in the period of adulthood. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two sections, a conclusion, a list of references (83 sources) and an appendix, which includes forms of the methods used. The volume of the master's thesis is 129 pages, which contain 17 figures and 12 tables, 9 appendices. he introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problem, sets the goal and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates the main and additional hypotheses, indicates the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of the study, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first section includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of satisfaction with marriage and individual psychological characteristics of the individual. The sections devoted to the study of indicators of satisfaction with marriage, self-actualization, assertiveness, personal maturity, readiness for change are presented. The conclusions on the first section are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second section is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It presents descriptions of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all methods used: the Marriage Satisfaction Questionnaire, the Personality Self-Actualization Questionnaire, the Personal Maturity Level test-questionnaire, the Assertiveness Questionnaire, the Personal Readiness to change." The section also presents a correlation and comparative analysis of the results of the study. Section 2's conclusions include the main results of the empirical study. In the conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are summarized, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of this issue are described.

Объектом исследования явилась ассертивность. Предметом исследования стало ассертивное поведение сотрудников музеев. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (103 источника) и приложения, включающего в себя диагностические результаты выборки по использованным методикам. Объем магистерской диссертации 85 страниц, на которых размещены 11 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме ассертивности, научной эволюции данного феномена, структуры ассертивного поведения и психологическим особенностям сотрудников музеев. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: опроснику самооценки Уайтхолд, шкале организационного стресса А. Малкина в адаптации Н. Е. Водопьянова, опроснпику психологической устойчивости к стрессу Е. В. Распопина, краткому тесту жизнестойкости С. Мадди в адаптации Е. Н. Осина и Е. И. Рассказовой, тесту на ассертивность В. Каппони и Т. Новака. Для интерпретации данных использовались критерий корреляции Пирсона и t-критерий Стьюдента для независимых выборок. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам. / The object of the study was assertiveness. The subject of the study was the assertive behavior of museum staff. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (103 sources) and an appendix, which includes diagnostic results of sampling according to the methods used. The volume of the master's thesis is 85 pages, which contain 11 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the elaboration of the problem, sets the purpose and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates the main and additional hypotheses, indicates the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of research, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of assertiveness, the scientific evolution of this phenomenon, the structure of assertive behavior and the psychological characteristics of museum staff. The conclusions of the first chapter represent the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It describes the organization and methods of the research and the results obtained using all the methods used: the Whitehold self-assessment questionnaire, the Malkin organizational stress scale in adaptation by N. E. Vodopyanov, the Raspopin psychological stress resistance questionnaire, the S. Muddy short resilience test in adaptation by E. N. Osin and E. I. Rasskazova, the test on the assertiveness of V. Capponi and T. Novak. The Pearson correlation criterion and the Student's t-test for independent samples were used to interpret the data. The conclusions of Chapter 2 include the main results of the empirical study. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, are summarized.

The purpose of this research is to determine whether a relationship exists between two constructs, namely managerial motivation and sense of coherence and to determine whether any variance exists between two groups of people in terms of the mentioned constructs. The study was conducted on a total sample of 124 employees of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) which was divided into two groups, namely managers and supervisors in view of the position they held at the Agricultural Research Council. The results of the study indicated that a significant positive relationship exists between the dimensions of managerial motivation and the dimensions of sense of coherence of the total sample. There is also a significant variance in terms of two dimensions between the two groups, namely power motive as dimension of managerial motivation and meaningfulness as dimension of sense of coherence. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

Text in Afrikaans / Summary in English and Afrikaans / This study analyses the adolescent's peer pressure and the handling thereofby the adolescent, the parents, teachers and educational psychologist. The literature confirms that peer pressure is a multidimensional phenomenon. Certain factors such as the parent's behavioural- and cognitive functioning, the adolescent's social competence and susceptibility to peer pressure influence his compliance to peer pressure. Processes such as identification, internalization, modelling and coercion are involved in this compliance. The implementation of a mentor system and suggested program at school and the teaching of social-, decisionmaking, problemsolving- and selfassertiveness skills will help the adolescent to use peer pressure positively. The educational psychologist can support the adolescent and parents through individual, family and group therapy. / Hierdie studie handel oor die ontleding van portuurgroepdruk by die adolessent en die hantering daarvan deur die adolessent self, die ouers, onderwysers en opvoedkundige sielkundige. Die literatuur bevestig dat portuurgroepdruk 'n komplekse fenomeen met verskeie dimensies is. Verskeie faktore soos die ouers se gedrags- en kognitiewe funksionering, die adolessent se sosiale bekwaamheid en sy vatbaarheid vir portuurgroepdruk bei:nvloed sy toegewing aan portuurgroepdruk. Prosesse soos identifikasie, internalisasie, modellering en dwang is by die toegewing aan portuurgroepdruk betrokke. 'n Voorgestelde program vir die skool, die implementering van 'n portuurmentorprogram en die onderrig van sosiale-, besluitnemings-, probleemoplossings- en selfgeldingsvaardighede kan die adolessent help om portuurgroepdruk te gebruik. Die opvoedkundige sielkundige kan die ouer en adolessent deur individuele-, gesins- en groepterapie bystaan. / Educational Studies / M. Education (Guidance)