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Fuktskador på uteluftsventilerade vindar är ett ökat problem, i det mer miljömedvetna Sverige. Genom tjockare vindsbjälklagsisolering minskar både energiförlusten genom bjälklaget och uppvärmningsbehovet i huset, men hur många funderar på vad som händer med det förändrade klimatet på vinden och hur det kan påverka fuktförhållandena i utsatta delar av konstruktionen. Studier från Chalmers Tekniska Högskola har framställt ett fuktberäkningsprogram för uteluftsventilerade vindar vid namn Simple Cold Attic Model. Programmets funktion och potential har prövats i denna rapport genom en beräkningsanalys av en uteluftsventilerad vindskonstruktion. Försök till att förbättra fuktsäkerheten i konstruktionen har utförts och redovisas i rapporten.  Studien har påvisat att den studerade konstruktionen inte är fuktsäker om den uppförs i Stockholmsområdet. Det visades även att aktiva val i konstruktionen kan förebygga fuktskador.  Studien har påvisat vikten av inte beräkna med medelår för klimat och hur det påverkar beräkningsresultatet av mögeltillväxt. Detta har understrukit vikten av att ha ett beräkningsprogram som Simple Cold Attic Model som kraftigt reducerar beräkningsmängden vid fuktriskbedömning.  Rekommendationen till företaget AK Konsult är att tillämpa beräkningsprogrammet när det har utvecklats till fullo. / Moisture Damage in outdoor air ventilated attics is a growing problem in the more environmentally conscious Sweden. Thick ceiling insulation reduces both energy loss through the soffit and the need for heating in the house, but how many people are thinking about what happens to the changing climate on the wind and how it can affect moisture conditions in deprived parts of the structure.Studies from Chalmers University of Technology have resulted in a moisture calculation program for outdoor air ventilated attics named Simple Cold Attic Model. The program's performance and potential have been examined in this report, through a calculation analysis of an outdoor air ventilated attic construction. Attempts to improve the moisture safety in the construction have been carried out and are presented in this report.The study has demonstrated that the studied structure is not moisture-proof if it is built in the Stockholm area. It also shows that an active choice in the design can prevent moisture damage. The study has shown the importance of not calculating with an average year for climate and how it affects the calculation result of mold growth. This emphasizes the importance of having a calculation tool as Simple Cold Attic Model, that significantly reduces the amount of calculations in the assessment of moisture related damage. The recommendation for AK Konsult is to apply the calculation program when it is fully developed.

The thesis tests the hypothesis that certain aspects of linguistic variation in Attic prose are related to the type of oral performance, private or public, which the author envisaged for his text. This hypothesis rests on the assumption that authors more or less consciously optimized their texts for their intended communicative situation. A crucial feature of texts optimized for public delivery was clarity, which figures as an essential component of the 'virtue of speech' in the Greek rhetorical thought. In private situations the audience itself could alter the pace of reading or recitation. Clarifications could be sought, and pauses and repetitions would be possible. The case was different with public situations, where the text itself coincided with its performance and it was entirely up to the speaker to determine the way in which the audience would access it. Especially in political and judicial contexts, where important decisions were to be made, public speakers could not afford being unclear. In order to test whether public texts were clearer than private texts, 'clarity' must be defined in a linguistically thorough way. Modern psycholinguistics studies human language comprehension, and experimental research has revealed language-independent mechanisms which can be confidently applied to dead languages. In the thesis, clarity is measured by the number of syntactic, semantic, and referential reanalyses which linguistics structures induce in a given amount of text. This methodology is tested on a corpus of Attic speeches, which includes both texts that were devised exclusively for written circulation and private delivery, and texts that were at least conceived for public delivery, although we do not know to what extent they correspond to the versions which were actually delivered. The difference between the average score of 'public texts' and that of 'private texts' is statistically significant and supports the hypothesis that 'public texts' were generally clearer than 'private texts' for audiences of native speakers.

For a long time, Roman ideal sculptures have primarily been studied within the tradition of Kopienkritik. Owing to some of the theoretical assumptions tied to this practice, several important aspects of Roman visual culture have been neglected as the overall aim of such research has been to gain new knowledge regarding assumed Classical and Hellenistic models. This thesis is a collection of three studies on Roman ideal sculpture. The articles share three general aims: 1. To show that the practice of Kopienkritik has, so far, not produced convincing interpretations of the sculpture types and motifs discussed. 2. To show that aspects of the methodology tied to the practice of Kopienkritik (thorough examination and comparison of physical forms in sculptures) can, and should, be used to gain insights other than those concerning hypothetical Classical and Hellenistic model images. 3. To present new interpretations of the sculpture types and motifs studied, interpretations which emphasize their role and importance within Roman visual culture. The first article shows that reputed, post-Antique restorations may have an unexpected—and unwanted—impact on the study of ancient sculptures. This is examined by tracing the impact that a restored motif ("Satyrs with cymbals") has had on the study of an ancient sculpture type: the satyr ascribed to the two-figure group "The invitation to the dance". The second article presents and interprets a sculpture type which had previously gone unnoticed—The satyrs of "The Palazzo Massimo-type". The type is interpreted as a variant of "The Marsyas in the forum", a motif that was well known within the Roman cultural context. The third article examines how, and why, two motifs known from Classical models were changed in an eclectic fashion once they had been incorporated into Roman visual culture. The motifs concerned are kalathiskos dancers, which were transformed into Victoriae, and pyrrhic dancers, which were also reinterpreted as mythological figures—the curetes. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Accepted. Paper 3: Accepted.</p>

This study analyzed The Children's Hour, The Little Foxes, Watch on the Rhine, Toys in the Attic in terms of the forms of human love delineated by Erich Fromm in The Art of Loving. The motives and actions of one or more principal characters and their dramatic situations were studied. It was discovered that, in the plays that were examined, each character responded to his or her situation in a loving or a hateful manner and that these choices with regard to love provided the dramatic matrix of the play.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar a maneira como os autores trágicos (Ésquilo, Sófocles e Eurípides) apresentavam ao seu público as formas de organizar/pensar o espaço da cidade na Atenas do século V a.C.. Partimos do conceito de espaço desenvolvido pelo arquiteto moderno Amos Rapoport, de ambiente construído, que vem embasando as pesquisas desenvolvidas pelo Laboratório de Estudos sobre a Cidade Antiga (Labeca/MAE/USP), no âmbito do qual a nossa pesquisa está inserida. Para tanto elegemos quatro subtemas que serão analisados a partir da perspectiva do espaço, comparando-o com o que se conhece da realidade material da cidade no século V a.C., tanto quanto possível. Cada subtema será tratado em um capítulo distinto, como segue: 1) as cenas de Reconhecimento entre Orestes e Electra e os espaços onde elas ocorrem, com base em Coéforas (Ésquilo); Electra (Sófocles); Electra (Eurípides); 2) A identidade e o espaço, a partir do Íon (Eurípides); 3) Fronteira e efebia, com o exame da Electra (Eurípides); 4) A mobilidade e a identidade de Menelau, com base nas peças em que ele figura: Ájax (Sófocles) e Andrômaca, Troianas, Helena, Orestes, Ifigênia em Áulis (Eurípides). Nosso intuito é instigar uma melhor compreensão espacial da cidade grega no que tange aos avanços dos espaços públicos, a especialização de certos espaços e, ao mesmo tempo, entender os sentidos simbólicos e as formas e razão da representação desse espaço. / The goal of this thesis is to analyze the way the tragic authors (Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides) presented to its public the ways of organizing/thinking the space of the city in Athens during the 5th century B.C.. We start from the concept of space designed by modern architect Amos Rapoport, of built environment, which comes to support the research developed by Laboratory of Studies about the Ancient City (Labeca/MAE/USP) in which our research is inserted. That is why we elect four sub-themes that will be analyzed from the perspective of space, comparing them to what is known of the material reality of the city 5th century B.C. as much as possible. Each subtopic will be treated in a separate chapter, as follows: 1) The scenes of recognition between Orestes and Electra and the spaces where they occur, based Choephoroi (Aeschylus); Electra (Sophocle); Electra (Euripides). 2) The identity and the space, from the Ion (Euripides). 3) Border and ephebia, with the examination of the Electra (Euripides). 3) The mobility and identity of Menelaus, based on the parts in which he figures: Ajax (Sophocles); Andromache, Trojan Woman, Helen, Orestes, Iphigenia in Aulis (Euripides). Our aim is to instill a better understanding of the Greek city with respect to the advances of public spaces, the specialization of certain spaces and, at the same time, understand the symbolic meanings and shapes and reason of the representation of that space.

O autor pergunta, a partir da iconografia da Guerra de Tróia, pelo lugar da guerra no imaginário ateniense durante os séculos VI-V a.C.. O corpus da pesquisa é constituído por 248 vasos áticos referentes a nove cenas: 1) Armamento de Aquiles; 2) Partida de Aquiles; os duelos entre 3) Páris e Menelau, 4) Enéias e Diomedes, 5) Ájax e Heitor, 6) Aquiles e Heitor, 7) Aquiles e Mêmnon; os retornos de guerreiros mortos em batalha: 8) Sono e Morte carregando o corpo de Sarpédon e 9) Ájax carregando o corpo de Aquiles. Os recortes espacial, Atenas, e cronológico, séculos VI-V a.C., foram feitos devido à escolha deliberada dos vasos áticos e ao surgimento e desaparecimento do tema nesse período. Partindo dos pressupostos de que há uma relação entre imagens e sociedade e de que as imagens são construções do imaginário social, que permitem uma aproximação às representações coletivas, o autor propõe ser a Guerra de Tróia um elemento constitutivo do imaginário ateniense nos séculos VI-V a.C. e remeter sua iconografia às representações dos atenienses sobre a atividade guerreira em seu próprio tempo. As imagens pintadas da Guerra de Tróia, antes de serem ilustrações de um evento do passado, são manifestações da imagem que a cidade de Atenas faz de si mesma em relação à guerra. Presente na memória coletiva dos atenienses, a Guerra de Tróia é um acontecimento, no qual a cidade fundamenta seus valores, sua sociedade e os respectivos papéis de seus cidadãos. Em suma, a guerra, antes de ser uma atividade restrita aos guerreiros, envolve toda a cidade, isto é, os não guerreiros, entre os quais, a mulher e o homem idoso, pais do guerreiro, ocupam um lugar preponderante. / From the iconography of the Trojan War, the author asks about the place of the war in the Athenian imaginary in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. The corpus of the research is composed of 248 attic vases about nine scenes: 1) The arming of Achilles; 2) The departure of Achilles; the duels: 3) Paris fighting Menelaos, 4) Aeneas fighting Diomedes, 5) Ajax fighting Hector, 6) Achilles fighting Hector, 7) Achilles fighting Memnon; the returns of the dead warriors in battle: 8) Sleep and Death carrying the body of Sarpedon, and 9) Ajax carrying the body of Achilles. The choice of space, Athens, and chronological period, 6th and 5th centuries B.C., was based on a deliberate option for the attic vases and on the appearance and disappearance of the theme in this period. Based on the assumptions that there is a relationship between images and society and that images are constructs of the social imaginary, allowing an approximation to collective representations, the author proposes that the Trojan War is a constituent element of the Athenian imaginary in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. and that its iconography refers to the representations of Athenians on the war activity in their own time. The Trojan Wars painted pictures, rather than being illustrations of an event from the past, are manifestations of the image that the city of Athens makes about itself, concerning the war. The Trojan War is an event in the collective memory of the Athenians, upon which the city establishes its values, its society and the respective roles of its citizens. In short, that war, rather than being an activity restricted to warriors, concerns the whole city, namely, the non-warriors, among them, the woman and the old man, the warriors parents, who hold an important place.

O ciclope de Eurípides é o único exemplo completo do que se conhecia na Grécia Antiga como drama satírico, ranqueando-se, portanto, como um dos textos mais elucidativos e preciosos para os estudos clássicos. Eurípides constrói o enredo na intertextualidade com o famoso canto IX da Odisseia, em que Odisseu e seus companheiros se encontram prisioneiros do monstruoso ciclope Polifemo: Eurípides reutiliza a tradição homérica, épico-mítica, em uma releitura cômica, típica do drama satírico. A fim de realizar um estudo sobre a natureza do drama satírico, esta dissertação se centra no estudo deste texto euripidiano, dividindo-se, deste modo, em três partes: na primeira, faz-se um estudo a respeito do gênero do drama satírico, analisando as características que se pode inferir do mesmo a partir de, especialmente, o texto de Eurípides, além de outras fontes; na segunda, desenvolve-se um estudo do coro do drama satírico e da figura que o compõe: o sátiro. Num terceiro momento, ainda, esta dissertação apresenta uma tradução do texto grego para o português moderno. / The Cyclops of Euripides is the one complete example of what was known in Ancient Greece as the satyr play, therefore ranking itself as one of the more enlightening texts and precious object to the classical studies. Euripides presents the plot in intertextuality with the famous book IX of the Odyssey, where Odysseus and his companions are prisoners of monstrous cyclops Polyphemus: Euripides reuses the homeric tradition, epic and mythic, in a comic retelling, feature that would be typical to the satyr play. In order to presente a study of the nature of the satyr play, this dissertation focuses itself in studying this Euripidean text, and so divided in three parts: first, a study of the gender that is the satyr play, analyzing its features that we can infer from Euripidean text, and also other sources; secondly, a study of the chorus of the satyr play and the figure that is part of it: the satyr. Thirdly, this dissertation presents a translation of the Greek text to modern Portuguese.

O ciclope de Eurípides é o único exemplo completo do que se conhecia na Grécia Antiga como drama satírico, ranqueando-se, portanto, como um dos textos mais elucidativos e preciosos para os estudos clássicos. Eurípides constrói o enredo na intertextualidade com o famoso canto IX da Odisseia, em que Odisseu e seus companheiros se encontram prisioneiros do monstruoso ciclope Polifemo: Eurípides reutiliza a tradição homérica, épico-mítica, em uma releitura cômica, típica do drama satírico. A fim de realizar um estudo sobre a natureza do drama satírico, esta dissertação se centra no estudo deste texto euripidiano, dividindo-se, deste modo, em três partes: na primeira, faz-se um estudo a respeito do gênero do drama satírico, analisando as características que se pode inferir do mesmo a partir de, especialmente, o texto de Eurípides, além de outras fontes; na segunda, desenvolve-se um estudo do coro do drama satírico e da figura que o compõe: o sátiro. Num terceiro momento, ainda, esta dissertação apresenta uma tradução do texto grego para o português moderno. / The Cyclops of Euripides is the one complete example of what was known in Ancient Greece as the satyr play, therefore ranking itself as one of the more enlightening texts and precious object to the classical studies. Euripides presents the plot in intertextuality with the famous book IX of the Odyssey, where Odysseus and his companions are prisoners of monstrous cyclops Polyphemus: Euripides reuses the homeric tradition, epic and mythic, in a comic retelling, feature that would be typical to the satyr play. In order to presente a study of the nature of the satyr play, this dissertation focuses itself in studying this Euripidean text, and so divided in three parts: first, a study of the gender that is the satyr play, analyzing its features that we can infer from Euripidean text, and also other sources; secondly, a study of the chorus of the satyr play and the figure that is part of it: the satyr. Thirdly, this dissertation presents a translation of the Greek text to modern Portuguese.

O autor pergunta, a partir da iconografia da Guerra de Tróia, pelo lugar da guerra no imaginário ateniense durante os séculos VI-V a.C.. O corpus da pesquisa é constituído por 248 vasos áticos referentes a nove cenas: 1) Armamento de Aquiles; 2) Partida de Aquiles; os duelos entre 3) Páris e Menelau, 4) Enéias e Diomedes, 5) Ájax e Heitor, 6) Aquiles e Heitor, 7) Aquiles e Mêmnon; os retornos de guerreiros mortos em batalha: 8) Sono e Morte carregando o corpo de Sarpédon e 9) Ájax carregando o corpo de Aquiles. Os recortes espacial, Atenas, e cronológico, séculos VI-V a.C., foram feitos devido à escolha deliberada dos vasos áticos e ao surgimento e desaparecimento do tema nesse período. Partindo dos pressupostos de que há uma relação entre imagens e sociedade e de que as imagens são construções do imaginário social, que permitem uma aproximação às representações coletivas, o autor propõe ser a Guerra de Tróia um elemento constitutivo do imaginário ateniense nos séculos VI-V a.C. e remeter sua iconografia às representações dos atenienses sobre a atividade guerreira em seu próprio tempo. As imagens pintadas da Guerra de Tróia, antes de serem ilustrações de um evento do passado, são manifestações da imagem que a cidade de Atenas faz de si mesma em relação à guerra. Presente na memória coletiva dos atenienses, a Guerra de Tróia é um acontecimento, no qual a cidade fundamenta seus valores, sua sociedade e os respectivos papéis de seus cidadãos. Em suma, a guerra, antes de ser uma atividade restrita aos guerreiros, envolve toda a cidade, isto é, os não guerreiros, entre os quais, a mulher e o homem idoso, pais do guerreiro, ocupam um lugar preponderante. / From the iconography of the Trojan War, the author asks about the place of the war in the Athenian imaginary in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. The corpus of the research is composed of 248 attic vases about nine scenes: 1) The arming of Achilles; 2) The departure of Achilles; the duels: 3) Paris fighting Menelaos, 4) Aeneas fighting Diomedes, 5) Ajax fighting Hector, 6) Achilles fighting Hector, 7) Achilles fighting Memnon; the returns of the dead warriors in battle: 8) Sleep and Death carrying the body of Sarpedon, and 9) Ajax carrying the body of Achilles. The choice of space, Athens, and chronological period, 6th and 5th centuries B.C., was based on a deliberate option for the attic vases and on the appearance and disappearance of the theme in this period. Based on the assumptions that there is a relationship between images and society and that images are constructs of the social imaginary, allowing an approximation to collective representations, the author proposes that the Trojan War is a constituent element of the Athenian imaginary in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. and that its iconography refers to the representations of Athenians on the war activity in their own time. The Trojan Wars painted pictures, rather than being illustrations of an event from the past, are manifestations of the image that the city of Athens makes about itself, concerning the war. The Trojan War is an event in the collective memory of the Athenians, upon which the city establishes its values, its society and the respective roles of its citizens. In short, that war, rather than being an activity restricted to warriors, concerns the whole city, namely, the non-warriors, among them, the woman and the old man, the warriors parents, who hold an important place.