The present thesis seeks to problematize the UN discourse within transitional justice. Many scholars have pointed out that the discourse has been normalised and that is why it is in need for deconstruction. The study aims to critically analyse how justice and reconciliation are understood in the field. For the purpose of the study Derrida’s concepts on justice and forgiveness have been chosen as theoretical frameworks. The method of study is a deconstructive analysis, based on Derrida’s notion of deconstruction. The method implies analysis of language of the research material, i.e. four UN reports regarding transitional justice from 2004, 2009, 2010 and 2011. The study has shown, firstly, that the rule of law concept is closely connected with the idea of justice and, secondly, justice is often reduced to accountability. That in turn explains the dominance of the juridical instruments in transitional justice processes. Apart from this, based on Derrida’s concept of forgiveness, reconciliation and mechanisms applied represent a conditional forgiveness, seeking to re-establish normality. Another problem is that reconciliation is not sufficiently approached in the reports. Nevertheless, the history of the transitional justice development has shown that there is a potential for further changes and that is why it necessary to continue question the established norms.   Finally, deconstruction analysis has proved to be an adequate method for analysing transitional justice discourses and contributed to a nuanced analysis. The use of two languages, English and Russian versions of the reports allowed to identify and visualise some conceptual constructions that could otherwise have been missing.

Thesis (DTh)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation addresses the functioning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in South Africa and the disillusionment and alienation of its members. Its aim is to uncover what the key factors are in the administrative functioning that has contributed to the disillusionment and alienation of the rank and file from the administration of the church. It gives particular attention to five aspects of administration: administrative authority, leadership, power, transition, and organizational structures. The objectives of the study are multifaceted. It wants to sensitize and make the Conference and Union administrations aware of the issues that separate them from the rank and file in the church, and how that the present challenges can be solved on a broad consultative basis. Furthermore, the study wants to make recommendations as to how broader representation can be established. Importantly, the study wishes to help the SDA Church administration to maintain a healthy balance between the church as institution and the church as organism. The study is basically exploratory as it seeks to explore the social phenomenon between the administrative functioning and the grassroots of the church for the reason of gaining insight as well as to explain the reason for its existence. It is also hermeneutical in nature as it seeks to establish a proper understanding of the interrelatedness between the administrative functioning and the laity in the church. Empirical enquiry is an important aspect of the study as it employs structured interviews with church boards and survey questionnaires to pastors in order to establish quantitative and qualitative aspects of the study. The study made use of a practical-theological methodology. The methodology is a hermeneutical sensitive and correlational dialogue that brings different theological parameters into dialogue with the realities of practice of ministry and the world. Chapter one introduces the study. It outlines the various dimensions of the study. Chapters two and three are historical. It deals with the present reality and the identity of the church using literary sources. Chapter five deals with the empirical research and gives a description of the views of ministers and the church boards concerning the five aspects of administration of the church, which has been researched. Chapters four and six deals with the theoretical-theological aspects of the study. Chapter four deals with the tension that exists between the church as institution and the church as organism. Chapter six is a theological evaluation that seeks the will of God or His guidance in terms of the problem which the church faces. Chapter six describes the way forward by making recommendations and gives some strategies that can be used to realize the goals of the study and the church. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die denominasionele etos en die administratiewe strukture van die Sewendedag Adventistekerk in Suid-Afrika. Die studie toon aan dat daar ontnugtering en vervreemding by die gewone lede van die kerk ten opsigte van die administratiewe strukture bestaan. Dit gee aandag aan vyf aspekte van administrasie: administratiewe gesag, leierskap, mag, oorgang en organisatoriese strukture. Die doelstellings van die studie is veelvoudig. Dit poog om die Konferensies en die Unie-administrasies sensitief te maak van die strydpunte wat hulle verwyder van die gewone mense in die kerk. Dit stel voor dat die huidige uitdagings opgelos kan word deur middel van 'n bree konsultatiewe proses. Verder maak die studie aanbevelings oor hoe wyer verteenwoordiging in administratiewe strukture bereik kan word. Die studie wil die SDA-kerk administrasie van hulp wees om 'n gesonde balans te handhaaf tussen die kerk as organisasie en die kerk as organisme. Die studie is verkennend en hermeneuties van aard. Dit wou vasstel wat die mening van die werkers (predikante) en kerkrade is oor die administratiewe strukture en leierskap in die kerk. Ten einde dit vas te stel is 'n omvattende empiriese ondersoek gedoen deur gestruktureerde onderhoude met kerkrade oor die hele land te voer en deur vraelyste aan 'n verteenwoordigende steekproef predikante te stuur. Die navorsing het gebruik gemaak van 'n prakties-teologiese metodologie. Die metodologie is 'n hermeneuties sensitiewe en korrelatiewe dialoog wat verskillende teologiese parameters in dialoog met die realiteite van die bedieningspraktyk en wereld bring. Hoofstuk een is inleidend en gee 'n oorsig oor die navorsingsontwerp. Hoofstukke twee en drie is histories. Dit behandel die huidige realiteit en die identiteit van die kerk deur gebruik te maak van literere bronne. Hoofstuk vyf handel oor die empiriese ondersoek en gee 'n beskrywing van die menings van predikante en kerkrade oor die vyf aspekte van die administrasie van die kerk wat ondersoek is. Hoofstukke vier en ses handel oar die teoreties-teologiese aspekte van die studie. Vier bespreek die spanning wat altyd bestaan tussen die kerk as organisasie en die kerk as organisme. Ses is 'n teologiese evaluering wat soek na die wil of leiding van God in terme van die probleem waarmee die kerk worstel. Die laaste hoofstuk maak voorstelle oor die pad vorentoe en stel strategiee voor wat gebruik kan word om doelstellings te bereik.

This thesis is a critique of the prominent strand of contemporary liberal political theory which maintains that liberal political authority must, in some sense, rest on the free consent of those subjected to it, and that such a consensus is achieved if a polity’s basic structure can be publicly justified to its citizenry, or to a relevant subset of it. Call that the liberal legitimacy view. I argue that the liberal legitimacy view cannot provide viable normative foundations for political authority, for the hypothetical consensus it envisages cannot be achieved and sustained without either arbitrarily excluding conspicuous sectors of the citizenry or commanding a consent that is less than free. That is because the liberal legitimacy view’s structure is one that requires a form of consent that carries free-standing normative force (i.e. normative force generated by voluntariness), yet the particular form of hypothetical consent through public justification envisaged by the view does not possess such force, because of its built-in bias in favour of liberalism. I also argue that the liberal legitimacy view is the most recent instantiation of one of two main strands of liberal theory, namely the nowadays dominant contract-based liberalism, which seeks to ground liberal political authority in a hypothetical agreement between the citizens. My case against the liberal legitimacy view, then, contributes to the revitalisation of the other main approach to the normative foundations of liberalism, namely the substantivist one, which legitimates liberal political authority through an appeal to the substantive values and virtues safeguarded and promoted by liberal polities.

Autoriteto sąvoka yra seniai įsigalėjusi ir veikianti visuomenėje, kaip įtakos, galios, absoliutaus pasitikėjimo ir pranašumo prieš kitus simbolis. Autoritetas yra patraukiantis pavyzdys, kuriuo žavimasi, o kartu sąmoningai ar ne norima jam prilygti – įgauti autoriteto turimą pagarbą, mėgautis jo sėkme. Dabartinėje visuomenėje tradicinio religinio autoriteto formos yra tik vienos iš daugelio dominuojančių autoritetų, kurie egzistuoja nebe kaip viską apimantys, viską žinantys ir teigiantys, o atvirkščiai specializuojasi į tam tikras skirtingai apibrėžiamas, vertinamas ir suprantamas sritis. Autoriteto sąvoka modernioje visuomenėje daugiau siejama su specialisto, eksperto apibrėžimais. Autoritetas suprantamas kaip tam tikros srities lyderis, kuris savo pranašumu traukia pasekėjus ir savo sėkmės pavyzdžiu formuoja jų siekiamybes. Reklamoje pasirodanti autoriteto figūra tampa neatskiriama populiariosios kultūros dalimi. Toks autoritetas nebepriklauso pats sau, jo įvaizdį kuria imagologai, kurie autoritetą paverčia reikiamu vaizdu ir žodžiais – taip autoritetas tampa simuliakru – veidrodžiu, atspindinčiu ne šalia vykstantį gyvenimą, bet imančiu vaizduoti imagologų norimą sukurti tikrovę. Taip autoritetas, veikiantis reklamoje, už tam tikrą mokestį sutinka atiduoti dalį savo populiarumo reklamuojamam produktui, nes tikėtina, kad jį gerbiantys ir pasitikintys žmonės lygiai taip pat ims pasitikėti reklamuojamo produkto verte – šis procesas vadinamas dalinimusi simboliniu kapitalu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Notion of authority has been prevailing and well functioning in society, like symbol of influence, power, and absolute confidence and advantage over others. Authority is an attractive example widely admired at, and thus consciously or not wanting to equal it – to acquire the respect featured by the authority, to enjoy its success, and so on. In the current society, traditional forms of religious authority is only one of the most dominant authorities, which no longer exists as a comprehensive, all knowing and claiming, but specializes in a number of differently defined, understood and valued areas. The concept of authority in modern society is more associated with the specialist, the expert definitions. Authority is understood as a leader in some field, which by his/her advantage attracts followers and, based on his/her success, forms others’ strivings. Authority figure appearing in advertisement becomes an integral part of popular culture. Such authority no longer belongs to him/herself, his/her image is created by image makers, who turn authority into the right image and words: in this way authority becomes simulacra, the mirror, reflecting not a near-going life, but showing the reality desired to create by image makers. Thus, authority, acting in advertising, for a fee agrees to surrender a part of his/her popularity to the product being advertised, as it is likely that abiding and confident people in the same way will trust the value of the product being advertised, a... [to full text]

Local government has to face new challenges and demands as they approach the 21st century, especially in view of the fact that the South African system of local government has been significantly altered since the first democratic local government elections which were held in November 1995 and July 1996. The integrated development plan (IDP) of a municipality reflects on the municipal council's vision for the long-term development of the municipality with special emphasis on the municipality's most critical development for service delivery purposes. The integrated development plan consists of separate plans developed for new initiatives to fit into the overall strategic planning framework as distinct from the normal operating and capital business plans for each of a Council's existing functions. The plans do not necessarily relate to completely new functions but may relate to changing the way a function operates, enhancing service levels of existing functions or even cutting back services provided by an existing function. Some IDP initiatives may stand apart as individual projects and some may have wide-spread impact across existing functional areas. Emanating from the above is a resultant conflict between administration management of a municipality and the rest of the workforce of the municipality. As a result of the lack of knowledge regarding conflict in a local authority within the framework of an integrated development plan for labour and the need for it to be managed correctly, it was decided to embark on this study and contribute to the existing knowledge on this subject. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Sociology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Denna studie har haft som mål att undersöka hur tjänstemän inom myndigheterarbetar med sina känslor, inom deras arbete med enskilda individer, som ofta är iutsatta situationer. Vi vill med detta kunna svara på frågeställningar kring hurdessa tjänstemän arbetar med sina emotioner, men även om det kan uppståmotstridiga krav i arbetet och hur eventuella konsekvenser av dessa hanteras.Arbetet presenteras som kvalitativt, och har inslag av både deduktivt ochinduktivt tillvägagångssätt, med infallsvinklar av socialkonstruktivism ochhermeneutiska tankegångar. I utförandet av studien har vi använt oss av en semistrukturerad intervjuform med sammanlagt tio respondenter från tre olikamyndigheter, vilka är Arbetsförmedlingen, Socialförvaltningen ochSocialpsykiatrin. I arbetet har en bild av tjänstemannen växt fram, där det finnsbehov av att finna balans mellan empati och distansering gentemot enskildaindivider. Förutom detta framställs den administrativa delen som något somtynger ner motivationen och skapar stress, medan det kollegiala stödet ger enpositiv inverkan på arbetet. / This study has had its goal to see how official workers within governmentexercise of public authority, work with their emotions, when meeting withpeople in difficult circumstances. The aim is then to be able to answer suchquestions as “how do official workers deal with their emotions?”, but also ifthere can be cases where conflicts might occur within the worker and how theyhandle such consequences. This study is of quality nature, with hints of bothdeduction and induction practice, with social constructivism as approach andhermeneutics perspective. In the empirical gathering of information we haveused semi-structured interviews with a total of ten informants from threedifferent government organizations, consisting of Employment service, Socialservice center and Social psychiatry. Through this work a clearer portrait of theofficial worker has appeared, as a human in great need to find a balance betweenempathy and distance towards individuals. Apart from this the administrativepart of the work is what’s experienced as the anchor that weighs downmotivation and creates stress, while the positive aspect against this is with thesupport that comes from co-workers.

Notre thèse vise deux domaines inter reliés des marchés taux de change en se référant particulièrement à un marché émergent qui est le Pakistan. Ces domaines sont le rôle et l'efficacité de l'intervention orale sur le marché des changes étrangers et le régime "de facto" adopté par le pays. Nous avons collecté une base de données complète des rapports, des communiqués de presse fournis par des autorités pakistanaises et d'autres informations, qui pourraient affecter le taux de change de la roupie pakistanaise contre le dollar US. Pour étudier l'efficacité de la stratégie d'intervention orale de l'autorité monétaire pakistanaise, nous avons appliqué l'approche d'étude d'évènement couramment utilisée dans la littérature. Nous avons analysé les effets des évènements de l'intervention orale en utilisant un test de signe non-paramétrique basé sur différents critères d'évaluation. Cette efficacité a été observée sur le niveau et la volatilité du taux de change sur le marché de changes officiel. Toutefois, cette thèse présente un aspect intéressant qui concerne le fait que nous avons également examiné les effets des évènements d'une intervention orale sur le prix de change au marché parallèle. L'approche mentionnée ci-dessus a été employée pour examiner les effets de l'intervention orale sur la prime, le taux et la volatilité du marché parallèle. La thèse étudie également le régime de facto du taux de change du Pakistan. Pour étudier le régime de facto du taux de change de ce pays, nous avons utilisé un panier de devises et nous nous sommes placé dans un contexte de "exchange market pressure". Nous avons également examiné l'impact de deux ensembles différents de devises (régional et du Moyen-Orient) sur la roupie pakistanaise. Enfin, le modèle structural de Bai et de Perron a été appliqué pour obtenir la coupure de la série de données de l'échantillon. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que l'intervention orale demeure efficace pour le niveau et la volatilité du taux de change sur le marché de changes officiel. Un résultat intéressant ressort de cette étude qui stipule que les efforts d'une intervention orale sont également réussis; ils permettent d'influencer la prime et la volatilité du marché parallèle dans le sens désiré. La comparaison entre les régimes de change suivis par le pays, de jure ( flottant contrôlé) ou de facto (fixé par rapport au dollar), révèle des disparités pour une grande partie de la période d'étude. / The thesis targets two inter related areas of the foreign exchange market with special references to an emerging economy, Pakistan. These areas are the role and effectiveness of oral intervention in the foreign exchange market and de facto exchange rate regime followed by the country. We collected a comprehensive database of statements, press releases by paskistani authorities and other news, which could affect the exchange rate of the pakistani rupee against the US dollar. We applied the event stydy approach , widely used in the available literature, to investigate the effectiveness of the oral intervention strategy of pakistani monetary authority. We analyzed the effects of the oral intervention events using a non-parametric sign test based on different evaluation criteria. This effectiveness was observed on the exchange rate level and volatility in the official currency market. Whereas, an interesting aspect of the thesis is that we also examined the affects of these oral inetrvention events on the exchange rate of the parallele currency market. The aforementioned approach was used to examined the affects of the oral intervention on the parallel market premium, rate and volatility. The thesis also investigated the de facto exchange rate regime of Pakistan. We used the "currency basket" and "exchange market pressure" framework to investigate the de facto exchange rate regime of the country. The impact of two different sets of currencies (i.e. regional and Middle Eastern) was also observed on the pakistani rupee. Finally, the Bai and Perron structural break model was applied to obtain the break points in the sample data. The results obtained indicate that the oral intervention remained effective for both the exchange rate level and volatility in the official currency market. Interestingly, these oral intervention efforts wrere also successful in influencing the parallel market premium and volatility in the desired direction. Regarding the exchange rate regime followed by the country, a gap was observed in the de jure (managed float) and de facto (dollar peg) exchange rate regime of the country for most part of the sample period covered.

Le concept de rationalisation du parlementarisme fait aujourd’hui partie des concepts marquants du droit public français. Tout semble avoir été dit sur les techniques de rationalisation consacrées par la constitution de 1958. Pourtant, force est de constater que le concept de rationalisation reste mal connu. Inventé à la fin des années vingt par le juriste d’origine ukrainienne Boris Mirkine-Guetzévitch pour décrire la dynamique de constitutionnalisation à l’œuvre dans les nouveaux Etats d’Europe centrale et orientale au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale, le concept de rationalisation du parlementarisme dérive du concept général de rationalisation du pouvoir qui renvoie à l’idée d’une société entièrement régie par le droit. Quelles sont les sources d’inspiration du concept de rationalisation ? Comment se traduit son implantation et son évolution dans la pensée constitutionnelle française des années trente à nos jours ? « Dépoussiérer » le concept de rationalisation du pouvoir implique d’identifier ses soubassements théoriques et de déterminer sa portée idéologique. L’étude de l’acclimatation du concept mirkinien (ainsi que de son idéologie sous-jacente et de ses techniques de réalisation) permet de souligner les adaptations et les réinterprétations dont il a été l’objet en accord avec la pensée juridique dominante et les grandes orientations du droit positif. / The concept of rationalization of parliamentarism is nowadays part of the significant concepts of the French public Law. Everything seems to be said about the techniques of rationalization established by the constitution in 1958. However, we are forced to notice that the rationalization concept remains badly knows. Invented at the end of the twenties by the jurist Boris Mirkine-Guetzévitch to describe the dynamic of constitutionalization in action in the new eastern and central Europe states, just afeter the first World war, the concept of rationalization of parlementarism results from the general concept of rationalization of the authority which refers to the idea of a society entirely ruled by law. What are the sources of inspiration of the rationalization concept? How are converged its presence and its development int the french constitutional thought from the thirties up to now? To dust the concept of rationalization of the authority implies to identify its theorical basis and determine its ideological impact. The study of the acclimatatization of the mirkinian concept (as well as its underlying ideology and its techniques of realization) allows to underline the adaptations and reinterpretations it has been the subject in harmony with the main juridical thought and the great trends of positive law.

In this work, I present a conceptual framework for understanding how international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) become powerful international organizations (IOs), and how their pursuit of legitimacy leads to the formation of specific kinds of organizational cultural proclivities and dysfunctional tendencies that shape how these groups behave as international actors. Despite their increasing prominence in international affairs, INGOs remain largely understudied by International Relations (IR) scholars; my work provides a theoretically driven and empirically supported analysis of the power and performance of these actors, thus filling the existing gap in the IR literature. Relying on the basic tenets of sociological institutionalism, I argue that there is an indissoluble relationship between the ways in which an INGO becomes powerful and its ultimate performance outcomes.

What started out as a neat little argument for teaching about religion (AR) in public schools has become a wide-ranging essay asking why so many big ideas for education keep falling flat. The new argument, unifying the added themes, is that modern education is caught in self-defeating patterns of rationalizing and over-articulating its own meaningfulness and legitimacy. Thus, self-deception distorts the fulfillment of intergenerational responsibilities. The original topic has become a first example that leads into and illuminates the problem. As an educational idea, AR claims to address secularization for our times. If upon further thought the idea seems hollow, it becomes necessary to look again at the real world of secularization. AR reflects the contemporary obsession with diversity and the compulsion to turn education into a parade of possibilities. What is taught is merely a rationalized stance. Indeed, given that the legitimacy of an education system depends on locating authority within a recognizable source of meaning, and given that modernity foregrounds incommensurable diversity, there is an apparent obviousness to grounding the educational enterprise in bare proceduralism and then topping it up by tenuously claiming association with various deeper sources. But George Grant’s characterization of the religious education of an earlier generation still holds: “a few thin platitudes.” In religious contexts, a distinction is sometimes made between religious instruction and formation within thick tradition and community. Even in a secular age, the young deserve some kind of thick formation. Yet that seems unimaginable, because contemporary common sense is caught in what Hubert Dreyfus calls theoretical holism. Secularization presents education not with an array but with a dilemma: To go on trying to manage meanings for the young, or to allow them to find meaning in strong practices? Facing this dilemma will entail facing the disenchantment generated in our deepest Western educative impulses. Rediscovering true sources of educational authority for our times will entail going back to the origins of modern schooling in the breakup of the apprenticeship model and rethinking an institutional solution that so fundamentally denies the way in which human beings become oriented to meaning through strong practices. / October 2016