"Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en droit (LL.D.)" / La Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse prévoit que la détermination des mesures de protection peut faire l'objet d'une décision du Tribunal de la jeunesse ou, alternativement, d'une entente sur mesures volontaires (emv) proposée par un intervenant de la Direction de la protection de la jeunesse et acceptée par le jeune et ses parents. La recherche porte sur le second mode d'application de la Loi. Elle établit la problématique de l'emv en théorie du droit et propose une observation sociologique de la pratique de l'emv dans les cas de troubles de comportements sérieux (art. 38h) L.P.J.). Une problématique scientifique de l'emv commande l'interdisciplinarité. Il s'agit de retracer les origines conceptuelles de cette alternative à la judiciarisation dans des disciplines externes, puis d'insérer cette connaissance en théorie du droit. Le concept d'emv relève de deux mouvements différents, celui de l'intervention contractuelle en travail social et celui de la gouvernance contractuelle en droit. Ce dernier comprend la transaction de droit public, le contrat administratif et le droit souple (soft law). Ces deux mouvements participent d'une même vague de fond théorique, qui déferle actuellement sur l'ensemble des sciences humaines, et qui inclut le contrat de l'analyse transactionnelle en psychologie ainsi que la pédagogie de contrat. Le concept de contrat pédagogique désigne cette mouvance scientifique. Il est inhérent à la modernité et il constitue une mutation paradigmatique par rapport à la division droit privé/droit public, d'où la nécessité, pour définir l'emv, d'un concept nouveau et indépendant par rapport à cette division: le concept d'autorité normative. La recherche sociologique relève de la méthode de l'entretien compréhensif formalisée par Jean-Claude Kaufmann. Elle a pour but d'observer l'effectivité de l'emv. Les entretiens auprès de mères et de jeunes garçons révèlent un vécu subjectif en partie conforme à la finalité instrumentale de l'emv (réactions d'ouverture et d'adhésion au droit), et en partie non conforme (réaction de méprise chez les mères et de peur chez les jeunes). De même, les entretiens réalisés auprès des intervenants révèlent une pensée motrice en partie conforme à la rationalité du droit souple (décision clinique et acceptation de l'autocontrôle requis) et en partie non conforme (attitude rétrospective semblable à celle d'un juge et refus de la finalité imposée par la Loi). Le tout illustre l'important potentiel d'efficacité de l'emv, en termes de protection concrète, mais montre aussi la grande difficulté de la tâche de l'intervenant et l'inadaptation de sa préparation cognitive. Certains d'entre eux refusent le nouveau mode d'action publique parce qu'ils n'en comprennent pas la rationalité. Dans l'approche des problèmes de l'adolescence, il en résulte souvent une prégnance des formes pénales et la survivance, dans l'imaginaire parental, d'une mesure de répression du mineur réfractaire à l'autorité parentale, comme c'était le cas dans l'Acte concernant les écoles d'industrie de 1869. / The Youth Protection Act states that protective measures may be imposed by a decision of the Youth Tribunal or, alternatively, determined through a voluntary measures agreement (vma) proposed by a youth protection case worker and accepted by the minor and his parents. The research bears on the second mode of law application. It draws up the framework of vma in legal theory and proposes a sociological observation of the practice of vma in cases of severe behavior problems (art. 38h) YP.A.). A scientific framework of vma requires interdisciplinarity. The conceptual origins of this alternative to adjudication must be found in external disciplines and then must be introduced in legal theory. The concept of vma cornes from two different scientific movements, the contractual approach in social work and the contractual governance in law. The latter inc1udes public law transaction, administrative contract and soft law. Both movements belong to a large theoretical wave, now invading the whole of human sciences, inc1uding among others transactional analysis in psychology and contract-based pedagogy. The concept of pedagogical contract identifies this large scientific movement. Although inherently modern, the movement represents a paradigm shift from the private law/public law distinction and requires the construction of the new concept of "normative authority", independent from that distinction, in order to define vma. The sociological research follows the principles of comprehensive interview such as formalized by Jean-Claude Kaufmann. Its goal is to study the effectivity of vma. Interviews with mothers and boys reveal a subjective life experience partially in line with the instrumental function of vma (reaction of open-mindedness and adherence to law), and partially not (reaction of misunderstanding amoung mothers and of fear amoung boys). In the same way, interviews with youth protection case workers reveal motives of action partially in line with the rationality of soft law (c1inical decision and acceptance of self-control), and partially not Gudge-like retrospective attitude and refusaI of the official purpose). Globally, the results show the important potential of effectiveness of vma in terms of concrete protection, but they also reveal the great difficulties of the decision-making job undertaken by the youth protection case workers and the inadequacy of their cognitive background. Sorne of them refuse the new administrative mode because they do not understand its rationality. Then, quite often, the treatment of teenager problems reveals the prevalence of a punitive rationality and the survival, in parental imagery, of the idea of a procedure whose purpose would be to repress a child's resistance to authority, as was the case with the Industrial Schools Act of 1869.

L’intérêt de l’enfant est une notion « polymorphe » dont les tenants et aboutissants sont difficiles à cerner. A priori, nous postulions que son caractère polymorphe en permet l’instrumentalisation, les acteurs sociaux cherchant, par la représentation qu’ils s’en font, à défendre leurs intérêts. Notre mémoire prend d’ailleurs à partie l’exemple de l’avant-projet de Loi modifiant le Code civil et d’autres dispositions législatives en matière d’adoption et d’autorité parentale. Dans notre premier titre, il convenait ainsi de dresser l’historique de l’intérêt de l’enfant en tant que notion variablement évolutive, de sa réception en jurisprudence et dans les lois québécoises portant sur l’adoption, à son incorporation en droit commun, à la suite de l’abrogation du concept de puissance paternelle. Nous en avons également identifié les fondements, au travers du droit anglais, du droit international, des Chartes et du droit naturel. Les éléments de définition du concept étant multiples, nous avons enfin cherché à le conceptualiser, à en dégager les bases légales et à effectuer l’analyse doctrinale et jurisprudentielle de ses critères. Puis, afin de démontrer nos prémisses, nous avons examiné, dans notre seconde partie, les discours de quelques 23 intervenants dans le cadre des consultations menées par la Commission des institutions sur l’avant-projet de loi susdit. En somme, alors que les chercheurs universitaires ont une position ne cherchant pas à insister sur une dimension de l’intérêt de l’enfant convergeant vers leur mission, les propos des ordres professionnels, des groupes de pression et des organismes para-gouvernementaux sont, en revanche, à l’effet contraire. / The child’s interest is a “polymorphous” notion the limits of which are difficult to define. We postulate at the outset that its polymorphous nature makes it susceptible to instrumentalisation because players in the social sector portray it in ways which serve their interests. The present thesis seeks to demonstrate this using the example of the draft bill of the Act to amend the Civil Code and other legislative provisions as regards adoption and parental authority. The first part of this thesis traces the history of the ever-evolving notion of the child’s interest from the moment of its reception in case law and in Québec adoption laws, to its incorporation in the jus commune following the abrogation of the concept of paternal authority. Its foundations in English Law, in international law, in the Charters and in natural law are also identified. Finally, as there are multiple elements to the definition of this concept, an attempt is made to conceptualise it, to outline its legal foundations and to analyse its doctrinal and judicial attributes. In order to test our postulates, the second part of this thesis then examines the presentations of 23 stakeholders at the hearings of the Committee on Institutions with regards to the draft bill mentioned above. In sum, while academics take an approach which is not to insist upon those elements of the child’s interest which coincide with their agenda, the angle taken by professional corporations, pressure groups and para-governmental organisations is quite the opposite.

The Thai State Railway Authority (RSR) is a public enterprise in Thailand. As an organization its performance is subject to the argument of contingency theorists that operating efficiency is dependent upon various factors both in the internal and external environments of the enterprise. Most of the internal factors are those that organization theorists in the developed world have identified such as goals and objectives, resources, and organization structures. Meanwhile, external factors such as political, economic and social conditions of the society are regarded as indirect factors that have less importance than do the internal factors. Scholars of the developing world have argued that political, social and economic conditions in the society are as important as internal factors. These factors may have a very significant influence on the enterprises and on the society as a whole. Consequently, public enterprises in developing countries always encounter the same problem of operating inefficiency. The RSR is selected as a case study because of its advantages over the other public enterprises in Thailand in terms of size of operation, length of service, and data availability. For the purpose of this project, data are collected from 1960 to 1984 for longitudinal analysis. The methods of analysis are divided into two major sections: simple regression testing and multiple regression testing. The principal component technique is used in both testings to reduce variables to a smaller number for further analysis. The simple regression tests yielded mixed results, but the multiple regression tests resulted in significant relationships. The three new factors derived from the factor analysis technique were labeled as "the organizational pressures," "the socio-political downturn," and "the public criticisms." They explained 84% of all the variance of operating efficiency. The other 16% was the effect of other factors including the management skills, which were excluded from this analysis.

This thesis was planned as an -interdisciplinary work, a possible exemplar of 'a peace study' (see Appendix 5). It offers an analysis of the situation of the Asian children of immigrant families, socially and racially disadvantaged in Britain, in the Bradford school system from the mid-1970's to 1980*, and their relative success in terms of external examination assessment in comparison with their peers. This is seen against the backcloth of pioneering Local Authority policies to support their education and observations of practice in schools. The findings are generalised as models of what is perceived by the policy-makers and practitioners to be progress towards racial justice and peace. It is argued that the British school system has shown limited facility to offer equal opportunity of success to pupils in socially disadvantaged groups and that this is borne out in an analysis of the situation of the Asian pupils in the County Upper schools in Bradford (CB), less likely to be allocated to external examination-orientated groups or to gain success in these than their peers. There are indications that their potential may not be being realised. It is argued that while language support for the bilingual child is important, account should also be taken of a more general cultural dominance in the school system and stereotyped low expectations from teachers which may feed racial bias in institutions. The data show that the LEA policies, though benevolent in intention, demonstrate institutional racism in effect. With four case studies from observations in Bradford schools, models are developed for practice that has potential for power-sharing and greater equity of opportunity -for pupils, involving respect for cultural diversity and antiracist education strategies supporting and supported by community participation in schools. It is argued that white educationists need to listen to black clients, pupils and their parents, involving them in dialogue to ascertain their real needs, to implement appropriate policy. As there was a considerable lapse of time between the field work research and writing up of this thesis, and its final presentation, an addendum (with bibliography) reviews some of the research and literature in the fleld since 1980. This situates the field work historically. The issues raised and discussed in the context of the 1970's are still far from being solved. The additional work stregthens, rather than changes my original conclusion that society is locked into a cycle of inequality. A counter-hegemony must emerge from 'grass-roots', community initiatives with a values-base linked not to self-seeking or confrontational power group politics but to a notion of the common good.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude du projet de création d’un Etat palestinien. Elle pose la question de la possibilité de la naissance d’un tel Etat, conformément aux critères juridiques et politiques de l'Etat. Analysées les causes de l’échec des tentatives précédentes. Nous avons constaté que depuis la défaite des armées arabes en 1967, et à ce jour, la direction palestinienne n’avait pas une stratégie claire, aggravé par les divisions internes, ainsi que par la volonté manifeste de l'occupant israélien de rendre plus difficile une telle création.Notre recherche vise à montrer que si l'Etat palestinien peut être créé en droit, sa viabilité reste subordonnée à la bonne volonté d'Israël, quand bien même il bénéficierait de soutiens diplomatiques sincères de l’ensemble des acteurs internationaux. Ainsi, les Palestiniens se voient proposer, après les accords d'Oslo, plus qu'une autonomie et moins qu'un Etat,(Etat client), car dépourvu de toute forme de souveraineté. La « communauté internationale » n'a manifestement pas fait assez de pressions pour contraindre Israël à geler la colonisation, et ce malgré ses promesses de créer un Etat palestinien viable et indépendant, selon les présidents américains successifs.Ce travail aboutit à la conclusion que le projet d'un Etat palestinien est devenu un projet irréaliste dans le contexte politico-juridique actuel. / This study investigates the proposal to establish a Palestinian State in accord with international policy and law. The research also looks into the reasons for the failure to establish such a state following the defeat of Arab armies in 1967 until the present time. These reasons can be summarized in the lack of clear strategic policy for the Palestinian leadership, the internal division of the Palestinian political institutions, and the Israeli practices and measures against Palestinians and the Palestinian leadership on both international and national levels to stop the establishment of this state.This study attempts to show that in the absence of true international support for a Palestinian State, the existence and vitality of such a state would depend on Israel's good intentions. However, the prospects to establish this state seem unattainable as a result of Israel's refusal to abide by international law and in the absence and inability of the international community including the consecutive American Presidents to exert pressure on Israel to even freeze settlement. Following Oslo Agreement, Palestinians found themselves in a situation to establish an entity that is more than autonomous self-rule but still less than a fully-fledged state. The study concludes that the possibility to create a Palestinian State has become unrealistic in current political and legal contexts.

Protection of Domain Names (master's degree thesis) The purpose of my thesis is to analyse a legal interpretation of the domain name. The thesis analyzes the theoretical base of this term, authorities competent to constitute rules on the market of domain names and to decide how to judge corelated disputes, attention is also drawn to the conflict of protected names and domain names. The important question to be answered is the eventual social significance of a juridical framework of domain name. The question of domain names (and also other institutes connected with internet) is a widely discussed and disputed topic. The last three decades the rules and the execution of them were constantly developing and underwent major changes. Therefore it's very interesting to watch this progress and to compare the many different points of view on the whole issue. Those were the main reasons for my research. The thesis consists of seven chapters. Chapter One, Two and Three are introductory, they define the term 'domain name', its function and structure. They also express and explain the basic terminology attached to domain names. Chapter Four analyzes the place of the domain name in Czech law system. This chapter is divided into two parts. Part One is focussing on the previous private law codex. The Second Part...

6. SUMMARY The purpose of my thesis is to describe the administrative organization in the People's Republic of China. The reason for my research is the growing interest resulting need for its introduction to the public. The thesis is composed of five chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of Chinese administration. Chapter One is introductory and in its first subdivision it depicts the methodology used in the process of my research and also defines basic rules for translations of terminology used in the thesis. The second subdivision addresses the issue of literature and sources used in this thesis. Chapter Two introduces the geography, population and territorial divisions of China. The next chapter is subdivided into six parts. Part One specifies the Chinese legal culture, while the second part provides an overview of the legal development in the 20th century. Part Three investigates the legal and political system of nowadays China. Part Four depicts and explains the bodies of state power, while the next part introduces the Chinese Communist Party, which in fact is the main authority when discussing the state power in China and the most important decision-making body. The last part deals with the categorization of normative acts in China. Chapter Four concentrates on administrative...

The diploma thesis makes use of qualitative analytical methods of the Grounded Theory to explore the theme of "reflection of experience with school of boys from Diagnostic Institute for Youth". It sets a goal to understand the context of subjective meanings of adolescent boys. The result of the analysis is a description of the dynamic metamorphosis in relation to the school, using the description of internal and external factors affecting this phenomenon. Among the main discovered themes belong the role of the authority of educator and the usage of supervisory tools and the evaluation of their effectiveness by their addressee. Furthermore, the thesis devotes to description of the transformation of internal motivational dispositions of the individual (needs, interests, attitudes and values). The two main themes synthesize to the concept of transformation of the relationship to school. The thesis is a qualitative probe into the inner world of the adolescent subjects who, at the threshold of adulthood, are teetering on the edge of a risky behavior and a socially acceptable experimentation which naturally belongs to this developmental period. The thesis flows into a formulation of theory, which is valid for this very specific context. Research data were obtained via interviews led in accordance with...

The topic of this thesis is Food Law in the Czech Republic and Abroad. The purpose of the thesis is to introduce food law of the Czech Republic and England, with an emphasis on EU food law. As this field is very broad, only basic attributes and some interesting parts and issues of food law may be covered. The thesis is divided into seven chapters. In the first chapter relevant legal sources are introduced. Food law is regulated by many rules. Generally, these sources may be divided into primary and secondary legislation both at national and EU level. Furthermore, some important international aspects of food law are laid down as well. The second chapter simply is to present legal definitions of essential terms within the scope of Czech and EU law. The third chapter is crucial one for following chapters as it establishes most of general principles in environmental law as well as principles specifically applicable in the field of food law. It is often referred to these principles later in the thesis. Furthermore, this chapter also contains an introduction of the European Safety Food Authority and the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed as well as many ways of national control of food safety. Next chapter deals with food labelling and packaging. It is described which legal conditions have to be...

L'administration utilise de plus en plus le procédé contractuel, notamment les marchés publics, contrats par lesquels elle satisfait ses besoins en travaux, fournitures et services. Au sein des marchés, à côté des procédures formalisées soumises aux directives communautaires, une catégorie particulière de marché a été créée par le code des marchés publics de 2004 : les marchés à procédure adaptée (M.A.P.A.). Ces marchés, qui constituent une innovation du code de 2004 et qui ont été repris par le code de 2006, sont définis par l'article 28 du code comme les marchés « dont les modalités sont librement fixées par le pouvoir adjudicateur en fonction de la nature et des caractéristiques du besoin à satisfaire, du nombre ou de la localisation des opérateurs économiques susceptibles d'y répondre ainsi que des circonstances de l'achat ». Les modalités laissées à l'appréciation du pouvoir adjudicateur ne doivent pas pour autant porter atteinte aux principes généraux de la commande publique (liberté d'accès à la commande publique, égalité de traitement des candidats et transparence des procédures). Ainsi, la liberté accordée aux acheteurs publics dans le cadre des M.A.P.A. a pour contrepartie une responsabilité accrue. Cette marge de manœuvre accorde une place importante à la jurisprudence pour définir le régime de ces marchés et laisse place à l'innovation des acheteurs publics. / The administration uses increasingly the contract process, including procurement, contracts under which it satisfies its needs works, supplies and services. In markets, in addition to formal procedures subject to EU directives, a particular category of contract was created by the Public Procurement Code 2004 : markets appropriate procedure (MAPA). These markets are an innovation of the Code of 2004 and which were included in the Code of 2006, are set out in Article 28 of the Code as markets "whose terms are freely set by the contracting authority in accordance with the nature and characteristics needed to meet the number or location of economic operators likely to respond and the circumstances of the purchase. "Terms at the discretion of the contracting authority should not necessarily undermine the general principles of public procurement (freedom of access to public procurement, equal treatment of candidates and transparency of procedures). Thus, the freedom granted to public purchasers within the MAPA is offset by an increased responsibility. This flexibility gives an important place to the courts to define the treatment of these markets, leaving room for innovation in public buyers.