Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricio Carneiro Araujo.pdf: 17247915 bytes, checksum: 04c59f14dc9a28135d90c0a72b9c5f9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-01 / Fundação Ford / This research is about the relation between knowledge, secret rituals and power in Candomble religion. Throughout history in African-Brazilian religious communities we realize the secret ritualassumes different configurations. Looking at the religious life of the adherents of Candomblé we can seethat the practice of secret ritual is a powerful mechanism for establishing and maintaining power. The traditional religious knowledge, which is usually transmitted in an initiatory context, can be considered as a key element in the composition of sacred hierarchies. In this case, the appropriation of the secret ritual contents is a way to find its place in the hierarchical spheres of religion. When knowledge takes a different way to the religious life on the Candomblé terraces, the traditional forms of its transmission gets circumvented and settle a power struggle which can result in a crisis of authority, by the elders. In a perspective of power relations analysis, this research looks to contribute in the studies context of the Afro-Brazilian religions / Este trabalho trata da relação entre conhecimento, segredo ritual e poder no candomblé. Ao longo da história das religiões afro-brasileiras, podemos perceber que o segredo ritual assume diferentes configurações. Ao observarmos a vida religiosa do povo do santo, podemos perceber que a prática do segredo ritual constitui um poderoso mecanismo de elaboração e manutenção do poder. O conhecimento religioso tradicional, que geralmente é transmitido no contexto iniciático, funciona então como elemento fundamental na composição das hierarquias sagradas. Assim, apropriar-se dos conteúdos do segredo é encontrar seu lugar nas esferas hierárquicas da religião. À medida que tais conhecimentos começam a circular de forma paralela à vida religiosa nos terreiros, as formas tradicionais de transmissão passam a ser burladas e se instala um conflito de poder que pode resultar em uma crise de autoridade, por parte dos mais velhos. É na perspectiva de uma análise dessas relações de poder que este trabalho pretende contribuir no contexto dos estudos acerca das religiões afro-brasileiras

Under den senare delen av 1900-talet inträffade ett antal företagsskandaler, såsom Enron och Worldcom, vilket föranledde ett bristande förtroendet för såväl styrelsers som revisorers arbete. För att återfå förtroende på den svenska marknaden introducerades Koden och en uppdatering av Aktiebolagslagen gjordes. En av de förtroendehöjande åtgärderna innebar att revisionsutskotten introducerades. Revisionsutskottens införande innebar ett tydliggörande av styrelseledamöternas arbetsuppgifter, men medförde samtidigt att huvudmannaskapsproblematiken i styrelsen aktualiserades. Vilket leder till vår problemformulering: Hur har revisionsutskottens införande påverkat ansvarsfördelning i styrelsen?För att kunna besvara vår frågeställning har vi genomfört kvalitativa intervjuer utifrån ett expertperspektiv. Expertperspektivet har företrätts av institutionella ägare, revisorer och en advokat. Respondenternas olika relationer till fenomenet har bidragit till ett brett perspektiv.Empiriinsamlingen påvisar tydligt att införandet av revisionsutskott har aktualiserat huvudmannaskapsproblematiken. Empirin påvisar att en dualism, i styrelsen, kan ha uppstått utifrån vem som agerar i vems uppdrag. Dock åberopar respondenterna likt lagrum och rekommendationer att styrelsens huvudansvar i helhet kvarstår.Vår slutsats är att styrelsen inte har skapat sig ett alibi genom införandet av revisionsutskott, och att styrelsens ansvar i helhet kvarstår. Därmed kan vi konstatera att införandet av revisionsutskott har belyst ansvarsfrågan, men att ansvaret kvarstår hos styrelsen i sin helhet. Vi har även konstaterat att forskning om huvudmannaskapsproblematiken inom styrelsen är bristfällig och att mer forskning skulle berika området. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

Swedish hereditary kingship was not without its problems. In March 1792, Gustav III was assassinated leaving an immature heir to the throne. The direct succession of Gustav IV Adolf was impossible as he had not yet reached the age of majority. This example epitomises this study’s focal point –the hereditary kingship’s challenges. This is a study of the hereditary kingship’s formation and practices. It sheds light on how the hereditary kingship dealt with challenges through constitutional law and how the transfer of power was portrayed ceremonially. Closely connected with the transfer of power, are the underlying concepts of kingship. Normally the succession occurs through one king’s funeral and the following king’s coronation, however it could also take place through abdication or coup d’état. The study consists of two analytical parts. The first part aims to elucidate the formation and practices of the hereditary kingship with an exposé beginning in 1544: the establishment of the hereditary kingship. The second part focuses on the immaturity of Gustav IV Adolf up until he reached the age of majority in 1796. The findings show that the formation of the hereditary kingship and its practices display certain themes when power is transferred and when challenges are overcome. These includethe notion of unity, to be chosen, legality, to fulfil one’s role as ruler, and continuity. The results also show that hereditary kingship adapts to meet its challenges and that these themes are omnipresent and part of a constantly ongoing process when power is transferred. In Gustav IV Adolf’s case, the constitutional law dictated how the regiment was to be organised. In addition, his guardian Charles was granted Royal Authority and acted as Regent. The saying which composes the title of this study illustrates the natural transfer of power; albeit that this transpired gradually. The conclusion is a deepened understanding of the words: The king is dead, long live the king.

La notion d'autorité parentale est certes inscrite dans la loi, mais celle-ci ne nous dit pas grand chose quant aux processus qu'elle met en jeu. Ce travail essaie non seulement de différencier l'autorité du pouvoir, à l'instar de la légitimité et de la légalité, mais aussi de proposer une explication de cette notion, qui prend sa source dans ce que l'on appelle l'axiologie. L'étude menée propose de comprendre l'autorité autrement que par sa seule dimension de relation à autrui, pour la considérer selon un angle relevant d'un registre de la rationalité humaine dit éthico-moral, qui ne fait pas appel, du point de vue des processus qu'il suppose, à la dimension de l 'altérité. Par ailleurs, la prise en compte de l 'enfance et la compréhension de ce dont il est question lorsqu'on évoque la parentalité ne sont pas étrangères à la façon dont on considère l'autorité de nos jours. Il apparaît alors primordial de savoir déterminer les capacités de l'enfant, tout autant que la responsabilité des parents pour rendre compte du processus d'autorité chez les enfants, chez les parents, et bien sûr dans la relation éducative qui les lie. Nous considérerons le processus d'autorité comme un autocontrôle, une retenue dont chacun fait preuve, hors pathologie, et qui relève d'un fonctionnement spécifiquement humain. La dernière partie de notre travail s'attachera ainsi à comprendre dans quelle mesure nous pouvons aider l'enfant à mettre cette autorité en oeuvre et en quoi cela apparaît nécessaire à son développement, eu égard en particulier à la problématique de la liberté. / The idea of parental authority may appear in the law but the law tells very little when it comes to its process. This study is trying to distinguish authority from power, as legitimacy from lawfulness, but also to suggest an explanation of the notion through axiology. This research intends to understand authority differently than a sole relation to others, and harvests both the ethical and moral fields however not through otherness. Furthermore, the way we consider childhood and understand parenthood nowadays does not fall far from considering authority itself. Thus, it seems of primordial importance to be able to determine the child's capacities as much as his or her parents's responsibility in order to carry out a proper research on the authority process throughout the child's upbringing. Just like restraint lies in everyone, we consider this process comes from self-control (no pathology included), which falls within human specificities. The last part of this work will focus on understanding how the child can be helped to carry out this authority and why it appears necessary to his or her development, particularly if we take into account the moral liberty this process seems to enable us with.

Lee Lin Yau, Sandy. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-95). / Introduction --- p.1 / Research Objectives --- p.6 / Background of Research / Literature Review --- p.8 / Comparison of the Testing Techniques --- p.18 / Research Methodology --- p.28 / Data Analysis --- p.39 / Opinion from Testers and Testees --- p.48 / "Discussion, Recommendation and Areas of Further Research" --- p.51 / Appendices --- p.59 / Bibliography --- p.90

New York’s transit system serves millions of riders each day; the local newspapers complain about the lack of funding for infrastructure projects; and the City Council regularly hosts hearings about Bus Rapid Transit, bike-share, road safety, e-hail taxis, and gondolas. Transportation issues matter to New Yorkers, but these debates, at the policy level, often focus on technology, budgets, and regulations rather than the needs and experiences of passengers. This focus on “technical” matters allows planners and politicians to confine transportation debates to the realm of experts rather than engage the broader public in them. The failure to address the needs of passengers in Brooklyn and Queens has led to the development of dollar vans. Dollar vans are hybrid bus-taxis, also known as jitneys, that provide vital transportation links to more than 120,000 riders per day and operate beyond the control of the formal transit system governed by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). While this ridership pales in comparison to the daily ridership on the subway or bus, it does rival bus ridership in cities like Dallas and Milwaukee and dwarfs the 50,000 peak ridership achieved by Citi Bike, New York’s celebrated bike-share system. More important, the durability of the vans reveals the failures of the existing formal system to serve all New Yorkers. I argue that this failure is important for three reasons. First, the vans respond to a geographically specific problem: adequate access to inadequate service. The vans thrive in busy transit corridors where MTA-owned buses come too infrequently, are overcrowded, or are regularly stuck in traffic. On these busy routes, the vans provide a more reliable ride and alternative for transit-dependent populations looking to bypass the faltering bus system. Second, regulations fail to reflect daily practice. This gap between practice and policy leaves van operators and passengers in an awkward limbo that criminalizes an industry and jeopardizes the mobility of entire neighborhoods. Third, since the vans operate outside of the formal system, traditional metrics, such as ridership, travel time, vehicle revenue miles, etc., are not collected and compared against the metrics of other modes operated by the MTA. As long as the vans remain an unknown quantity, it is impossible for the City and State to serve transit-dependent populations in Brooklyn and Queens. In this dissertation, I use a mixed-methods research design to probe the world of the vans and argue that continued regulatory uncertainty, long the friend of the vans, has the potential to upend them as development pressures and capital investment in Central Brooklyn intensifies.

A presente pesquisa aborda a formação da identidade da religião católica no Brasil colonial e seus reflexos nos desregramentos recorrentes na segunda metade do século XVIII, na diocese de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro durante o episcopado de D. José Joaquim Justiniano Mascarenhas Castelo Branco (1773 1805) tendo sido este o primeiro bispo a assumir o comando de sua diocese natal. O tema proposto aborda diretamente a complexa relação entre os poderes temporal, representado pelo Estado português personificado na figura da realeza , e o espiritual, pertencente à Igreja sua representatividade máxima no local varia de acordo com a posição ocupada pelos clérigos, respeitando-se, assim, a hierarquia eclesiástica (monges, freiras, padres, bispos etc.). Apesar da obrigatoriedade do catolicismo na colônia, a coroa metropolitana não foi capaz de dar o suporte necessário para o estabelecimento de uma religiosidade fiel às determinações do Concilio de Trento, conforme determinava o direito de Padroado. Isso levou à formação de um catolicismo colonial por vezes aparente. A miscigenação étnico-cultural deu brecha para o surgimento de praticas sincréticas e diferentes comportamentos sociais reprovados pela Igreja. O desvio de conduta era um problema que afetava, não só os fiéis, mas também o clero, sendo este composto na época por sacerdotes mal formados e alguns estrangeiros de índoles duvidosas. Assim, os bispos do Brasil do século XVIII tiveram que lidar com problemas que eram, na verdade, reflexo da realidade da estrutura colonizadora local onde, apesar de ter sido a Igreja uma importante aliada do Estado lusitano, e vice-versa, havia também grande rivalidade entre ambos. Dessa forma, ocorriam na época constantes embates entre as autoridades civil e religiosa, as quaisuniam-se e desuniam-se de acordo com seus interesses. / This research discusses the formation of the identity of the Catholic religion in colonial Brazil and its impact on recurring excesses in the second half of the eighteenth century, on São Sebastião of Rio de Janeiros diocese, during the episcopate of D. José Joaquim Justiniano Mascarenhas Castelo Branco (1773 1805) who was the first bishop that has taken command of his native diocese. The theme proposed directly addresses the complex relationship between the temporal power, represented by the Portuguese State embodied in the real figure and the spiritual power, that belongs to the Church the maximum representation in the place varies according to the position occupied by the clergy, respecting the ecclesiastical hierarchy (monks, nuns, priests, bishops, etc.). Despite the requirement of Catholicism in the colony, the metropolitan crown was unable to provide the necessary support for the establishment of a true religion to the Council of Trents determinations, as determined the right of patronage. This led to the formation of a colonial Catholicism sometimes apparent. The ethnic and cultural miscegenation has given opening for the emergence of syncretic practices and different social behaviors disapproved by the Church. The misconduct was a problem that affected not only the faithful, but also the clergy, and this compound at the time by poorly trained priests and some foreign dubious natures. Thus, the eighteenth century Brazil's bishops had to deal with problems that were, in fact, a reflection of the local colonial structure reality - which, despite being the Church an important ally of the Portuguese State, and vice versa, there was also a great rivalry.Therefore, there was at that time constant battles between civil and religious authorities, they joined, or not, according to their interests.

L’encyclopédie Wikipédia se caractérise par un mode d’élaboration ouvert et collaboratif. La singularité de son modèle éditorial amène à s’interroger sur la crédibilité que lui attribuent ses lecteurs ainsi que sur l’activité normative de la communauté wikipédienne pour la garantir. Une hypothèse serait ainsi que le référencement est un moyen de renforcer la crédibilité des informations encyclopédiques, ce qui pose la question de l’identification de la fonction de ce procédé rhétorique par le lecteur. Pour appréhender les questions relatives à la valeur épistémique de l’information, un modèle de communication documentaire articulant autorité cognitive, confiance, crédibilité et référencement est proposé. Une enquête par questionnaire auprès de jeunes scolarisés (11-25 ans) montre que la confiance envers Wikipédia varie selon le niveau de scolarité. Elle est influencée par la réputation académique, majoritairement négative, de l’encyclopédie. Par la suite, les effets d’un projet pédagogique dans lequel des lycéens deviennent des contributeurs à l’encyclopédie sont analysés. Une évolution positive de la confiance envers l’encyclopédie est relevée tant chez les professeurs que chez les élèves, ceux-ci prenant conscience de l’importance des règles communautaires et du référencement. Enfin, les évolutions des règles relatives au référencement au sein de la Wikipédia en langue française et les débats que ces règles ont suscités entre 2002 et 2013 sont étudiés. L’approche anthropologique et historique adoptée met en évidence le rôle central attribué au référencement pour faire face aux problèmes de confiance épistémique rencontrés par la communauté wikipédienne. Elles révèlent également les tensions inhérentes à ce projet éditorial. / Wikipedia is an open-content encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Its editorial process is unique. Thus this study is focused on the users’ perception of its credibility and on the wikipedian community policy to guaranty it. One hypothesis might be that referencing is a way of guaranteeing the content's credibility which naturally leads to another question: how do the users/readers identify this rhetorical device? To approach the matter of the epistemic value of information, a documentary communication model combined with cognitive authority, trust, credibility and referencing is proposed. Firstly, a survey of 11 to 25 year-old students highlights that their trust for Wikipedia varies according to the level of studies. This level of trust is also influenced by the overall negative reputation of this encyclopedia in the academic community. Secondly we observe the effects of a project where students become editors to the encyclopedia. There is a clear improvement in the trust toward Wikipedia amongst students and teachers as they realize the importance of community policies and referencing. Finally, we analyze the changes in referencing policies and guidelines in the French Wikipedia as well as the controversies they provoked between 2002 and 2013. The historical and anthropological approach highlights how key the role of referencing to the wikipedian community is, in order to face the issues of epistemic trust. It also reveals the tensions inherent to the editorial policy of this project.

Tendo como objeto a perda progressiva da autoridade do professor, esta pesquisa foca-se sobre suas condições de possibilidade e emergência no discurso pedagógico brasileiro. Por meio da análise de artigos da Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos, publicados entre as décadas de 1940 e 1960, investiga-se o tecido discursivo que deu suporte às teorias da Escola Nova no Brasil, e suas contribuições para que uma nova imagem docente se instaurasse. A peculiaridade do contexto brasileiro, carente de um sistema nacional de educação consolidado, fez com que se aliasse aqui o velho prestígio do ofício docente, com as novas exigências da escola renovada. Progressivamente, teorias e procedimentos de cunho psicológico foram incorporadas ao discurso, transferindo a centralidade do ensino para os alunos, e reclamando ao professor uma atitude investigativa capaz de perscrutar suas personalidades. O papel docente foi então reformulado, calcado em atributos mais íntimos e pessoais, a serem cultivados via formação contínua e por uma atitude reflexiva própria. A dimensão pessoal adentrou então o coração do ensino, fazendo da interioridade a força motriz do trabalho ali realizado. Tanto o professor, como seus alunos, deveriam submeter-se às novas regulações e controles de um governo da interioridade; capaz de transferir ao domínio de si e ao auto-governo a autoridade institucional que outrora reconhecíamos por sua externalidade e intermédio do professor. / This research studies the progressive loss of the teacher´s authority, focusing on its manifestations throughout the Brazilian educational discourse. Based on the analyses of the articles from the journal Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos, published between 1940 and 1960, we investigate the discursive scenario that supported the theories of The New School in Brazil, as well as its contributions to the rise of a new image of the teachers. In this unique context, that lacked a consolidated national education system, the reputation of the old teachers was made compatible with the new demands of the reformed school. Progressively, theories and psychological procedures were incorporated to the discourse, transferring the aim of the studies to the students, proclaiming that teachers should investigate their personalities. The teacher´s role was then reformulated, based on intimate and personal attributes, cultivated by continuous educational training as well as a reflexive attitude towards life. This personal dimension became the heart of education, transforming interiority into the driving force of the work that is carried out. Both the teacher and the students are submitted to new regulations and restraints of a government of interiority, which is capable of transferring to self-control and self-government the institutional authority that was once recognized by its exterior form and had the teacher as its mediator.

Thomas Hobbes é considerado o pai do conceito moderno de Estado. O núcleo de seu pensamento nasce do esforço de construir as bases da convivência a partir da demonstração dos fundamentos racionais da autoridade política. O liame entre o debate contemporâneo, polarizado entre interpretativistas e positivistas, e o pensamento moderno, simbolizado pelo pensamento hobbesiano, identifica-se com a seguinte pergunta: sob qual justificativa devemos obedecer os mandamentos da autoridade ainda que eles nos pareceram injustos? / Thomas Hobbes is considered the father of the modern concept of state. The core of his thinking arises from the effort to build the foundations of acquaintanceship from the demonstration of the rational foundation of political authority. The link between the contemporary debate which is polarized between positivists and interpretativists and the modern thought, which is symbolized by hobbesian thinking relates to the following question: \'Under which justification must we obey the commandments of the authority even if they seemed unfair to us ?