Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare som arbetar med myndighetsutövning i en mindre kommun upplever och hanterar möten med klienter i sin privata roll i samhället kopplat till deras yrkesroll. Den metod vi använde oss av var kvalitativ metod och empirin samlades in genom intervjuer. Vår data kopplades till systemteori och rollteori. Vår analys och resultat visade att socialsekreterarna var påverkade av mötet med klienter även om de själva uppgav att de inte var påverkade och att mötena hanterades på olika sätt utifrån situation och plats. Detta utifrån resultatet som uppvisade att socialsekreterarna har många liknande, men även skilda upplevelser och hantering av dessa. Studien visade även att det fanns både fördelar och nackdelar med att bo i en liten kommun. En fördel kunde bland annat vara närheten till andra organisationer, som i sin tur underlättade samarbete. En nackdel kunde vara den risk som fanns för att möta klienter som ville diskutera sin situation utanför den professionella sfären. Utifrån resultatet visade det sig även att en del av socialsekreterarna kunde ha svårt att inte vara professionella på sin fritid, utan anpassade sina privata liv efter sitt yrke.

The sense of crisis that marks our times may be seen as a crisis for dominant groups whose once-secure hegemony is being challenged by marginalised others. It is in theorising the reply from the dominant group to the voices of the oppressed that existing Western conceptions of social change fall silent. The dominant Pakeha group in Aotearoa New Zealand has used discourses of benign colonisation and harmonious race relations to resist 165 years of communication from indigenous Māori about their oppression and a dishonoured treaty for settlement. My research documents the appearance of the Treaty of Waitangi into the Pakeha consciousness, and the now 30 year-long response by a Pakeha antiracism movement to educate their own cultural group about its agreements. Targeting government, community and social services organisations, activist educators used Freire's (1975) approach of conscientising dialogue to present a more critical view of colonisation, and to encourage participants to consider the complicity of their organisations in ongoing structural and cultural racism. Based on my membership of local and national networks of activist educators, I was able to organise and facilitate data gathering from three sources to investigate processes of Pakeha change in: (i) unpublished material describing the antiracism and Treaty movement's historical theorising and strategies over 30 years, (ii) a country-wide process of co-theorising among contemporary Treaty educator groups about their work and perceived influence, and (iii) a collection of organisational accounts of Treaty-focused change. The collected records confirmed that a coherent anti-colonial discourse, which I have termed 'Pakeha honouring the Treaty', was in use to construct institutional and constitutional changes in non-government organisations. My interpretation of key elements in a local theory of transforming action included emotional responses to counter-cultural information, collective work for cultural and institutional change and practising a mutually agreed relationship with Māori. I concluded that these emotional, collective and relationship processes in dominant group change were crucial in helping to construct the new conceptual resources of 'affirming Māori authority' and 'striving towards a right relationship with Māori'. These counter-colonial constructions allowed Pakeha a non-resistant and facilitative response to Māori challenge, and enabled a dialogue with Māori about decolonisation. By examining in one research programme the genealogy and interdependencies of a new discourse, my research contributes to theorising about the production of new, counter-hegemonic discourses, and confirms the crucial part played by social movements in developing new, liberatory constructions of the social order. My research calls for further theory-building on (i) emotional and spiritual aspects of transformational learning, (ii) processes involved in consciously-undertaken cultural change by dominant/coloniser groups, and (iii) practising of mutually agreed relationships with indigenous peoples by dominant/coloniser groups. My research has implications for theorising how coloniser and dominant groups generally may participate in liberatory social change and decolonisation work, and the part played by the Western states in the global struggles by indigenous people for recognition of their world-views and aspirations. It remains to be seen whether counter-colonial discourses and organisational changes aimed at 'honouring the Treaty' with indigenous peoples will be sufficiently widely adopted to help transform Western dominating cultures and colonial projects. In the meantime, acknowledging and documenting these counter-colonial discourses and their constructions opens up increasing possibilities for constructing, from a history of colonisation, a different future.

This thesis focuses specifically on what was taught in schools in South Australia in the context of art and design education. The period covered by the study extends from the 1880s, when a Central Educational Authority was established in South Australia, to the late 1920s, when significant changes to art and design philosophies and course designs became identifiable. The nature and content of the art and design courses designed and used in South Australia is examined against an historical background of influences such as the South Kensington System of drawing and that devised by Walter Smith for the Massachusetts educational system in the United States of America. The significant contribution of Harry Pelling Gill to the teaching of art and design in schools is closely examined. It is posited that his single influence affected the teaching of art and design in South Australian schools until well into the twentieth century. The process of the study looks in detail at the overall philosophies behind the teaching of art and design, the methodologies employed and the classroom practice which pupils and teachers undertook in the pursuit of courses outlined. Issues such as methods of teacher training, correspondence courses, examinations and exhibitions are considered as these relate to the central theme of the study. The study concludes in the late 1920s, with the advent of a revised course of instruction for public elementary schools, which heralded significant changes in both the content and methodology of art and design teaching in South Australian schools.

作為20世紀最具有原創性的思想家之一，Hannah Arendt的政治理論提供我們不同的視角來審度公共事務，本文所討論的自由課題亦可凸顯Arendt這一與眾不同之處。從「自由與政治是否相容」這一根本問題出發，Arendt的立場首先與自由主義呈現出區隔。據自由派主流意見，自由是政治領域外的選擇自由（freedom of choice），強調干涉闕如及個人獨立；但Arendt認為，自由與政治彼此重疊，自由須透過政治參與纔能獲得實現。然而，從政治與自由相互契合、倡議積極公民權及公民德行的角度觀之，學者普遍同意Arendt隸屬共和主義陣營，但這卻不足以完整勾勒其自由概念的內涵。Arendt的政治自由要求積極參與政治，但政治自由本身卻非一有待完成之特定目的。所謂政治參與，即是要求公民勇於行動，使政治這一必然有限的空間能保持在永久開放的狀態，而非一閉鎖之領域。當行動不斷挑戰既有政治邊界，變易的可能性便得以在政治空間中裡持續發生。基於此，本文分兩個方向來處理Arendt的自由概念：首先，自由既然在行動當中獲得彰顯，就必須先對行動有所了解，如此方能確切掌握自由概念的內涵；另一方面，每當體現在行動中的自由對政治邊界產生衝撞時，自由／秩序這一組傳統政治思想當中的對立概念似乎在Arendt這裡獲得了肯定，但這點有待商榷。傳統政治思想在論及自由時，經常將幾個與自由極其相關的基本概念一同納入討論，Arendt亦不例外，但我們必須注意這些概念在Arendt這裡已做了大幅度修正。為化解傳統對行動的敵視，以及理解Arendt的自由如何可能，我們必須將第二個面向中所討論的幾項概念納入做一整體考量，這是自由可以持續發生的幾項基本政治條件。

<p>Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur vårdlärare uppfattar sin överordnade position i förhållande till de studerande och hur deras förhållningssätt påverkar deras arbete. En av frågeställningarna handlar om hur lärarnas tidigare yrkesutbildning påverkar deras sätt att förhålla sig till sin överordning. Undersökningen har en allmän kvalitativ ansats. Datainsamlingen har skett genom utforskande intervjuer med fyra vårdlärare, alla verksamma på en privat läroanstalt för vuxenstuderanden. Empirin har analyserats med hjälp av Michel Foucaults maktanalys. Resultatet av undersökningen ger vid handen att respondenterna uppfattar att de arbetar med att få till en demokratisk undervisning där de studerande ska vara delaktiga och att relationen mellan lärare och studerande ska präglas av jämlikhet. Studien påvisar att detta i praktiken är svårt att uppnå, i synnerhet i mötet med studerande som lärarna uppfattar som svaga. Dessa studerande tenderar att kräva en auktoritär lärare, vilket krockar med lärarnas vilja att uppträda som handledare och mentorer.</p><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate how teachers in health and care subjects perceive their superior position in relation to their students and how their attitudes affect their work. One of the issues is how teachers’ previous training affects their attitudes to their superior position. The study has a general qualitative approach. Data acquisition has been done through explorative interviews with four teachers in health and care subjects, all employed by the same private training college for adults. The empirical data is analyzed by using Foucault´s power analysis. The results of the investigation show that the respondents perceive that they are working to develop a democratic type of teaching, in which students are expected to take an active part and where relations between teachers and students should be characterized as egalitarian. This is difficult to achieve, particularly in interaction with students whom the teachers perceive as weak. These students tend to require an authoritarian teacher, which does not correspond to the teachers’ desire to be seen as instructors and mentors.</p>

<p>The Swedish Aviation Safety Authority has decided to standardise a classification system for reporting deviations found in inspections. The purpose of a classification system is that similar deviations always should be reported in the same way since this will enable better decisions regarding different risk areas. The inspectors are therefore constrained to use a standardised classification system and are not free to use their own words when reporting deviations. A hierarchal classification system with predefined phrases is in aviation referred to as taxonomy. Taxonomy is already in use when reporting accidents and incidents but not when reporting deviations found in inspections. If the taxonomy also could be implemented when reporting deviations found in inspections it would make it possible to find out what kind of accident or incident the deviation has been involved in. To make this connection possible and to enable further analyses the information has to be stored, preferably in a database. </p><p>We have examined the already existing taxonomy and its usability in inspection reporting. Were the old taxonomy has been found insufficient we have examined how to build up a new suitable taxonomy. We have also begun the extension of the taxonomy in certain domains in aviation. To be able to test the extended taxonomy we have developed a system support that consists of a database and help functions consisting of checklists and linked regulation text. The system support also contains risk assessment matrixes. </p><p>We have through this work seen that a great extension of the existing taxonomy is necessary. As the taxonomy is formed it is hard to make direct connections between accidents/incidents and deviations found in inspections without a mapping tool. However we think that a database management system should be implemented in inspections. A database management system would be a useful help for the inspectors and enable easier access to data for analyses.</p>

<p>The government procurement legislation – i.e. the Swedish procurement law, the EC procurement directives and the WTO’s Government Procurement Agreement – applies on public procurement. Such a procurement exists when the contractor meets the conditions stated in the directives that the organ is to be considered as a contracting auhtority. The conditions are supposed to cover the bodies that objectively are thought to take other considerations than economic when purchasing services or products. The definition of contracting authorities has, however, given rise to several interpretation problems when putting the wording into practice. Since it is the contracting authorities themselves that are responsible for their compliance with the law when purchasing, an unclear definition will result in bodies getting a possibility to, to a larger extent, evade the obligation to comply with the procurement legislation. Because of this, it is of great importance that the courts create a unitary interpretation of the definition; a clear definition serves as a means of exerting pressure. </p><p>The thesis is an investigation of the definition of contracting authority where the primary source of information consists of case law from the European Court of Justice. The purpose is to visualize the underlying philisophy of the regulation with a view to suggest an instrument for determining a body’s status as a contracting authority. Regarding the definition of contracting authority, the thesis discuss three different levels. The first level consists of an examination of the wording according to both the directives and the Swedish law, and then the interpretation of the wording by the European Court of Justice. At the following level, it is set out to illustrate differences between the definition on a national level and an EC level, respectively. Finally, it will be established what legislation technique that seems to have been used when formulating the definition of contracting authority in the directives, and also how the result of this should influence the interpretation of the term.</p>

<p>Enligt lagen om kommunal energiplanering ska varje svensk kommun ha en energiplan för tillförsel för tillförsel och användning av energi. Huruvida energiplanering är ett bra sätt att styra det kommunala energisystemet är dock omdebatterat. Denna avhandling studerar innehåll i, och implementering av, ett antal svenska kommunala energiplaner. Energiplanernas effektivitet studeras på två nivåer: uppfyllelse av mål och visioner i planerna, samt hur detta bidrar till att uppfylla de nationella energipolitiska målen.</p><p>Forskningen baseras på tre studier: en studie av innehållet i tolv energiplaner från Östergötland, en studie av mål och visioner i sju energiplaner och hur energisystem utvecklats efter energiplanerna antagits, samt en fallstudie av Kungälvs kommun där mål och måluppfyllelse studerats mer utförligt. Innehåll och målformuleringar i energiplanerna har analyserats med avseende på miljö, effektiv energianvändning och systemnivå. Mål och måluppfyllelse har även analyserats med avseende på aktörer.</p><p>Resultaten visar på att de studerade energiplanerna har smal systemsyn och att de miljöanalyser som finns i planerna är undermåliga. Energiplaneringen har varit effektiv till viss del. Bäst måluppfyllelse har kommunerna när det gäller mål på en relativt låg systemnivå och när det är kommunen själv som äger frågan, exempelvis fjärrvärmeutbyggnad och energieffektivisering av kommunens lokaler. När det gäller utvecklingens bidrag till de nationella energipolitiska målen är resultaten varierande: användning av biobränslen har ökat avsevärt, medan självförsörjningsgraden på el bara ökat något. Bäst är utvecklingen när det gäller minskade koldioxidutsläpp.</p><p>Baserat på bristerna som upptäckts i de studerade energiplanerna och dess implementering förs en diskussion kring möjligheter att öka energiplaneringens effektivitet och vidga systemsynen. Förbättringar som diskuteras är att stärka kopplingen till fysisk planering, och att inkludera medborgarmedverkan och miljöbedömningar. Om kopplingen till energifrågor stärks i översiktlig planering och om även privata aktörer kommer till tals under planeringsprocessen, skulle detta kunna underlätta implementering av energiplanerna. Miljöbedömningar i sin tur kan bidra med en vidare systemsyn om mer relevanta mål i planerna. Slutligen föreslås att ramverket för miljöbedömning av planer och program (2001/42/EC) kan användas vid energiplanering eftersom det framhåller vikten av breda analyser, samråd med privata aktörer och miljöbedömningar.</p> / <p>Swedish municipalities are required to produce a municipal energy plan for energy supply and use. Whether energy planning is suitable to manage local energy systems, however, is subject to debate. This thesis explores municipal energy planning and development of local energy systems after energy plans were adopted to examine whether energy planning is effective. The effectiveness of energy planning is studied on two levels: in terms of whether goals in energy plans were implemented, and whether energy planning contributes to fulfilling national energy policy goals.</p><p>The research is based on three studies. In the first, the scope of twelve municipal energy plans from a Swedish region was assessed. In the second study, goals and visions in seven energy plans were analysed and compared to the development of the local energy systems. The third case involved Kungälv municipality, where the implementation of goals in its energy plan was studied more thoroughly. Scopes and goals in the energy plans were analysed from three perspectives: the environment, energy efficiency and the systems level. Goals and development were also analysed from an actor’s perspective.</p><p>The results show that the scopes of the studied energy plans have narrow systems boundaries, and that the environmental analyses presented in the plans are very basic. Energy planning was found to have been fairly effective in terms of fulfilment of goals in energy plans. Most positive developments are for goals on a relatively low systems level when the local authority owns the issue, for example district heating expansion and energy efficiency measures in public buildings. When it comes to contributing to national energy policy goals, results vary; use of biomass has increased, but selfsufficiency in electricity supply has increased only slightly. The most favourable development when it comes to energy-related emissions is the reduction of carbon dioxide.</p><p>Based on shortcomings identified in the studied energy plans and implementation, possibilities to increase the effectiveness and widen the scope of energy planning are discussed. Improvements are discussed in terms of urban planning as well as participative planning, and with respect to the environmental assessment of plans. If energy issues are included in urban planning and a participatory planning approach is used, this could facilitate the implementation of energy plans. Including environmental assessment could facilitate wide scopes and more relevant goals. It is also proposed that the EU framework for environmental assessment of plans and programmes (2001/42/EC) can be used for energy planning, since it includes a comprehensive approach, public participation, and environmental assessment.</p>

<p>Då avskaffandet av den lagstiftade revisionsplikten för småföretag är under utredning, är vårt syfte med denna uppsats att se vad ett avskaffande kan innebära för några utvalda intressenter.</p> / <p>The cancelling of the statutory audit for the small business is under investigation. Our aim with this study is to see what the cancelling will mean for the stakeholders we choosed.</p>

<p>Syfte: Denna uppsats är skriven utifrån ett genus perspektiv och behandlar främst kvinnors förhållningssätt och erfarenheter av skönhet och utseende inom yrkeslivet samt deras medvetenhet gällande begreppet estetisk kompetens. Begreppet estetisk kompetens är relativt nytt och betonar vikten av utseendets betydelse inom arbetslivet. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur kvinnor förhåller sig till och är medvetna om vikten av skönhet och utseende samt betydelsen av begreppet estetisk kompetens inom arbetslivet.</p><p>Metod: Arbetet har utgått från en kvalitativ datainsamlingsmetod genom intervjuer med ett flertal kvinnor. Materialet från de genomförda intervjuerna har därefter sammanförts med diverse olika informationskällor. Sedermera har respondenternas svar noga analyserats med relevant litteratur för att därefter finna en användbar teori.</p><p>Resultat & slutsats: Kvinnorna i studien var av den uppfattningen att utseende var viktigt och att det var betydelsefullt att vårda sitt utseende. Kvinnornas förhållande till skönhet, utseende och estetisk kompetens var ambivalent i karaktären. Begreppet estetisk kompetens var för de allra flesta av kvinnorna något helt främmande men jag vill ändock hävda att själva innehållet inte på något vis var nytt för dem. Kvinnorna var medvetna om innebörden gällande själva begreppet estetisk kompetens utan att för den skull ha ett samlat namn för begreppet.</p><p>Förslag till fortsattforskning: Det faktum att mängden respondenter var liten till antal gjorde det besvärligt för mig att dra mer vidgående konklusioner. Det skulle vara intressant att lägga tonvikten vid att studera mäns förhållande till utseende, skönhet och estetisk kompetens för att därmed kunna ge en mer nyanserad bild gällande hela begreppet estetisk kompetens. Det skulle även vara mer intressant att närma sig detta område från ett arbetsgivarperspektiv då det i grunden är arbetsgivaren, företaget eller den befintliga verksamheten som anger riktlinjer eller direktiv för hur man önskar att ens medarbetare skall se ut.</p><p>Uppsatsens bidrag: Min förhoppning är att denna studie på sikt skall kunna bistå till att öka medvetenheten kring själva begreppet estetisk kompetens samt synliggöra vikten av skönhet och utseende inom arbetslivet. Jag är av den uppfattningen att estetisk kompetens kommer att bli ett allt vanligare inslag och anser därför att detta arbete kan bidra med intressant och värdefull kunskap gällande begreppet estetisk kompetens.</p> / <p>Aim: This thesis was primarily written from a gender perspective and deals mostly about women’s own experiences of beauty and looks in the workplace as well as their awareness regarding aesthetic skills. Aesthetic skill is a relatively new conception and emphasizes the importance of being aware of ones appearance at work. The main purpose of this thesis is to study different women views on beauty and appearances in the workplace and more closely look into the conception aesthetic skills.</p><p>Method: Apart from studying different literature and other articles and notes about aesthetic skills was the main focus in this study the interviews that were conducted with a few selected women. All given materials, from both the interviews and from the literature had thereafter closely been monitored and compared in order to find a useful theory.</p><p>Result & Conclusions: The women who took part in the survey were mostly of the opinion that appearance and good-looks do matter and are important in the workplace. However, their thoughts and experience of beauty, looks and aesthetic skills were a bit undecided. The conception aesthetic skills were for the majority of the women completely new but that had mostly to do with the name and not with what aesthetic skills really are. All of the women who took part in the survey were aware of what aesthetic skills really are about without knowing the full name of it.</p><p>Suggestions for future research: Due to limitations regarding the number of women interviewed it would be far more interesting for future studies to emphasize more on men experiences and thoughts on beauty, appearance and aesthetic skills in the workplace. In doing so the thesis would be able to capture both a female and a male point of view regarding this phenomenon. It would also be interesting to look into how different employers perceive the importance of ones appearance in the workplace when it is mainly the companies and business that set standards and guidelines regarding how they want their employees to look.</p><p>Contribution of the thesis: The main aim for this thesis was to contribute to enhanced awareness regarding the concept aesthetic skills and furthermore more closely study the importance of being good-looking in the workplace. I think that the phenomenon aesthetic skills are more than just a simple phenomenon and that this concept will be far more important in the future and therefore I do believe that this thesis could be of interest.</p>