本研究主要乃針對我國汽車保險當前所面對市場規模逐漸縮小的問題，探討其癥結所在並試圖提出因應之道，雖然過去已有不少的文獻針對汽車保險行銷或商品創新分別提出，但以台灣車險市場實務運作之角度及實況為出發點做探討，加入更多不同元素，提出較切合實務因應對策的相關文獻實屬有限。 我國汽車保險之保費收入多年來均約佔產險市場之半數。因此，汽車保險之發展對我國產險經營有著不可忽視的地位，即因如此重要，以致市場惡意競爭，經營環境紊亂，加上近年國內經濟環境惡化，更突顯業者在汽車保險經營方針上的偏差；而長期以來國人對汽車保險之投保觀念仍嫌不足，亦導致我國產險規模及普及率始終無法與國際先進國家相提並論，其中任意車險投保率長期僅維持六成水準左右，即證明了國人對汽車保險的不重視。綜合上述原因，遂使多數產險公司在汽車保險經營上瀕臨無核保利潤甚至虧損之狀態，嚴重影響我國金融保險市場之發展。 在探討汽車保險整合行銷與商品創新的研究中，本論文以目前我國汽車保險業者所面臨的真實困境為基礎，並結合行銷的元素及排除不符合市場運作情況，除以消費者的角度重新思考外，同時加入我國產險業實際運作上所面臨的盲點，提出數點建議，以期探尋出適合我國汽車保險經營的行銷模式及商品設計，本論文所提的問題多為筆者長期身處市場觀察之實情，期許能為我國汽車保險經營帶來改革，扭轉目前越來越小的產值規模，兼達消費者及保險公司雙贏之目標。 / Due to the decreasing automobile insurance market in Taiwan, in this research I try to focus on the true situation which I observe during my career. Though a popular topic, this issue was seldom discussed in research papers in a practical way. That is why I try to explain this situation at a different angle with a combination of various factors. Automobile insurance premium accounts for over half of non-life insurance premium in Taiwan and has been an integral part. Because of its enormous market stance, all non-life insurance companies would expand their market share of it at any expense. In doing so, non-life insurance companies face a vicious cycle of increasing competition followed by decreasing premium rates and it proves them wrong to implement these strategies. Furthermore, a merely 60% penetration rate of automobile insurance, which is below the average of developed countries, shows that Taiwanese people do not take it seriously. In conclusion, the non-life insurance market has been hugely impacted. By clearing the blind spots of Integrated Marketing and Product Innovation, in this research I try to find a new way to improve the even worse situation of automobile insurance market in Taiwan. With my career experience in this field, I give some recommendations in the hope of reversing the situation in the future.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed Sept. 21, 2009). Additional advisors: Michael Crowe, Cynthia Crowley, Virginia G. Wadley, David E. Vance. Includes bibliographical references (p. 31-34).

In 1974, the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC) began the exclusive sale of automobile insurance to the motorists of British Columbia. Created by Dave Barrett, Robert Strachan, and the New Democratic Party government of British Columbia, the corporation was controversial and denounced by many as a socialist encroachment into the economy for purely ideological reasons. Previous studies of the ICBC have done little to dispel this notion because they focus on its operations rather than its inception. The ICBC, however, was more than just a product of New Democratic Party ideology. It had its origins in historical precedent that paved the way for greater government intervention in the economy, in questionable insurance industry ethics, in the W.A.C. Bennett government's bumbling over regulating the insurance industry, and in the failure of the industry to organize an efficient resistance to the creation of the ICBC.

This study was designed to help those persons developing and delivering consumer education curriculum understand the needs of Middlesex, Virginia High School Students. The instrument used was a consumer knowledge survey developed by a partnership between the Consumer Federation of American and American Express. The 52 item questionnaire was designed to measure knowledge in six key areas of consumption-consumer credit, checking/savings accounts, automobile insurance, housing rental, food purchase, and automobile purchase. The respondents were students attending Middlesex High School from the four grade levels with completed Informed Consent forms. There were 55 respondents from a total pool of 375 (freshmen, 44%; sophomores, 27%; juniors, 13%; and seniors, 16%). Descriptive statistics were used for demographic items. Non-statistical comparisons were made between grade levels, descriptive demographic characteristics, and consumer categories. Comparisons were also made between the data collected and the data of the national consumer knowledge survey by the Consumer Federation of America and American Express Company. The results indicate that Middlesex High School students were not well prepared for the world of consumption. Overall, the students who responded had limited understanding of consumer knowledge in the six specific areas. The average score was 39%. Students had the poorest understanding of consumer credit, auto insurance, and food purchases. Scores for these category areas averaged less than 40%. The students scored highest on housing rental (45%) and checking/savings accounts (44%). The seniors scored the highest overall score (48%), which was higher than the national average of high school seniors (42%). / Master of Science

The first part of the dissertation examines the effects of rate regulation, compulsory insurance laws, the wealth of individuals, premiums, and claim costs on insurance affordability and insurance purchase as measured by the ratio of uninsured and underinsured motorist claims frequencies to property damage liability claim frequencies in the US personal auto insurance industry. Because regulations which are intended to let high-risk drivers purchase insurance may discourage low-risk drivers from purchasing insurance, the effect of the regulations should be examined from the perspective of both high-risk and low-risk drivers. Literature using only uninsured motorist claim data finds that the effect of rate regulation, compulsory insurance laws, and residual market is significant on insurance affordability from the perspective of high-risk drivers. However, this study using both uninsured and underinsured motorist claim data demonstrates that the effect is weaker or not significant in increasing insurance purchase in general. The second part of the dissertation tests the sustainability of the Korean reverse mortgage program, reflecting the house price indices in different regions. Literature generally uses aggregate house price indices and consequently underestimates the risks that result from more volatile individual house prices than averaged house prices. This paper predicts house price indices by region and finds that the Korean reverse mortgage program would have losses at 25th percentile or 30th percentile, in contrast to the results of the simulation using the nationwide house price index, which show that the Korean reverse mortgage program is sustainable at 95% confidence level. This paper also concludes that longevity risk is not a big concern in the reverse mortgage program as long as interest rates are low and house prices are high. However, longevity risk inflates the effect of high interest rates and low house prices on the reverse mortgage program. / Business Administration/Risk Management and Insurance

臺灣汽車銷售業是個競爭激烈的行業，如何做好顧客管理，建立品牌忠誠度為汽車服務業相當重視的一道課題。本文以國內TOYOTA & LEXUS 專屬保險代理人－和安保險代理人(股)公司所承攬之車險保戶為研究對象，研究為2002年招攬承保之有效件數，計232,369筆資料。自車主購買汽車保險的消費模式分析，探討影響消費者投保險種需求的重要因素、不同區域被保險人的投保屬性、未來汽車保險消費者所需要獲得更大的滿足、以及保險人或保險代理人如何結合運用服務競爭策略，來輔助汽車經銷商提供車主最佳的服務品質與提昇顧客滿意度。 由實證資料分析中，得知目前影響車損險投保意願的最主要原因為保費太貴，投保不划算。然而因規章費率的限制，各產險公司無法對不同風險等級被保險人收取差別保險費，致使逆選擇情形愈趨嚴重。本研究針對分析結果，提出兩項建議。一為對產險公司未來之商品發展策略，包括(1)、採行車輛「主要使用人」為被保險人。(2)、車險資料庫的建立與統計分析研究。(3)、費率釐訂應視不同狀況予以差異化。次則為產險公司與車商保代如何結合以創造卓越的服務品質：包括(1)、視消費者的需求研發多樣化商品，提高產品附加價值。(2)、避免惡性競爭，進行差異化競爭。(3)、保代公司宜善盡保險輔助人的角色。(4)、建議網路行銷。 / To sale the automobile at Taiwan market is very competitive. The most important tasks for industry are how to build up customers relationship in order to improve brand loyalty. This paper, targeting the auto-insurance policy holders through Ho-An Insurance Agency - the exclusive agency of TOYOTA & LEXUS, evaluates 232,369 effective cases acquired in the year 2002. Through the analysis of automobile owner’s behavior in purchasing auto-insurance, we can assess the major factors that would affect consumers to buy various insurance; the attributes of insurance buyers of various districts; how to secure the satisfaction of the future auto-insurance policy holder and finally, how an insurance company or insurance agency could work with dealers to apply the competitive strategies of customer service for car owners with the best quality and to increase customer satisfaction. From the result of data analysis, we realized that the major factor affecting the customer’s purchase behavior of the auto-insurance is the insurance premium. However, due to the mandatory regulation, property insurers cannot charge the insurance plan with differentiated rates, which would cause high anti-selection. This study, based on the result of analysis, raises two suggestions. The first one is to advise property insurers the strategies for future product development : (1) acceptance of insurance application based on the major driver; (2) collaboration of one database of auto-insurance and conduct statistical analysis, and (3) differentiation of the premium rates according to various situations. Another suggestion is to propose that property insurers should work with insurance agencies to create superior service quality, including (1) development of one greater variety of products based on consumer needs to increase the added value; (2) avoidance of abcdrmal competition and implement differentiation competition; (3) the insurance agency should fulfill a supportive role, and (4) implement internet marketing of automobile insurance.

Le domaine de l’assurance automobile fonctionne par cycles présentant des phases de profitabilité et d’autres de non-profitabilité. Dans les phases de non-profitabilité, les compagnies d’assurance ont généralement le réflexe d’augmenter le coût des primes afin de tenter de réduire les pertes. Par contre, de très grandes augmentations peuvent avoir pour effet de massivement faire fuir la clientèle vers les compétiteurs. Un trop haut taux d’attrition pourrait avoir un effet négatif sur la profitabilité à long terme de la compagnie. Une bonne gestion des augmentations de taux se révèle donc primordiale pour une compagnie d’assurance. Ce mémoire a pour but de construire un outil de simulation de l’allure du porte- feuille d’assurance détenu par un assureur en fonction du changement de taux proposé à chacun des assurés. Une procédure utilisant des régressions à l’aide de processus gaus- siens univariés est développée. Cette procédure offre une performance supérieure à la régression logistique, le modèle généralement utilisé pour effectuer ce genre de tâche. / The field of auto insurance is working by cycles with phases of profitability and other of non-profitability. In the phases of non-profitability, insurance companies generally have the reflex to increase the cost of premiums in an attempt to reduce losses. For cons, very large increases may have the effect of massive attrition of the customers. A too high attrition rate could have a negative effect on long-term profitability of the company. Proper management of rate increases thus appears crucial to an insurance company. This thesis aims to build a simulation tool to predict the content of the insurance portfolio held by an insurer based on the rate change proposed to each insured. A proce- dure using univariate Gaussian Processes regression is developed. This procedure offers a superior performance than the logistic regression model typically used to perform such tasks.

Le domaine de l’assurance automobile fonctionne par cycles présentant des phases de profitabilité et d’autres de non-profitabilité. Dans les phases de non-profitabilité, les compagnies d’assurance ont généralement le réflexe d’augmenter le coût des primes afin de tenter de réduire les pertes. Par contre, de très grandes augmentations peuvent avoir pour effet de massivement faire fuir la clientèle vers les compétiteurs. Un trop haut taux d’attrition pourrait avoir un effet négatif sur la profitabilité à long terme de la compagnie. Une bonne gestion des augmentations de taux se révèle donc primordiale pour une compagnie d’assurance. Ce mémoire a pour but de construire un outil de simulation de l’allure du porte- feuille d’assurance détenu par un assureur en fonction du changement de taux proposé à chacun des assurés. Une procédure utilisant des régressions à l’aide de processus gaus- siens univariés est développée. Cette procédure offre une performance supérieure à la régression logistique, le modèle généralement utilisé pour effectuer ce genre de tâche. / The field of auto insurance is working by cycles with phases of profitability and other of non-profitability. In the phases of non-profitability, insurance companies generally have the reflex to increase the cost of premiums in an attempt to reduce losses. For cons, very large increases may have the effect of massive attrition of the customers. A too high attrition rate could have a negative effect on long-term profitability of the company. Proper management of rate increases thus appears crucial to an insurance company. This thesis aims to build a simulation tool to predict the content of the insurance portfolio held by an insurer based on the rate change proposed to each insured. A proce- dure using univariate Gaussian Processes regression is developed. This procedure offers a superior performance than the logistic regression model typically used to perform such tasks.

The thesis compares automobile insurance system in the Czech Republic with that of the province of Alberta, Canada. Automobile insurance system represents the framework consisting of third party liability coverage and first party coverages regardless of how many policies in total it is required to arrange. The first part of the thesis introduces the readers into automobile insurance system in the Czech Republic, the second part deals with the system being in existence in Alberta, Canada. The primary conclusion coming out of the thesis is the definition and explanation of the distinctions between the two systems, the consideration of implementing some components of the Canadian system into the Czech system (and conversely) is discussed afterwards.

隨著經濟發展與國民所得提高，汽車已經成為人們必備之交通運輸工具。近年來，假日休閒旅遊蔚為風氣，除造成自用汽車數量急遽成長外，亦因使用頻率增加而使汽車發生毀損滅失之機率增高。 汽車保險業務具有濃厚之地域性，而且與社會環境及國民習性密切相關，因此，經營汽車保險業務者，必須投入相當規模之資源，方能提供完善之服務。由於汽車保險業務之保費收入佔財產保險業所有業務之一半以上，其損失率高低往往牽動著保險業者之經營成效。 今日汽車保險市場積弊之一，乃保險業者拓展業務時，常以提高業務量為目標，爭相採取超佣、折讓或錯價等違規手段，造成市場之惡性競爭。再者，行銷通路亦與汽車保險業務經營成敗有緊密關連。 以汽車代理商而言，其有規模者之業務項目涵蓋汽車銷售、保險代理、零件價格與汽車修護等，完全掌握汽車保險行銷之競爭優勢。此外，貿易商、貨運行及代檢場，與汽車保險業務亦有密切關連，也是保險業者不可忽視之重要通路。 本研究以汽車車體損失保險為對象，針對上述行銷通路之運作實務作介紹與分析，並分別探討各種通路可能衍生之道德危險。最後，針對各類型之道德危險及理賠實務之缺失，本研究提出建議方案供相關單位參考，以期汽車保險市場能健全發展。 關鍵字：汽車保險、道德危險、行銷通路、汽車代理商、貿易商、貨運行、 代檢場 / 【Abstract】 Along with economy development and increase of national income, automobiles become a necessity for people in transportation and communication. In recent years, due to the trend in taking vacation by car, the amount of automobile has rapidly grew. Consequentially, frequent use has resulted in higher percentage of the damage or loss of the automobiles. As automobile insurance has characteristics in localism and territorialism, it is highly related to social environment and citizen’s behavior. Under such a scenario, all the automobile insurance companies need to invest all kinds of resources to provide full scale services. Meanwhile, since its premium volume accounts for more than half the overall property insurance business premium volume, its underwriting result in loss ratio usually has a significant impact on the overall performance in operation. One of the cumulated cankers in the automobile insurance market is that while extending business, insurance companies often aim at increasing premium volume, so that they take the methods against regulations, such as excessive commission, rebate and wrongful pricing. All of them may have deteriorated the unsoundness and stability of the insurance market. In addition, many marketing channels play a significant role to automobile insurance business. In light of automobile dealers’ operation, the ones in large scale normally carry on an automobile maintenance workshop at the same time. Their services cover wide range, include: car selling, insurance soliciting, components price controlling and repair and maintenance services etc. In this way, they acquire the advantage in the marketing competition. Meanwhile, merchants, forwarding agents and the vehicle-inspection workshops are also related to the automobile insurance, and certainly they are the important channels that shall not be neglected. By taking Automobile Insurance - Body Damaged Coverage as the main object, this research makes a thorough analysis on the operation of the above-mentioned marketing channels, and explores all the possible moral hazard stemmed from different channels. To eliminate the moral hazards and the claim insufficiency, this research submits certain recommendation to the regulatory authority and the insurance industry in order to achieve sound development of the automobile insurance market. Key words: Automobile Insurance、Moral Hazard、Marketing Channel、Automobile Dealer、Merchant、Forwarding Agent、Vehicle-Inspection Workshop