This Ph.D. thesis deals with methodology for determination of residual fatigue lifetime of railway axles based on damage tolerance approach. This approach accepts an existence of potential defect, which could lead to fatigue failure of whole axle. The behavior of crack in railway axle is described by approaches of linear elastic fracture mechanics. There are plenty of factors, which more or less influence determined residual fatigue lifetime. The aim of this thesis is to quantify effects of these factors. The first part of Ph.D. thesis represents overview of studied problems relating to fatigue damage of railway axles. This part is focused on parameters, which influence fatigue crack growth in railway axle materials. The second part of thesis shows procedure for determination of residual fatigue lifetime, which was developed at the Institute of Physics of Materials of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. The main aim of this thesis was to improve current procedure for more precise estimation of residual fatigue lifetime. Significant part of this work is determination of significance of studied factors, which influencing calculated residual fatigue lifetime of railway axles (e.g. effect of threshold value, load spectrum, retardation effects, residual stress, axle geometry, material of axle etc.). The procedures described and results obtained can be also used for determination of residual fatigue lifetime of general mechanical component (not only railway axles). Therefore, results obtained in this Ph.D. thesis can be used e.g. for assessment of regular inspection intervals of cyclically loaded general mechanical parts.

Целью магистерской диссертации является создание и обоснование конструкции стабилизирующего тягово-сцепного устройства для легкового автомобиля для повышения безопасности движения автопоезда. Практическое значение работы заключается в том, что была предложена новая принципиальная схема стабилизирующего тягово-сцепного устройства с наклонным шкворнем (крестовиной), создана и рассчитана реальная конструкция устройства. В магистерской диссертации изучены теоретические основы движения автопоезда, проведен обзор конструкций и разработок в области увеличения устойчивости движения принципиальные схемы и конструкция стабилизирующего тягово-сцепного устройства, созданы реальная и математическая модели сцепки с применением устройства, проведены расчёты, а также дано технико-экономическое обоснование проекта. / The aim of the master's thesis is to create and substantiate the design of a stabilizing traction device for a car to improve the safety of the road train. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that a new schematic diagram of a stabilizing traction coupling device with an inclined pivot (crosspiece) was proposed, the real design of the device was created and calculated. In the master's thesis, the theoretical foundations of the movement of a road train were studied, a review of designs and developments in the field of increasing the stability of movement was conducted, schematic diagrams and the design of a stabilizing traction coupling device were created, real and mathematical models of coupling using the device were created, calculations were carried out, and a feasibility study of the project was given.

The aim of this thesis work is to design an electric axle that contains all the operational components, like the powertrain, suspension, brakes, and steering system. One of the requirements of this design work is to package all the axle components compactly in one single unit. This work is also carried out to assess the viability of assisting in the overall modularity of the chassis as modularity in commercial vehicles has become a popular trend in recent years due to the increasing market competition as well as the need for more sustainable products. The work has been carried out in three phases - research, conceptualization, and analysis. The research phase consisted of both market research on the existing products available commercially and a literature review of the various components of an axle to find feasible alternatives to the components currently being used in electric axles. In the conceptualization phase, the various e-axle concepts were compared using methods like PUGH’s matrix to eliminate concepts that did not seem feasible for the detailed design. Preliminary CAD models were designed for the One-motor solution and the In-wheel motor solution. The In-wheel motor solution was eliminated due to some critical limitations and the One-motor solution was chosen for the next sub-phase of detailed CAD modeling. This concept was then analysed using Finite Element analysis as well as kinematic analysis to get insights into the axle performance as well as to observe the load distribution on the axle during operation. / Målet med detta examensarbete är att designa en elektrisk axel som innehåller alla driftskomponenter, såsom kraftöverföring, fjädring, bromsar och styrning. Ett av kraven för denna design är att kompakt packa alla axelkomponenter i en enda enhet. Arbetet utförs också för att bedöma genomförbarheten av att bidra till den övergripande modulariteten hos chassit, eftersom modularitet inom kommersiella fordon har blivit en populär trend de senaste åren på grund av ökad marknadskonkurrens samt behovet av mer hållbara produkter. Arbetet har genomförts i tre faser - forskning, konceptualisering och analys. Forskningsfasen bestod av både marknadsundersökningar av befintliga produkter som finns kommersiellt tillgängliga och en litteraturgenomgång av olika delkomponenter i en axel för att hitta genomförbara alternativ till de komponenter som för närvarande används i elektriska axlar. I konceptualiseringsfasen jämfördes olika e-axelkoncept med hjälp av metoder som PUGH-matrisen för att eliminera koncept som inte verkade genomförbara för den detaljerade designen. Preliminära CAD-modeller designades för enmotorslösningen och in-wheel- motorlösningen. In-wheel-motorlösningen eliminerades på grund av vissa begränsningar, och enmotorslösningen valdes för nästa underfas av detaljerad CAD-modellering. Detta koncept analyserades sedan med hjälp av elementanalys samt kinematisk analys för att få insikter i axelns prestanda och observera belastningsfördelningen på axeln under drift.

This master thesis report has studied several methods to improve the energy consumption of an electric vehicle equipped with two permanent magnet synchronous motors. Two driving torque distribution maps are developed based on efficiency map and load transfer, respectively. The drive torque distribution map based on the efficiency map shows up to 8.94% energy saving. Two regenerative braking strategies are designed and compared. Both strategies have pure regenerative brake at low decelerations and it is controlled by a modified acceleration pedal map. Strategy 1 does not add more regenerative braking when the brake pedal is pressed thus it is simpler while strategy 2 can blend in more motor torque. Rear axle steering is also studied in terms of contribution to energy consumption and an LQR controller is developed to control the vehicle with rear axle steering. / Denna rapport avhandlar ett examensarbete där flera metoder har studerats för att förbättra energikonsumptionen för ett elektriskt fordon med två permanentmagnetsynkrona motorer. Två fördelningskartor för drivande moment är framtagna baserat på effektivitetskartor och lastöverföring. Fördelningskartorna för drivande moment som är baserat på effektivitet visar upp till 8,94% energiminskning. Två olika regenerativa bromsstrategier är framtagna och jämförda. Båda strategierna har ren regeneration vid låga decelerationer och är reglerat genom modifierat gaspedalsmappning. Strategi 1 ger inte mer regeneration när bromspedalen trycks ned och är då enklare medans strategi 2 kan blanda in mer vridmoment från elmotorn. Bakaxelstyrning är också studerat i termer av dess bidrag till energikonsumption samt en LQR regulator är utvecklad för reglering av fordonets bakaxelstyrning.

A conceptual design of an innovative two-axle lightweight railway vehicle for commuter services is carried out at KTH Railway Group. An active wheelset steering is introduced to improve the curving performance of the vehicle, which is one of the critical performance requirements. This thesis aims to improve the steering performance of the active wheelset steering. Look-up tables for estimating time-varying wheel-rail contact parameters are introduced to supervise a simple PID controller of the active steering system in order to improve steering performance. The look-up table (LUT) estimation is focused on time-varying wheel-rail contact parameters, including creep coefficients and contact patch variables due to their direct influence on curving performance and lateral stability of the wheelset. As a result, the estimated longitudinal unit creep forces (UCF) have the potential to supervise the gains determination of PID controller because it can appropriately distinguish running conditions. The estimation of longitudinal UCF is achieved by the combination of the results from the LUT of creep coefficients and the LUT of contact patch variables. The result from longitudinal unit creep force estimation is shifted to the first quadrant to use as critical gain in the Ziegler-Nichols tuning method for the PID controller. The critical oscillation period for PID tuning can be expressed as a function of vehicle speed. Consequently, the PID controller for the active steering system uses time-varying gains with real-time tuning. The proposed control system for active wheelset steering is validated with nine running conditions using SIMPACK and MATLAB/Simulink co-simulation. The proposed control system provides a stable wheelset lateral displacement control regardless of the running condition. The active steering system significantly reduces wheel-rail wear, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed active steering system. / KTH:s Järnvägsgruppen utvecklar en konceptuell design av ett innovativt, två-axligt, lättvikts järnvägsfordon för tunnelbana eller pendeltåg. En aktiv hjuparsstyrning introduceras för att förbättra kurvtagningsförmågan hos fordonet, vilket är ett av de kritiska prestandakraven hos dessa fordon. Det här examensarbetet har som målsättning att förbättra styrningsprestandan av den aktiva hjulsatsstyrningen. För att uppskatta tidsvarierande hjul-rälskontaktparametrar introduceras pre-definierade tabeller (LUT) som en övervakning av en enkel PID-kontroll för det aktiva styrningssystemet, för att förbättra styrprestandan. Uppskattningen som baseras på tabellen fokuserar på tidsberoende hjul-rälsparametrar, inklusive krypkoefficienter och kontaktytans storlek och form. Dessa variabler är i fokus på grund av deras direkta effekt på kurvtagningsförmågan och den laterala stabiliteten hos hjulparet. Den uppskattade longitudinala enhets krypkraften (UCF) har potential att bestämma förstärkningen hos PID-kontrollen på grund av att den, på ett lämpligt sätt, kan skilja mellan olika körtillstånd. Uppskattningen av longitudinell UCF uppnås genom en kombination av resultat för krypkoefficienter och kontaktytavariabler i LUT. Resultaten från den longitudinella UCF-uppskattningen skiftas till den första kvadranten för att användas som kritisk förstärkning i Ziegler-Nichols justeringsmetod för PID-kontroller. Den kritiska oscillationsperioden för PID-justering kan utryckas som en funktion av fordonets hastighet. Utgående från detta använder PID-kontrollen tidsvarierande förstärkning med realtidsjustering för den aktiva styrningen. Det föreslagna kontrollsystemet valideras mot nio körtillstånd med hjälp av SIMPACK och MATLAB/Simulink-simuleringar. Det föreslagna kontrollsystemet tillhandahåller en stabil lateral förflyttning av hjulparet oberoende av körtillstånd. Det aktiva styrsystemet reducerar hjul-räls slitaget signifikant, vilket demonstrerar effektiviteten hos det framtagna aktiva styrsystemet.

The VCOST budgeting tool uses a drive cycle simulator to improve fuel economy predictions for vehicle fleets. This drive cycle simulator needs to predict the efficiency of various components of the vehicle's powertrain including any differentials. Existing differential efficiency models either lack accuracy over the operating conditions considered or require too great an investment. A fundamental model for differential efficiency is a cost-effective solution for predicting the odd behaviors unique to a differential. The differential efficiency model itself combines the torque balance equation and the Navier-Stokes equations with models for gear pair, bearing, and seal efficiencies under a set of appropriate assumptions. Comparison of the model with existing data has shown that observable trends in differential efficiency are reproducible in some cases to within 10% of the accepted efficiency value over a range of torques and speeds that represents the operating conditions of the differential. Though the model is generally an improvement over existing curve fits, the potential exists for further improvement to the accuracy of the model. When the model performs correctly, it represents an immense savings over collecting data with comparable accuracy. / text

<p>U radu se razmatra problematika ponašanja cilindrično valjkastih ležaja za uležištenje glavnih vretena mašina alatki i osovinskog sklopa vučenih vozila na železnici. Za definisano konstrukciono rešenje uležištenja sklopa glavnog vretena izvršena su eksperimentalna ispitivanja toplotnog ponašanja čime su provereni i potvrđeni rezultati računarskog modelovanja (2D i 3D).<br />U prvom poglavlju polazi se od značaja cilindrično valjkastih ležaja za uležištenje sklopova glavnih vretena i osovinskog sklopa vučenih vozila na železnici.<br />Konstrukcioni parametri valjkastih ležaja opisani su i objašnjeni u drugom poglavlju.<br />U trećem poglavlju izvršen je pregled stanja u oblasti u dva pravca: ponašanje sklopova glavnih vretena i osovinskih sklopova na železnici. Literaturni izvori su grupisani na one koji se bave problematikom statičkog, toplotnog ponašanja i oštećenjima ležaja.<br />Matematički modeli za analizu statičkog, toplotnog ponašanja, veka ležaja kao i programsko rešenje za određivanje veka ležaja dati su u okviru četvrtog poglavlja. Prikazan je opšti algoritam ponašanja cilindrično valjkastih ležaja, kao i agoritmi statičkog, toplotnog ponašanja i veka ležaja. Dati su modeli za određivanje nelinearne krutosti u radijalnom pravcu za valjkaste ležaje. Na osnovu Ševalove teorije rasporeda opterećenja razvijen je nelinearni model generisanja toplote u ležaju.<br />U petom poglavlju izvršeno je računarsko modelovanje statičkog i toplotnog ponašanja sklopa glavnog vretena uležištenog cilindrično valjkastim dvoredim ležajem. Analizirani su modeli dvodimenzionog i trodimenzionog sklopa glavnog vretena i određene su vrednosti temperature na vrhu vretena. Veličina konačnih elemenata imala je zanemarljiv uticaj na rezultate toplotnog ponašanja. U okviru ovog poglavlja ukazuje se na činjenicu da je predikcija toplotnog ponašanja mašine alatke uslovljena ponašanjem odgovarajućih sklopova, a posebno sklopa glavnog vretena.<br />Definisanje svih izvora generisanja toplote u osovinskom sklopu kao i njihova analiza izvršeni su u okviru poglavlja šest. Potvrđena je hipoteza da na temperaturu ležaja zanemarljiv uticaj imaju generana toplota usled kotrljanja točka po šini i generisana toplota usled kočenja u odnosu na temperaturu koja se generiše u ležaju usled obrtanja i opterećenja.<br />Sedmo poglavlje odnosi se na eksperimentalna istraživanja toplotnog ponašanja konstrukcionog rešenja sklopa glavnog vretena uležištenog cilindrično valjkastim dvoredim ležajem. Za eksperimentalna istraživanja korišćeni su savremeni merni instrumnti za merenje temperature kontaktnim i bezkontaktnim metodama.<br />Uticaj generisane toplote usled kotrljanja točka po šini i usled kočenja eksperimentalno je ispitivan termovizijskom kamerom i prikazan u poglavlju osam.<br />Na kraju je u poglavlju devet izvršena analiza eksperimentalnih i računarskih rezultata ponašanja valjkastih ležaja za glavna vretena, kao i analiza rezultata računarskog modelovanja ležaja za osovinske sklopove vučenih vozila na železnici.<br />Deseto poglavlje sadrži zaključke, na osnovu rezultata pojedinih poglavlja i izvedenih istraživanja. Nakon toga dati su pravci budućih istraživanja.<br />Jedanaesto poglavlje sadrži pregled korišćene literature, koju čini 135 literaturnih naslova od kojih je određeni broj citiran u radu.</p> / <p>The paper deals with the problem of behavior of cylindrical roller bearings for<br />loosening the main spindles of machine tools and the axle assembly of towed<br />vehicles on the rail. For the defined constructional arrangement of the<br />mounting of the main spindle assembly experimental tests of thermal<br />behavior were performed which confirmed and confirmed the results of<br />computer modeling (2D and 3D).<br />The first chapter starts from the significance of cylindrical roller bearings for<br />the installation of the main spindle assemblies and the axle assembly of<br />towed vehicles on the rail.<br />The construction parameters of roller bearings (external and internal bearing<br />geometry and bearing lubrication) are described and explained in the second<br />chapter.<br />The third chapter was conducted review of the state in the field in two<br />directions: the behavior of the main spindle assemblies and axle assemblies<br />on the rail. The papers are grouped into those dealing with problems of<br />static, thermal behavior and bearing damage.<br />Mathematical models for the analysis of static, thermal behavior, bearings life<br />as well as the software solution for determining the bearing life are given in<br />the fourth chapter. A general algorithm behavioral for cylindrical cylindrical<br />bearings, as well as and algorithm static, thermal behavior and bearing life.</p><p>Models are given for determining nonlinear stiffness in the radial direction for<br />roller bearings. Based on Sjov&auml;ll&#39;s theory of load distribution, a nonlinear<br />model of heat generation in a bearing is developed.<br />In the fifth chapter, a computer modeling of the static and thermal behavior of<br />the main spindle assembly is carried out with a double row cylindrical roller<br />bearing. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of the main<br />spindle were analyzed and the temperature values at the top of the spindle<br />were determined. The size of the finite elements had a negligible impact on<br />the results of thermal behavior. Within this chapter, it is pointed out that the<br />prediction of the thermal behavior of the machine tool is conditioned by the<br />behavior of the corresponding assemblies, and in particular the main spindle<br />assembly.</p><p>The definition of all sources of heat generation in the axle as well as their<br />analysis were carried out under Chapter six. The hypothesis was confirmed<br />that the negligible impact on the bearing temperature is due to generating<br />heat due to rolling the wheel along the rail and generated heat due to braking<br />relative to the temperature generated in the bearing due to rotation and load.<br />Chapter Seven refers to experimental investigations of the thermal behavior<br />of the construction of the main spindle assembly with cylindrically cylindrical<br />two-row bearing. For experimental measurements were used modern<br />measurement instruments for temperature measurement by contact and<br />without contact methods.<br />The influence of generated heat due to rolling of the wheel along the rail and<br />due to braking was experimentally tested by a thermal camera and shown in<br />chapter eight.<br />In the end, in chapter nine, an analysis of the experimental and computer<br />results of the behavior of roller bearings for the main spindles was<br />performed, as well as an analysis of the results of computer modeling of<br />bearings for axle assemblies of towed vehicles on the rail.<br />Chapter ten contains conclusions, based on the results of individual chapters<br />and research carried out. After that, the directions of future research are<br />given.<br />Chapter eleven contains an overview of the used literature, made up of 135<br />literary titles, of which a certain number is cited in the paper.</p>

Le but de la thèse est de déterminer l’historique de chargement d’une pièce rompue ou fissurée en service, par analyse des surfaces de fissuration. Pour les analyses de défaillances, les enjeux sont de définir le rôle du chargement dans la défaillance et de déterminer la fraction de durée de vie atteinte lors de la détection de la fissure. Un enjeu complémentaire est d’enrichir la base de données de chargements en service. L’organe choisi pour cette étude est l’essieu-axe ferroviaire. Ainsi, la sollicitation étudiée est en flexion rotative et les matériaux considérés sont les aciers A4T (25CrMo4) et A1N (C40). Suite à une revue bibliographique, quatre méthodes d’analyse quantitative des surfaces de fissuration ont été ciblées et testées, deux ont été retenues et développées. La première est basée sur la quantification des faciès de rupture (stries de fatigue, cupules, fissures secondaires…). La seconde s’appuie sur l’analyse des contraintes résiduelles (fractographie X) en profondeur pour déterminer l’épaisseur de matériau plastifié sous la surface de rupture. Cette profondeur correspond au sillage plastique induit par la propagation de la fissure et est fonction du chargement recherché. / The aim of the thesis is to determine the loading history of a broken or cracked piece in service, by analysing the cracking surfaces. For failure analyses, the issues are to define the role of the loading in the failure and to determine the fraction of lifespan reached when the crack is detected. An additional issue is to expand the in-service loadings database. The component chosen for this study is the railway axle. Thus, the studied stress is in alternate bending and the considered materials are the steels A4T (25CrMo4) and A1N (C40). Following a bibliographic review, four methods for quantitative analysis of cracking surfaces were targeted and tested, two of which were selected and developed. The first one is based on the quantification of fractographic features (fatigue striations, dimples, secondary cracks...). The second is based on the in-depth analysis of the residual stresses (X-ray fractography) to determine the thickness of plasticized material below the fracture surface. This depth corresponds to the plastic wake induced by the crack propagation and is a function of the sought loading.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T21:42:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marco Antonio.pdf: 1023589 bytes, checksum: cc0f116e441f67641b5a13b39e467be2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-19 / This work aims to present and develop the roll of on the strategic management of people within a vision that covers the inter-organizational relationships outside the old-fashioned boundaries that involve an organization. This study establishes both the importance and the systematic of the management on the HR activities shared with the external value chain by analyzing the practices carried out by the suppliers, competitors and costumers. This organizational area is named by the author as SRM Strategic Relationships Management. Based on a research carried out before 26 companies, grounded on a group of 5 axle-companies and its distributors, in which was used a research poll with a Likert scale and semi-structured personal interviews with managers and professionals in many areas as well as the static treatment of the data with SPSS program, pointing out the confirmation of the questions of the research regarding the SRM as a proposition for the expansion of the HR activities.The SRM includes a leadership proposal focusing in how one can and must deliver value for the organization, for the strategic partners, for the investors and specially for the clients in a sustainable and innovative way.(AU) / Este trabalho pretende apresentar e compreender o papel da gestão estratégica de pessoas, dentro de uma visão que contempla as relações interorganizacionais fora dos limites tradicionais de seu escopo nas empresas e expandidas além das dimensões formais e fronteiras que permeiam uma organização. Este estudo estabelece a importância e sistemáticas da gestão de atividades de RH, compartilhadas com a cadeia de valor externa, analisando-as nas práticas com os canais de distribuição junto aos clientes. Esta área organizacional é denominada pelo autor de GRE - Gestão das Relações Estratégicas. Baseando-se em uma pesquisa exploratória em 26 empresas, organizada a partir de cinco empresas nodais e seus canais de distribuição, utilizou-se a aplicação de um questionário de pesquisa com escala Likert e entrevistas pessoais semi-estruturadas junto aos gestores e profissionais de diversas áreas, bem como o tratamento estatístico dos dados com o programa SPSS, indicando a confirmação das questões de pesquisa relativas a GRE como sendo uma proposta de expansão das atividades do RH, focando em como se pode e devem entregar valor para a organização, para os aliados estratégicos, os investidores e fundamentalmente para os clientes.(AU)

Um eine zielgerichtete Ableitung von Fahrzeugeigenschaften in frühen Entwicklungsphasen zu ermöglichen, ist eine Subsystemebene erforderlich, die eine konzeptunabhängige Auslegung des Gesamtfahrzeugverhaltens zulässt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird daher eine neue Methodik zur Auslegung von Fahrkomfort-Kennwerten auf Basis von Subsystemeigenschaften vorgestellt. Neben der Entwicklung eines geeigneten Modellansatzes, in dem die Subsysteme des Gesamtfahrzeugs durch Greybox-Modelle ohne Komponentenbezug miteinander verknüpft werden, stehen dabei auch dessen Parametrierung sowie die Integration der Methodik im Entwicklungsprozess im Vordergrund. Zur Ableitung der damit verbundenen physikalisch-mechanischen Zusammenhänge werden statische und dynamische Achsprüfstände sowie Simulationen eingesetzt. Die Anwendung der Methodik lässt eine gezielte Eigenschaftsableitung zwischen Gesamtfahrzeug-, Subsystem- und Komponentenebene im Fahrkomfort zu, bei der die Subsystemebene als neue Referenz für die Ableitung von Komponenteneigenschaften dient. Weiterhin erlaubt das Vorgehen eine eigenschaftsbasierte Vorauswahl optimaler Komponentenkonzepte sowie detaillierte Wettbewerbsanalysen. Dadurch wird eine nachhaltige Steigerung der Effizienz im Entwicklungsprozess des Fahrkomforts ermöglicht.