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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Active Response of Polymer Materials from External Stimuli – Solvents and Light; Grafting Reactions on Perovskite Layers

Zhang, Jianxia 18 May 2012 (has links)
The active response of a series of polymeric materials was investigated. Both solvent activated and light activated thin films and wire systems show dynamic behaviors when exposed to different stimuli. Solvent mediated fluxional behavior of polymer thin films involved extensive, rapid curling both on infusion and evaporation of good solvents. These films can be either lab-fabricated ones or commercial ones, and the curling behavior can be as fast as seconds. Conditions including polymer materials, chosen solvents, and film geometry can affect the behavior. Methods that allowed for the creation and retention of distorted wire structures were also developed; the asymmetric sputtering of metal components on micron-sized wires permitted for the capture of curled wire components on solvent exposure. The asymmetric metal coated wires which were fabricated within a template of glass capillary arrays (GCA) membrane have shown instant (< 1 s) deformation when exposed to the proper solvents. Deformed shapes can be retained or the original linear shape recovered, depending on the metal film thicknesses. Photostimulation of wires was also investigated and showed a notable dynamic response but not as extensive as with the solvent induced behavior. Micron sized wires made with azobenzene-polyacrylate, exhibited a bending behavior when irradiated with 365 nm UV light and recovered under visible light. The bending behavior can be as slow as several minutes per degree while recovery was relatively faster. Additional efforts with polymers involved the formation of polymeric organic-inorganic hybrids where organic monomers, grafted to perovskite layers, were polymerized within the oxide’s interlayers. Reactions were carried out on protonated perovskite, hydrogen lanthanum niobate (HLaNb2O7). Alcoxyl groups were first grafted to the oxide and the monomer was substituted by exchange reaction with the alcoxyl groups.
62

Síntese e caracterização de sistemas foto-switch bis-azobenzênicos: influência de um espaçador e de ligações de hidrogênio intramoleculares / Synthesis and characterization of bis-azobenzene photo-switch systems: influence of a spacer and intramolecular hydrogen bonds

Kreuz, Adrian 30 November 2018 (has links)
Nesse trabalho, foram obtidos bis-azofenóis (HO-(Azo-R)2) pela reação de sais de diazônio estáveis e fenol. As condições dessas reações foram analisadas, sendo que, pela primeira vez, a influência da temperatura foi investigada. Temperaturas mais altas aumentam o rendimento dos bis-azofenóis, o que reforça o modelo Droplet, e indicam um aumento na velocidade de reação da segunda reação de acoplamento. As propriedades espectroscópicas e fotoquímicas de HO-(Azo-Me)2 são essencialmente governadas pelo estabelecimento de uma ligação de hidrogênio intramolecular assistida por ressonância. Os rendimentos quânticos de fotoisomerização E-Z são baixos em decorrência, provavelmente, da formação de tautômeros no estado excitado, que desativam a isomerização. Foi obtida uma díade (Azo1-X-Azo2) contendo um azobenzeno da classe espectroscópica \"azobenzeno\" (Azo 1) e outro da classe \"aminoazobenzeno\'\' (Azo 2) conectados através de um espaçador (X). Não existe interação apreciável entre Azo 1 e Azo 2, sendo a separação entre os máximos de absorção dessas subunidades de mais de 60 nm. Observou-se que não foi possível fotoisomerizar (E-Z) seletivamente Azo 1, seja na região de seu isosbéstico, seja na região de seu máximo de absorção, sendo sempre observada a isomerização concomitante de Azo 2. O rendimento quântico de Azo 1 (0,22) é idêntico ao obtido para o modelo M-Azo 1, indicando que sua incorporação na díade não altera essa propriedade fotoquímica. A unidade Azo 2 pode ser fotoisomerizada (E-Z) seletivamente na região de seu máximo de absorção, não sendo observada isomerização significativa de Azo 1. É obtido um rendimento quântico (0,34) também idêntico ao do modelo M-Azo 2. Entretanto, na díade existe uma dependência do rendimento quântico de Azo 2 em função da região de excitação, sendo observado um rendimento quântico (0,54) quando excitado na região de 370 nm, que difere consideravelmente do rendimento quântico de M-Azo 2, que é independente do comprimento de onda (0,33). Um comportamento interessante foi observado ao se irradiar a díade na região de 370 nm, que corresponde ao ponto isosbéstico de Azo 2 e uma região de alta absorção da banda pi-pi* de Azo 1. Apesar da menor fração de luz absorvida por Azo 2 (44%), não se observa isomerização de Azo 1 até ser obtido o estado fotoestacionário (PSS) de Azo 2, indicando que existe um período de indução para que seja obtida a isomerização de Azo 1. Esse comportamento corresponde a um sistema do tipo neural, em que existe um estímulo durante um período de indução até que seja atingido um limiar para que ocorra uma determinada função. Considerando também os processos de isomerização Z-E, é possível realizar várias combinações a partir de estímulos luminosos diferentes e estados iniciais diferentes, que podem ser correlacionados com a lógica binária (byte [x,y]; x e y = 0 ou 1). Devido à combinação conveniente de grupos azo, essa díade é a primeira em que é possível uma caracterização fotoquímica dos processos fotoquímicos E-Z e Z-E e que se obtém uma seletividade, ao menos parcial, no controle desses processos. / In the studies herein proposed, bis-azophenols (HO-(Azo-R)2) were synthesized by the coupling reaction of stable diazonium salts and phenol. The reaction conditions were assessed and, for the first time, the influence of temperature was investigated in this type of reaction. Higher temperatures lead to increased yields of bis-azophenol, reinforcing the Droplet Model, and indicate an increase in the reaction rate for the second coupling step. Spectroscopic and photochemical properties of HO-(Azo-Me)2 are essentially directed by the establishment of a Resonance-Assisted Hydrogen Bond. The E-Z photoisomerization quantum yield is low, probably due to the formation of tautomers in the excited state that deactivate the isomerization process. A dyad (Azo1-X-Azo2) containing an azobenzene of the \"azobenzene\" spectroscopic group (Azo 1) and another azobenzene of the \"aminoazobenzene\" spectroscopic group (Azo 2), connected through a spacer (X), has been obtained. There is no appreciable interaction between Azo 1 and Azo 2 and the separation of the corresponding absorption maxima of these subunits is 60 nm. It was observed that selectively photoisomerization (E-Z) of Azo 1, either in the region of its isosbestic or in the region of its absorption maximum, was not feasible, being always observed the concomitant isomerization of Azo 2. The quantum yield of Azo 1 (0.22) is identical to that obtained for M-Azo 2, indicating that its incorporation into the dyad does not modify this photochemical property. The Azo 2 unit can be selectively photoisomerized (E-Z) in the region of its absorption maximum, without Azo 1 isomerization. A quantum yield of 0.34 was obtained, also the same to M-Azo 2 model. However, the dyad presents a dependence on the quantum yield of Azo 2 as a function of the excitation region , and a quantum yield of (0.54) was observed when excited in the region of 370 nm, which differs considerably from the quantum yield of M-Azo 2 since it is independent of the wavelength of excitation. An interesting behavior was observed by irradiating the dyad in the region of 370 nm, which corresponds to the isosbestic point of Azo 2 and a region of high absorption of the pi-pi* band of Azo 1. Despite the smaller fraction of light absorbed by Azo 2 (44%), isomerization of Azo 1 isn\'t observed until the photostationary state of Azo 2 is achieved, indicating that there is an induction period to obtain Azo 1 isomerization. This behavior corresponds to a neural type system, in which there is a stimulus during an induction period until a threshold is reached for a given function to occur. Considering also the Z-E isomerization processes, it is possible to perform several combinations from different light stimuli and different initial states that can be correlated with binary logic (byte [x, y] x and y = 0 or 1). Due to the convenient combination of azo groups, this dyad is the first in which a photochemical characterization of the photochemical processes E-Z and Z-E is obtained, and a partial selectivity is achieved in the control of these processes.
63

Single Azobenzene Main Chain Polymers on Nanostructured Molecular Monolayers

Lee, Chien-Li 02 August 2017 (has links)
Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert eine umfassende Untersuchung zu einem speziellen lichtempfindlichen Makromolekül: ein Azobenzol Photoschalter, eingebettet in den Hauptstrang eines synthetischen stäbchenförmigen Polymers. Dazu wurden die Polymere zunächst aus Lösung auf eine Einfachlage Octadecylamin (ODA) aufgebracht, welche auf einer Oberfläche von hochgeordnetem pyrolytischem Graphit (HOPG) lag. Die besondere Eigenschaft der amphiphilen ODAs, sich in Nanolamellen anzuordnen, diente nicht nur der Immobilisierung und Isolierung der stabförmigen Polymere, sondern auch deren Orientierung auf der Oberfläche. Diese Orientierung, insbesondere die Ausrichtung relativ zu den Lamellen, wurde mit einem Modell, basierend auf den hydrophoben W echselwirkungen zwischen den Seitenketten der Polymere und der amphiphilen Unterlage aus ODA, untersucht. Mittels SFM konnte die Kontraktion beziehungsweise Expansion bei Belichtung mit UV- oder sichtbarem Licht untersucht werden. In zeitaufgelösten Messungen wurden lichtinduzierte morphologische Änderungen in Abhängigkeit von der Belichtungszeit der Polymere gemessen. Dies verdeutlichte die lichtinduzierte Bewegung dieser Strukturen innerhalb der Makromoleküle und offenbarte eine kriechende Fortbewegung der Polymere über die Oberfläche. Polymere, die auf Oberflächendefekten nur schwach gebunden waren, änderten ihre Orientierung bei Belichtung zufällig. Daraus schlussfolgere ich, dass die wohldefinierte lokale Umgebung mit Korngrenzen oder Lamellen eine wichtige Rolle als Templat spielt und die Bewegungsrichtung maßgeblich bestimmt. Die entwickelte experimentelle Methode kann verwendet werden, um die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Oberfläche und Polymer zu optimieren, und die anschließende Untersuchung von lichtinduzierten Bewegung der Makromoleküle kann die Entwicklung neuartiger optomechanischer Nanosysteme ermöglichen. / This work presents a comprehensive investigation of one particular photoresponsive macromolecule: Azobenzene photoswitches incorporated into the backbone of synthetic rigid-rod polymers. Firstly, the polymers were deposited from solution onto a monolayer of octadecylamine (ODA) covering the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The unique ODA amphiphilic nanorails, self- assembled on HOPG, served not only to immobilize and isolate the polymers, but also to orient them on the surface. The orientations of rod- like polymers on an ODA surface, i.e., predominally perpendicular or parallel with respect to the underlying lamellar surface, were analyzed with a model based on the hydrophobic interaction of the side chains of the polymers with the amphiphilic nanorails of the ODA molecules. Upon the irradiations with UV and visible light, respectively, large light- induced contractions and extensions of the single macromolecules have been visualized by SFM. An SFM’s time-laps study of morphological changes of polymers at different irradiating times also detailed the light-induced movements within the macromolecules and a crawling movement across the surface. For weakly adsorbed polymers on surface defects, those surface-directed folding/unfolding (or contracting/extending) movements exhibited a random change in orientation. Thus, I conclude, that well-defined local environments, such as domain boundaries or lamellae within the ODA monolayer, play important roles in the template that directs the folding and unfolding movements of polymers during irradiation. The developed setup allows to promote the development of optomechanical nanosystems by optimizing the interaction between single macromolecules and ODA surfaces, followed by visualization of light- induced, on-surface motions of single macromolecules.
64

Propriétés optiques de monocouches moléculaires auto-assemblées sur surfaces métalliques / Optical properties of molecular self-assembled monolayers onto metallic surfaces

Jaouen, Maud 12 November 2014 (has links)
Les azobenzènes sont des molécules photochromes très étudiées, leurs propriétés de photoisomérisation donnent notamment lieu à d’importants phénomènes de transport de matière photoinduit en milieu polymère. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les différents paramètres régissant de tels effets photomécaniques. Pour ce faire, nous avons entrepris des études sur des monocouches de dérivés azobenzenes auto-assemblés ou SAMs (Self-Assembled Monolayers) sur substrats d’or atomiquement plans, de façon à pouvoir réaliser à la fois des caractérisations d’ensemble (propriétés de mouillage : mesures d’angles de contact) ou des caractérisations à l’échelle de la molécule individuelle (par microscopie à effet tunnel, STM). Nous avons choisi le système d'un alcane thiol fonctionnalisé par un azobenzène pour bénéficier de la facilité que possèdent les alcanes thiols à former des SAMs hautement organisées. L'autre avantage que propose ce système est de pouvoir jouer avec la longueur de la chaîne carbonée, ce qui permet d'espacer plus ou moins le groupe photo-actif de la surface métallique du substrat d'or. Ainsi ces systèmes paraissent bien adaptés pour identifier l’influence de paramètres tels que (1) les phénomènes de transferts d’énergie ou de charges pouvant exister entre molécules ou entre molécules et substrat et (2) les problèmes éventuels de gêne stérique.Nous avons étudié des azobenzenes greffés (1) sur une courte chaîne alcanethiol (3 atomes de C - "azoc3"), et (2), sur une chaîne plus longue (12 C - "azoc12"). Les caractérisations STM ont mis en évidence un réseau dense similaire aux alcanes thiols non substitués dans le cas des "azosc3" mais aucune modification sous éclairement n’a été observée. Des mesures d’angle de contact, utilisant le changement de polarité entre les photoisomères Trans et Cis, confirment cette absence de réaction pour ces SAMs. Une photo-réactivité a par contre été mise en évidence par des mesures d'angle de contact pour l’espaceur long ("azoc12") sur des substrats d’or polycristallins. Les raisons d'un tel comportement proviennent des propriétés intrinsèques d'une SAM d'alcanethiol : un réseau très dense implique un volume libre restreint et d'importantes interactions intermoléculaires qui ajoutent des voies supplémentaires de désexcitation et donc inhibent les changements de conformation photo-induits, à l’exception des zones de défauts. Ces conclusions ont pu être étayées par des caractérisations complémentaires de fluorescence de SAMs similaires. Nous avons pu démontrer qu’un espaceur alcane correspondant à 11 C permettait un découplage électronique suffisant pour observer de la fluorescence sur des SAMs non denses de dérivés thiolés de fluorescéine. Ces études ont cependant confirmé la difficulté de contrôler la densité surfacique de molécules photosensibles (photochromisme ou fluorescence) insérées au sein de SAMs de thiols. A ce titre, nous avons pu démontrer l’intérêt d’un système moléculaire original possédant une accroche en surface d’encombrement supérieur à celui de la base soufrée des alcanes thiols. Ces systèmes se physisorbent sur des surfaces de graphite, leurs propriétés d’auto-assemblage étant également conservées dans le cas de substrat de graphène sur Cuivre. Ces feuillets possèdent l’avantage d’être facilement transférables sur des substrats transparents. Ces travaux offrent ainsi de nouvelles perspectives pour la réalisation d'expériences in situ simultanées couplant des analyses topographiques à l'échelle moléculaire via l’utilisation de sondes locales (STM ou AFM) et mesures optiques à plus grande échelle (microscopie optique inversée), ouvrant la voie à des caractérisations plus approfondies. / One of the most widely studied type of photochromic molecules are azo-dye molecules whose photo-isomerization reaction entails important mass transport processes in polymer matrices.The aim of this PhD Thesis was to get a better understanding of the key parameters controling such photomechanical properties. For this purpose, we have driven some studies on Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) formed by azobenzene derivatives grafted to alkanethiol linkers on atomically flat gold surfaces. Self-assembling offers the possibility to perform both scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) experiments at the molecular scale and contact angle measurement at the macroscopic scale.A derivative alkanethiol system has been chosen to take benefit from the alkanethiol ability to form dense and regular self-assembled monolayers. Another interest of the alkanethiol linker is to easily adjust distance between the azo moiety and the gold surface through the length of the alkane chain. Then, this type of SAMs seems to be the good candidate to study the influence of (1) charges coupling effects between the neighbouring azo moieties and between the molecules and the metallic surface and (2) steric hindrance problems. Both a short (3 carbon atoms – “azoC3”) and a long (12 carbon atoms – “azo-C12”) alkane linker have more specifically been investigated. Although STM characterization have shown that azoC3 was organizing into a dense and regular packing showing a network quite similar to the one observed in the case of alkanethiols self-assembly, no modification could be evidenced upon illumination. Polarity modification between the trans and cis photoisomers, probed by wetting measurements, confirm the lack of photo-reactivity of these molecules grafted through a short linker to the metallic substrate. However, photo-isomerization effects have been observed at the macroscopic scale on polycristallines substrates for the long linker (“azo-C12”). The reasons for such behavior come from the intrinsic properties of alkanethiol SAMs: a dense network involves a restricted free volume and significant intermolecular interactions that add additional de-excitation channels thus leading to a quenching of the photoinduced conformational changes, except at surface defects areas. These findings have been supported by complementary characterizations of fluorescence of similar thiolates SAMs. We have demonstrated that an alkane spacer corresponding to 11 C was allowing electronic decoupling thus leading to fluorescent emission in the case of non-dense thiolated SAMs of fluorescein derivatives. However, these studies have also confirmed the difficulty to control the dilution of photosensitive molecules (photochromic or fluorescent) inserted within thiolated SAMs. In order to overcome this problem, we have demonstrated the interest of another original molecular system whose extended head group permits the formation of a network less densely-packed than those formed by alkanethiol derivatives. These molecular systems self-assemble by physisorption onto graphite (HOPG) substrates, their organization properties being also maintained for graphene sheets deposited onto copper substrates. Advantageously, these sheets can easily be transferred to transparent substrates. These studies open thus new perspectives for the realization of simultaneous in-situ experiments coupling molecular scale topography informations using local probe microscopy (AFM or STM) and larger scale optical measurents (inverted optical microscopy) towards more accurate characterizations.
65

In-situ Untersuchungen zur Entstehung von Oberflächengittern in Polymeren

Henneberg, Oliver January 2004 (has links)
In festen azobenzenhaltigen Polymeren wurde bei Bestrahlung mit blauem Licht ein makroskopischer Materialtransport beobachtet. Um die Dynamik der Gitterentstehung zu verfolgen, wurde am Speicherring für Synchrotronstrahlung ein Gitterschreibaufbau errichtet. Damit konnte erstmals in dieser Arbeit die Gitterbildungsgeschwindigkeit in-situ simultan mit Röntgen- und Lichtstreuung untersucht werden. Mit Hilfe einer speziellen Anpassung der Röntgenstreutheorie konnten sehr gute Übereinstimmungen von theoretischen Berechnungen mit den Messergebnissen erzielt werden. Dabei konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass sich zeitgleich mit einem Oberflächengitter auch ein Dichtegitter entwickelt. Durch die Trennung beider Streuanteile ließ sich die Dynamik der Strukturentstehungen bestimmen. Des weiteren konnte erstmals mit Hilfe der Photoelektronenspektroskopie die molekulare Orientierung an der Oberfläche eines Oberflächengitters nachgewiesen werden. Die Bewegungsursache kann auf einen Impulsübertrag während der Isomerisierung zurückgeführt werden, während die Bewegungsrichtung durch den elektrischen Feldvektor festgelegt wird. Die Theorie der Gitterentstehung konnte verbessert werden. / Solid azobenzene containing polymers show a macroscopic material transport under illumination with blue light. A writing setup was constructed at a synchrotron beamline in order to investigate the dynamics of the grating formation. With this setup it was possible to record the grating velocity for the first time simultaneously with x-ray and laser light scattering. <br /> A very good consistency could be achieved between the experiments and a suitable accomodation of the x-ray scattering theory. The theory reveals, that a density grating develops simultaneously with a surface grating. By separation of both parts the dynamics was determined for the density and the surface grating.<br /> The molecular ordering was determined at the surface with photoelectron spectroscopy. A momentum transfer could be identified as the source of the movement while the electric field defines the direction of the movement. The theory of the grating formation was improved.
66

Applications of Molecular Dynamics Techniques and Spectroscopic Theories to Aqueous Interfaces

Green, Anthony 31 August 2010 (has links)
The primary goal of spectroscopy is to obtain molecularly detailed information about the system under study. Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy is a nonlinear optical technique that is highly interface specific, and is therefore a powerful tool for understanding interfacial structure and dynamics. SFG is a second order, electronically nonresonant, polarization experiment and is consequently dipole forbidden in isotropic media such as a bulk liquid. Interfaces, however, serve to break the symmetry and produce a signal. Theoretical approximations to vibrational spectra of O-H stretching at aqueous interfaces are constructed using time correlation function (TCF) and instantaneous normal mode (INM) methods. Detailed comparisons of theoretical models and spectra are made with those obtained experimentally in an effort to establish that our molecular dynamics (MD) methods can reliably depict the system of interest. The computational results presented demonstrate the potential of these methods to accurately describe fundamentally important systems on a molecular level.
67

Theoretical Studies Of Electronic And Optical Properties Of Some Heteroconjugated Systems

Jha, Prakash Chandra 08 1900 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.
68

Photomobility study of an azobenzene derived molecular glass

Babich-Morin, Nicole 08 1900 (has links)
Les verres moléculaires sont un type de solide amorphe qui ne possèdent pas l’ordre caractéristique d’un cristal. Les verres moléculaires dérivés de l’azobenzène sont le sujet de nombreuses études dû à leur photomobilité, leur capacité à se déplacer sous l'effet de la lumière. Une irradiation à une température inférieure à leur température de transition vitreuse (Tg) produit des cycles d'isomérisation trans-cis-trans à l’échelle moléculaire qui se répercutent en mouvements macroscopiques de la matrice. Ce projet a comme objectif de déterminer si la photomobilité résulte d’une relaxation structurale photoinduite en utilisant le gDR1, un verre moléculaire dérivé du chromophore Disperse Red 1. La spectroscopie UV-visible a été utilisée pour déterminer la fraction d’isomères cis sous irradiation à différentes longueurs d’ondes. Ces longueurs d’ondes ont permis de comparer l’effet d’une irradiation près de l’absorbance maximale de l’un des isomères ou dans les régions peu absorbées par les deux isomères afin de tenir compte de la fraction d'isomère cis et de l’efficacité de l’isomérisation trans-cis-trans. La spectroscopie infrarouge (IR) a ensuite été employée pour mesurer l'impact de l'irradiation sur la température effective locale du groupement azo, de la matrice vitreuse et du groupement espaceur. Malgré une température réelle sous Tg, des augmentations de températures effectives sous irradiation ont été mesurées pour l'azo et l'espaceur. La plus grande augmentation de température effective a été observée pour le groupement azo aux longueurs d’onde d’irradiation provoquant des cycles d'isomérisation efficaces. L’ellipsométrie a permis de mesurer l’expansion photoinduite des films. Les cinétiques de relaxation de la fraction d'isomère cis (UV-vis), des températures effectives (IR) et des changements d’épaisseurs (ellipsométrie) ont ensuite été mesurées pour comparer la relaxation à l'échelle moléculaire et macroscopique du matériau. Finalement, la calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC) a été utilisée pour mesurer des changements enthalpiques du système dus à l’irradiation. Les échantillons ont subi des recuits sous Tg de différentes durées pour leur permettre de tendre vers leur état idéal par une relaxation structurale, ce qui est accompagné par une réduction du volume libre au sein du matériau. L’isomérisation provoquée par l’irradiation a pour effet de produire un excès de volume libre qui est quantifiable en mesurant l’enthalpie associée à la relaxation structurale proche de Tg. Une différence maximale de 1.2 J/g de la relaxation enthalpique en raison d’effets photoinduits a été mesurée, en appui à l'hypothèse voulant que la relaxation structurale contribue au phénomène de photomobilité. Ce projet contribue ainsi à notre compréhension des phénomènes mécaniques photoinduits sous Tg au sein des matériaux amorphes azos. / A molecular glass is a type of amorphous solid that lacks the characteristic molecular order found in a crystal. Azobenzene-derived molecular glasses have been widely studied due to their inherent photomobility. Upon irradiation below their bulk glass transition temperature (Tg), they undergo repetitive trans-cis-trans isomerization on the molecular scale that leads to macroscopic motion known as photoinduced mass transport. This project seeks to explore if photomobility is a result of light-stimulated structural relaxation using gDR1, a molecular glass derived from the Disperse Red 1 chromophore. First, UV-visible spectroscopy was used to measure the minimum cis content reached in the photostationnary state under irradiation at various wavelengths. The wavelengths chosen allowed for irradiation near the maximum absorbance of either isomer or in the regions weakly absorbed by both. In doing so, it was possible to consider the wavelength dependence of the material and the effect of the cycling efficiency. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy was then used to probe the effective temperature at the molecular scale of the azo moiety, spacer group and glassy backbone under irradiation. The results showed that despite the bulk temperature of the sample remaining well below Tg, localized effective temperature increases are felt by the molecule upon irradiation. The increase in effective temperature is greatest near the isomerizing azo group and depends on the irradiation wavelength due to the isomerization cycling efficiency. Ellipsometry measurements were then taken to measure photoexpansion of the films. The kinetics of relaxation of the cis content (UV-vis), effective temperature (IR) and thickness (ellipsometry) were compared to evaluate the relaxation process of the material locally and globally. Finally, differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure the enthalpy change in the system resulting from irradiation. Samples were first annealed below Tg for determined times, allowing the material to structurally relax towards its ideal state and thereby reducing its free volume. Upon irradiation, photoinduced cycling generates excess free volume whose impact can be quantified by measuring the enthalpy associated with structural relaxation near Tg. A comparison of the irradiated and non-irradiated samples showed an enthalpy difference of up to 1.2 J/g due to photoinduced effects, supporting the hypothesis that structural relaxation contributes to the photomobility phenomenon. This work thus contributes to understanding photoinduced mechanical changes below Tg in azo-containing amorphous materials.
69

Synergie magnéto-optique dans des polymères de coordination à base de lanthanides / magneto-optical synergy in lanthanides based coordination polymers

Puget, Marin 26 September 2018 (has links)
Les lanthanides sont de plus en plus étudiés par la communauté scientifique et leur utilisation au sein de dispositifs grand public ne fait que croître. Ces éléments sont en effet connus pour présenter des propriétés magnétiques et de luminescence remarquables. Ils sont alors particulièrement efficaces pour la création de molécules aimants ou de matériaux luminophores. Dans ces travaux de thèse, la synthèse, la cristallogenèse et les caractérisations magnétiques et photo-physiques de nouveaux complexes associant lanthanides et molécules organiques photo-actives sont étudiées. Ces dernières possèdent une conformation « trans » et « cis » et il est possible, grâce à un stimulus lumineux (irradiation UV), de passer de l'une à l'autre. Cette photo-isomérisation induit un changement des propriétés du complexe au sein duquel elles sont présentes. Dans la première partie, quatre nouveaux complexes à base de DyIII, EuIII, TbIII et SmIII sont présentés. Ils sont obtenus grâce à l'association de précurseurs de terres rares et d'une molécule organique dérivée de stilbène : la 4-styrylpyridine. Une forte modulation des propriétés optiques de ces composés induite par l'isomérisation du ligand est observée. Il est mis en évidence que celle-ci a un impact notable sur les propriétés de luminescence des composés et sur leur couleur émise. Dans un second temps, l'influence de cette isomérisation sur les propriétés magnétiques du complexe à base de DyIII est étudiée. La deuxième partie consiste en l'élargissement de l'étude à des molécules photo-actives voisines dans le but de caractériser l'influence du changement de certains groupements chimiques sur les propriétés de photo-isomérisation. Un dérivé de 4-styrylpyridine comportant un groupement diméthyle-amino a ainsi été associé avec un ion DyIII. Un nouveau complexe a été obtenu et ses propriétés magnétiques à l'état solide et en solution étudiées. Parallèlement, l'utilisation d'une nouvelle molécule comportant un groupement diéthyle-amino ainsi qu'une partie azobenzène a donné lieu à l'obtention de deux nouveaux composés à base de DyIII et de TbIII. L'impact de l'isomérisation de ce ligand sur les propriétés luminescentes du complexe à base de TbIII et sur les propriétés magnétiques du complexe à base de DyIII a ensuite été étudié. Dans une troisième partie, les perspectives d'évolution du sujet sont présentées. Une première stratégie consiste à utiliser des solvants moins protonant que le chloroforme afin d'observer une photo-isomérisation plus robuste. Une deuxième stratégie est d'utiliser un ligand magnétique photocommutable. Un radical de la famille des nitronyl nitroxide substitué par un groupement stilbène a ainsi été synthétisé et coordiné à des ions DyIII et TbIII. Leur étude photophysique est commentée. / Lanthanides are more and more studied by the scientific community and their use in devices and operating materials is exploding. These elements are indeed known to exhibit remarkable magnetic and luminescent properties. They are indeed particularly effective for the creation of singles molecule magnets or light emissive materials. In this thesis work, the synthesis, the crystal growth and the magnetic and photo-physical characterizations of new complexes that associates lanthanides and photo-active organic molecules are studied. The latter possess a " trans " and "cis" conformation and it is possible, thanks to a bright UV irradiation stimulus, to switch from one to the other one. This photo-isomerization leads to a modification of the properties of the complex in which they are part of. In the first part, four new complexes with DyIII, EuIII, TbIII and SmIII are presented. They are obtained thanks to the association of precursors of lanthanides and an organic molecule from the stilbene family: the 4-styrylpyridine. A strong modulation of the optical properties of these compounds led by the isomerization of the ligand is observed. It is highlighted that this one has a notable impact on the luminescent properties of these four compounds and on their color emission. Then, the influence of this isomerization on the magnetic properties of the complex with DyIII is studied. The second part consists of the extension of the study in lookalike photo-active molecules. The aim of this work is to characterize the influence of the change of a given chemical group on the photo-isomerization properties. A ligand that is closely related to 4-styrylpyridine containing a dimethyl-amino group, is associated with a DyIII ion. A new complex is obtained and its magnetic properties in the solid state and in solution are studied. Besides, the use of a new molecule containing a diethyl-amino group as well as an azobenzene part gave rise to two new compounds with DyIII and with TbIII. The impact of the isomerization of this ligand on the luminescent properties of the complex with TbIII and on the magnetic properties of the complex with DyIII is then studied. In the third part, the perspectives of evolution of the subject are presented. A first strategy consists is to use less protonatings solvents than the chloroform to observe a stronger photo-isomerization. The second strategy is to use a photo-switching magnetic ligand. A radical of the nitronyl nitroxide family substituted by a stilbene group was synthesized and coordinated to DyIII and TbIII ions. Their photophysical study is commented.
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Etude de couches structurées à base d’azopolymères pour l’optique diffractive et plasmonique photo-modulable / Study of azobenzene-containing structured films for tunable photonic and plasmonic systems

Chevalier, Sylvain 10 October 2019 (has links)
La photoisomérisation de la molécule d’azobenzène entre ses formes trans et cis génère un travail mécanique qui peut déformer la matrice solide environnante et provoquer un déplacement de matière. Il est en particulier possible de contrôler optiquement la formation de motifs de taille micro- et nanométrique à la surface d’un matériau de type polymère ou verre. Ces phénomènes ont été étudiés en détails ces dernières années et de nombreuses approches ont été proposées pour réaliser des dispositifs ajustables qui exploitent les propriétés photomécaniques des azo-matériaux.L’objectif de ce doctorat était de réaliser des réseaux de micro- et nanostructures hybrides métal/diélectrique contenant des matériaux à base de dérivés d’azobenzène, et d’étudier, d’une part, la réponse photomécanique de ces structures et, d’autre part, la variation des propriétés optiques des réseaux associée à la photo-déformation des structures.La première partie de ce travail a consisté au développement d’une méthode de structuration de polymères photo-actifs à base d’azobenzène en réseaux de piliers par embossage en voie liquide. L’étude des déformations des micro- et nanostructures induites par photo-stimulation dans la bande d’absorption des molécules d’azobenzène montre en particulier que les déformations sont dirigées par la polarisation de la lumière et que certaines déformations peuvent être réversibles. Les propriétés optiques (diffraction, transmission) des réseaux de micro- et nanostructures sont alors ajustables en fonction de la déformation du motif.Dans un second temps, les motifs d’azo-matériaux sont recouverts par une fine couche d’or d’une dizaine de nanomètres. Il a été montré que les propriétés photomécaniques de l’azo-matériau sont conservées malgré la métallisation. Dans la gamme du spectre visible, les interférences présentes dans le spectre de réflexion sont annulées par la déformation du motif du réseau. En lumière infrarouge, cette déformation permet de modifier les conditions de couplages entre les modes localisés et les modes propagatifs présents dans la structure métallisée. Le contrôle de la forme des motifs qui composent le réseau permet donc de moduler avec précision les propriétés optiques et plasmoniques du système hybride. / Trans-cis photo-isomerization of azobenzene units generate mechanical work on its hosting matrice, allowing matter migration inside. This property allows to optically pattern micro and nanometric structures at the surface of azobenzene-containing materials (polymer, glass). Such phenomena were widely investigated and exploited to produce tunable devices exploiting photo-mechanical properties of azobenzene molecules.The purpose of this thesis were to fabricate metal-dielectric azobenzene-containing micro and nanostructured gratings and study the evolution of their optical and plasmonic properties under light stimulation.First, we developped a structuration methode inspired from solvent-assisted nanoimprint lithography to generate 2D azobenzene-gratings of pillars. Type and direction of the deformation induced in the structures were directly associated with the stimulation light polarization. Reversibility of the deformation were observed for a certain type of illumination cycle. Modification of the optical properties (transmission, diffraction) was investigated during the deformation of the pillars.Then, gratings were covered with tens of nanometers of gold. Metallization did not affect the deformation of the structures. Study in the visible range shows that interferences in the reflection spectra vanishes during the photo-deformation. In the infrared domain, the deformation leads to a strong modification of the plasmonic properties, enhancing particular plasmonic modes in favor of others. Control of the grating pillars shape allows a precise tenability of optical and plasmonic properties of the hybrid device.

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