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Estudo sobre características clínicas e biomarcadores em adolescentes internados por uso de crackPianca, Thiago Gatti January 2015 (has links)
A presente tese aborda o tema da dependência de crack na adolescência, assunto de grande relevância clínica devido à gravidade dos pacientes e à dificuldade em realizar tratamentos eficazes. Ambos os estudos apresentados foram feitos a partir de uma amostra de 90 adolescentes, de 12 a 18 anos incompletos, internados por problemas relacionados ao uso de crack em duas enfermarias na cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A amostra consecutiva foi coletada de Maio de 2011 a Novembro de 2012. Também foi coletada uma amostra controle de 81 adolescentes sem uso de drogas, provenientes de um bairro de baixa-renda na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Como resultados do primeiro estudo, observou-se que os adolescentes internados por uso de crack apresentaram idade média de 15,6 anos (DP=1,4), e a maioria (85,5%) era do sexo masculino. Todos os pacientes haviam utilizado alguma outra substância psicoativa antes de iniciar o uso de crack: 61,4% tabaco (idade média do primeiro uso 11,6 anos), 44,3% álcool (idade média do primeiro uso 12,4 anos), e 54,5% maconha (idade média do primeiro uso 12,15 anos). A idade média de início do crack foi aos 13,4 anos. Apresentaram alta taxa de comorbidades psiquiátricas, com 81,8% dos pacientes com o diagnóstico de Transtorno de Conduta, 52,3% com Transtorno Opositor Desafiante e 44,3% apresentando Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (todas essas com p<0,001 em relação aos controles). Evidenciamos consequências graves do uso de drogas em todas as áreas da vida (como altos escores de comprometimento nas áreas de uso de substâncias, escola, família e psiquiátrica do questionário Teen Addiction Severity Index – T-ASI). O tempo médio decorrido entre o início de uso de drogas e o início de uso de crack foi de 2,53 anos (DP=1,96). Através do modelos de regressão de Cox, encontramos os seguintes preditores de progressão precoce ao uso de crack: idade de início de uso de qualquer substância e idade no momento da internação. Dando continuidade ao tema desta tese, o segundo artigo abordou os níveis de quatro potenciais biomarcadores para o uso de crack na adolescência. São eles: o Fator de crescimento derivado do cérebro (BDNF), as interleucinas 6 e 10 (IL-6 e IL-10), e as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Foram medidos, na mesma amostra de pacientes do primeiro estudo, em dois momentos: no dia seguinte à internação e no momento da alta. Também foram medidos em controles. As análises foram controladas para possíveis confundidores. Encontrou-se níveis significativamente mais baixos de BDNF entre os pacientes (16,61; DP=2,06), em relação aos controles (25,12; DP=175) (p<.001). Os níveis de TBARS estavam significativamente elevados entre os pacientes (25,07; DP=21,83), em relação aos controles (16,46; DP=23,25) (p=0,005). Os níveis de IL-6 estavam significativamente elevados entre os pacientes (577,34; DP=156,11) em relação aos controles (151,91; DP=64,7) (p=0,027). Os níveis de IL-10 estavam significativamente elevados entre os pacientes (383,86; DP= 97,24), em relação aos controles(109,89; DP=40,89) (p=0,025). Concluiu-se que adolescentes internados por uso de crack apresentam problemas em diversas áreas da vida, altas taxas de comorbidade e alterações em biomarcadores específicos relacionados com inflamação e estresse oxidativo. Sugere-se que esta população necessita cuidados especiais para evitar comprometimentos maiores. / This thesis is about crack-cocaine dependence in adolescence, a subject that is of high clinical interest due to the severity of the clinical presentation of those patient and the challeng of providing effective treatment. Both studies presented were conducted with a ample of 90 adolescents, from 12 to 18 years age, of both sexes, who had been admitted for problems related to crack-cocaine use in two impatient treatment units for adolescents. In the city of Porto Alegre, south of Brazil. This consecutive sample was collected from May 2011 to November 2012. A control sample of drug-naïve adolescents has been recruited in a low income neighborhood. As results of this first study, it was observed that adolescents admitted for crack-cocaine use had a mean 15.6 years of age, and most of them (85.5%) were male. All patients had used at least one other psychoactive substance before initiating crack-cocaine use: 61.4% had used tobacco (mean age of first use=11.6 years), 44.3 had used alcohol (mean age of first use=12.4 years), and 54.5 5 had used cannabis (mean age of first use = 12.15 years). Mean age of crack-cocaine initiation was 13.4 years. Patients had high rates of comorbid conditions, with 81.8% of patients having a lifetime diagnosis of Conduct Disorder, 52.3% with Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and 44.3% with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder. All the comorbid conditions found were more prevalent in the patients group than in controls. The T-ASI interview showed severe consequences of crack-cocaine abuse in all life areas. Mean time from first substance use to first use of crack cocaine was 2.5 years. By using Cox regression moles, we found that predictors to early crack-cocaine initiation were: age of first substance use and current age. The second study is about four potential biomarkers of crack-cocaine use in adolescence. They are the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), the interleukins 6 and 10 (IL-6 and IL-10), and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). They were measured in peripherical blood, in the same sample of patients from the first study, at two moments: the day after admittance and in the day of discharge from the unit. They were also measured in controls. They were compared using Generalized Estimating Equations, and analyses where controlled by possible confounders. BDNF levels were lower in patients than in controls. TBARS levels were higher in patients than in controls. IL=6 was higher in patients than in controls. IL-10 was higher in patients than in controls. In conclusion, adolescents that are admitted to inpatient units for crack-cocaine-related problems show high degree of impairment in multiple life areas, high rates of comorbid conditions and alterations in biomarkers related to inflammation and oxidative stress. It is suggested that this population need special care to prevent further impairments.
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Efeitos de insulto hipóxico-isquêmico neonatal em respostas comportamentais e bioquímicas analisadas em curto, médio e longo prazo em ratosSouza, Andressa de January 2013 (has links)
A hipóxia-isquemia (HI) neonatal é uma causa importante de deficits neurológicos. Estimativas relatam que 3-5 em cada 1.000 nascidos vivos ocorrem encefalopatia neonatal, sendo que, encefalopatia hipóxico-isquêmica (EHI) moderada ou grave acomete 0,5-1/1000 dos nascidos vivos. Aproximadamente 10 a 60% das crianças com EHI morrem, e pelo menos 25% dos que sobrevivem, apresentam deficiência permanente, como paralisia cerebral, epilepsia e dificuldades na aprendizagem. Evidências clínicas e experimentais sugerem que a exposição a estímulos nocivos no início da vida pode resultar em mudanças duradouras no processamento sensorial. Apesar da magnitude do problema, pouco se conhece sobre a modulação da dor e mecanismos envolvidos durante um processo hipóxico-isquêmico em neonatos e suas conseqüências ao longo da vida. Sendo assim, a presente tese objetivou avaliar respostas comportamentais e bioquímicas de filhotes de ratos submetidos à hipóxia/isquemia no 7°dia de vida, avaliados em diferentes idades. Ninhadas de ratos Wistar machos foram randomizadas em 6 grupos experimentais: controle, hipóxia-isquemia, isquemia, hipóxia, sham-ischemia, sham-hipóxia. O modelo experimental utilizado foi de HI unilateral descrito por Levine (1960) e adaptado por Rice e colaboradores (1981), realizando-se isquemia através da oclusão da carótida esquerda e hipóxia com câmara hipóxica de 92% de nitrogênio e 8% de oxigênio. Avaliaram-se os animais no 14° (P14), 30°(P30) e 60° (P60) dias de vida. Para avaliação da (s) resposta (s): nociceptiva térmica foram utilizados testes de tail-flick e placa quente; e alodinia mecânica utilizou-se teste de Von Frey eletrônico. Para as avaliações dos biomarcadores foram utilizados kits comerciais de BDNF e TNF por métodos ELISA e LDH por espectrofotometria. A ativação neuronal foi quantificada em lâminas de imunoistoquímica de c-fos em regiões CA1 e giro dentado de hipocampo bilateral. Foi observado que ratos com hypoxia e/ou isquemia tiveram diminuição irreversível de neurônios com ativação por c-fos em área CA1 do hipocampo, região ipsilateral do insulto. Maior sensibilidade em animais com HI em P14 foi observado no teste do Von Frey, mas não foi observada em P30 e P60. Independentemente do grupo experimental, a idade do animal desempenhou um papel significativo na resposta de comportamento nociceptivo, bem como sobre o BDNF e dos níveis séricos de TNF-α, mas não sobre os níveis séricos de LDH. Em conclusão, o insulto cerebral da HI induz uma redução significativa e irreversível sobre a ativação neuronal ipisilateral à lesão, com a evidência de uma alteração da resposta comportamental nociceptiva manifestada no curto, mas não a médio ou longo prazo. Biomarcadores de neuroplasticidade, inflamação e danos celulares apresentaram poucas alterações sobre o insulto cerebral, mas mudanças mais pronunciadas foram observadas com relação à idade. / Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is an important cause of neurological deficits. It is estimated that 3-5 in 1000 newborns suffer neonatal encephalopathy, and moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in 0,5-1/1000 of the newborns. Approximately 10 to 60% of the children with HIE die, and at least 25% of the survivors present permanent deficits such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy and learning difficulties. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that the exposure to noxious stimuli at the beginning of the life might result in long lasting changes in sensorial processing. Despite the magnitude of the problem, few is known regarding pain modulation and its involved mechanisms during the HI process in neonates and its life lasting consequences. Hence, the present thesis aimed to evaluate behavioral and biochemical responses in rats’ litters submitted to HI during their seventh day of life, evaluated at different ages. Male Wistar rats’ litters were randomized into 6 experimental groups: control, HI, ischemia, hypoxia, sham-ischemia and sham-hypoxia. The experimental model was the one of unilateral HI described by Levine (1960) and adapted by Rice et al (1981), inducing ischemia by occlusion of the left carotid artery, and hypoxia using hypoxic chamber with nitrogen 92% and oxygen 8%. Animals were evaluated in their 14th (P14), 30th(P30) and 60th (P60) postnatal day. To assess the thermal nociceptive response the tail flick and hot plate test were employed; and mechanical allodynia was assessed by means of the digital Von Frey test. To evaluate biomarkers, commercial BDNF and TNF kits with ELISA, and LDH kits with spectrophotometry were used. Neuronal activation was quantified by c-fos immunohistochemistry in CA1 and dentate gyrus of bilateral hippocampi. It was observed that rats with hypoxia and/or ischemia had irreversible diminution of neurons with c-fos activation in the CA1 area of the hippocampus ipsilateral to the insult. Higher sensitivity in animals with HI at P14 was observed in the Von Frey test, but was not observed at P30 or at P60. Irrespective of the experimental group, animals’ age played a significant role in the nociceptive behavioral response, as well as on the BDNF and TNF-α serum levels, but not on the LDH serum levels. In conclusion, cerebral HI insult induces a significant and irreversible reduction on neuronal activation ipsilateral to the insult, with evidence of a significant alteration on the nociceptive behavioral response manifested in the short, but not in the medium or long term. Biomarkers of neuroplasticity, inflammation and cellular damage present few alterations after the cerebral insult, however more pronounced changes were observed related with age.
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Efeito da estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC) sobre o comportamento alimentar e parâmetros neuroquímicos de ratos submetidos à modelo de obesidadeFreitas, Joice Soares de January 2016 (has links)
Obesidade é uma doença multifatorial relacionada com desenvolvimento de patologias como hipertensão arterial, doença arterial coronariana, diabetes tipo 2 e certos tipos de câncer. Estruturas do sistema nervoso central, especialmente o hipotálamo, estão envolvidas no controle do apetite. A estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC) é uma técnica de estimulação cerebral não invasiva representando um recurso promissor no tratamento da compulsão alimentar e alterações metabólicas, uma vez que promove neuroplasticidade em vias envolvidas com comportamento alimentar. Portanto, o objetivo desta dissertação foi avaliar os efeitos da exposição à ETCC em ratos submetidos à modelo de obesidade. Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais (CEUA/HCPA:110455). Quarenta ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em 4 grupos: dieta padrão+sham ETCC, dieta padrão+ETCC, dieta hipercalórica+sham ETCC, dieta hipercalórica+ ETCC. Após 40 dias de exposição à dieta hipercalórica e previamente a exposição ao tratamento ETCC, os ratos foram expostos ao teste de campo aberto (OF, do inglês Open Field) para avaliar atividade exploratória e locomotora e ao teste de labirinto em cruz elevado (EPM, do inglês Elevated Plus Maze) para avaliar comportamento do tipo ansioso. Após 24h dos testes comportamentais, teve inicio a exposição ao tratamento repetido com ETCC bicefálico 20 minutos/dia/8 dias com intensidade de 0,5 mA no tratamento ativo ou exposição aos eletrodos desligados nos animais sham. Vinte e quatro horas após a última sessão de ETCC foram repetidos os testes comportamentais (OF e EPM) e 48h o teste do alimento palatável (PFT, do inglês Palatable Food Test) foi realizado. Para os ensaios bioquímicos, os ratos foram mortos 24 horas após a PFT. Os níveis de fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF, do inglês Brain-derived neurotrophic factor), interleucina 10 (IL-10), interleucina 1 beta (IL-1β), e o fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α, do inglês Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) no córtex foram determinados por ELISA (do inglês, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Delta de peso, índice de Lee, peso dos tecidos, níveis de citocinas e BDNF foram analisados por ANOVA de uma via. Foi empregado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para análise dos dados do OF, EPM e PFT entre os grupos e para análise dos dados pré-tratamento e pós-tratamento foi empregado o teste de Wilcoxon. Diferenças foram consideradas significantes com um P <0,05. Nossos resultados demonstram que o tratamento com ETCC bicefálica reduz a compulsão por alimento palatável em ratos obesos após o jejum e reverte o aumento do Índice de Lee e do peso do tecido adiposo visceral nestes animais. Além disso, verificou-se que a exposição à dieta hipercalórica diminui os níveis de BDNF e IL-10 em cortex. Por outro lado. ETCC bicefálica diminui os níveis de IL-1β e TNF-α em córtex de animais obesos. A exposição à dieta hipercalórica teve efeito ansiolítico que foi revertido pelo tratamento com ETCC. Portanto, a exposição a tratamento repetido com ETCC parece atuar em vias envolvidas em comportamento alimentar modulando alterações neuroplásticas características da obesidade. / Obesity is a multifactorial disease related to development of diseases such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancers. Structures of the central nervous system, particularly the hypothalamus, are involved in food intake control. The transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising non-invasive brain stimulation technique in the treatment of binge eating and metabolic disorders, since it promotes neuroplasticity pathways involved with feeding behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to tDCS in rats subjected to obesity model. All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use (CEUA / HCPA: number 110455). Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: standard diet + sham tDCS (SDS), standard diet + tDCS (SDT), hypercaloric diet + sham tDCS (HDS) and hypercaloric diet + tDCS (HDT). Forty days after exposure to hypercaloric diet and previously exposure to the tDCS treatment, rats were exposed to the open field test (OF) to evaluate locomotor and exploratory activities and to elevated plus maze test (EPM) to assess anxiety-like behavior. Twenty-four hours after the behavioral tests, the repeated bicephalic tDCS treatment was started, 20-minute/day for 8 days, using 0,5mA of intensity in the active treatment or exposure to electrodes turned off in sham animals. Twenty-four hours after the last tDCS session the behavioral tests (OF and EPM) were repeated and the 48 hours before the palatable food test (PFT) was performed. For biochemical assays, the rats were killed 24 hours after the (PFT). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) levels in the cortex were determined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay test (ELISA). Delta weight, Lee index, tissue weight, cytokines and BDNF levels were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. It was employed a Kruskal-Wallis test for analysis of the data of the OF, EPM and PFT between the groups and to analyze the data pre-treatment and post-treatment was used Wilcoxon test. Significance diference was defined at P <0.05. Our results demonstrate that bicephalic tDCS treatment reduces the food craving in obese animals after fasting and it reverts the increased Lee index and the weight of visceral adipose tissue in these animals. Furthermore, it was found that exposure to hypercaloric diet decreases BDNF and IL-10 in the cortex. On the other hand, bicephalic tDCS treatment reduces IL-1β levels and TNF-α in the cortex. Exposure to hypercaloric diet had anxiolytic effect that was reversed by treatment with tDCS. Therefore, exposure to repeated treatment with tDCS appears to act in pathways related to eating behavior modulating changes neuroplastic obesity features.
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Investigação da fisiopatogenia de modelos de dor neuropática trigeminal em ratosOliveira, Fabricio Finamor de January 2016 (has links)
Neuralgia trigeminal (NT) é um tipo de dor neuropática orofacial intensa e debilitante sentida ao longo do nervo trigêmeo. Seu diagnóstico é meramente clínico, sem exames específicos, o que dificulta a presteza e eficácia do tratamento. O sintoma mais característico é alodínia mecânica relacionada à sensibilização central. Seu tratamento é farmacológico e/ou cirúrgico, no entanto pode trazer poucos benefícios e/ou importantes efeitos colaterais sem a garantia de remissão total dos sintomas. No tratamento farmacológico, os anticonvulsivantes são fármacos de primeira linha de tratamento, mas também são obtidas respostas de melhora com o uso de fármacos ansiolíticos e opioides. A dificuldade no tratamento da NT se deve, em parte, à falta de compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na geração da dor; sendo, desta forma, imprescindível a busca de um melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia da NT buscando identificar as vias envolvidas no processo de dor. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o possível envolvimento das vias gabaérgica, glutamatérgica e opioidérgica na fisiopatogenia de um modelo de neuralgia trigeminal em ratos. A resposta nociceptiva dos animais foi avaliada por meio do teste de von Frey eletrônicoantes e após a administração de agonistas gabaérgicos e opioidérgico e de antagonista glutamatérgico. Além da a resposta nociceptiva, foram avaliados os níveis de fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF) em gânglio trigeminal, tronco encefálico e córtex pré-frontal. Todos os procedimentos experimentais foram realizados na Unidade de Experimentação Animal (UEA), Unidade de Análises Moleculares e de Proteínas (UAMP) do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). A indução da dor neuropática foi por constrição crônica do nervo infraorbitário (CCI-ION) proposto por Imamura em 1997 adaptado (Imamura Y., Kawamoto H., Nakanishi O. Charactherization of heat-hiperalgesia in experimental trigeminal neuropathy in rats. Exp Brain Res, 1997; 116: 97-103.). Para isso foram utilizados 112 ratos Wistar, machos divididos para o procedimento cirúrgico em 3 grupos: Controle Total, Dor e Sham. Quatorze dias após o procedimento cirúrgico, tempo necessário para o desenvolvimento da dor neuropática, realizamos dois protocolos e dividimos os grupos em: protocolo 1: controle veículo, cirurgia sham veículo, cirurgia sham agonista benzodiazepínico, cirurgia sham antagonista glutamatérgico, dor veículo, dor agonista benzodiazepínico, dor antagonista glutamatérgico; protocolo 2: controle veículo, cirurgia sham veículo, cirurgia sham agonista gabaérgico, cirurgia sham agonista opioidérgico, dor veículo, dor agonista gabaérgico, dor agonista opioidérgico. Os animais dos grupos sham sofreram apenas incisão cirúrgica, sem constrição do nervo. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico a indução anestésica foi feita com cetamina (50mg/kg) e xilazina (5mg/kg) e a manutenção, com isoflurano 2-3%. O controle da dor pós-operatória foi obtido com cloridrato de tramadol (10mg/kg) no intervalo de 12h por 48h. A resposta hiperalgésica mecânica (von Frey) foi avaliada antes da indução do modelo (medida basal), 7 e 14 dias após cirurgia, pré-administração dos fármacos, 15,30 e 60 minutos após administração dos fármacos: veículo - solução salina; agonista benzodiazepínico – diazepam (2 mg/kg); antagonista glutamatérgico - MK- 801 (0,25mg/Kg), agonista opioidérgico – morfina (5,0 mg/kg) e agonista gabaérgico – fenobarbital (100mg/kg). Os dados foram analisados por Equações Estimativas Generalizadas e expressos em média+EPM. Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo CEUA/HCPA e CEUA/UFRGS sob número: 14-0604 e 29310, respectivamente. Inicialmente foram realizados testes para verificação do modelo de dor, foi observado que 14 dias após cirurgia de constrição do nervo infraorbitário, os animais do grupo dor apresentaram redução nos limiares de retirada da face no teste de von Frey facial comparado aos grupos controle e sham [GEE: interação grupo x tempo (Waldχ2=15,81; 2, P<0,05)]. Após o estabelecimento do modelo, foram realizados testes nociceptivos para avaliação das vias envolvidas na neuralgia trigeminal, observou-se interação grupo x tempo (Wald _2=175,74;18, P<0,01). No protocolo 1, os animais do grupo dor que receberam agonista benzodiazepínico (diazepam) apresentaram aumento no limiar nociceptivo a partir de 15 minutos após administração e este resultado permaneceu por até 60 minutos. Os animais do grupo dor que receberam antagonista glutamatérgico (MK-801) apresentaram aumento no limiar de retirada da face somente na avaliação realizada 60 minutos após a administração do fármaco. No protocolo 2, análise estatística mostrou interação entre as variáveis tempo x grupo (Wald χ2=657,53;18, P<0,01), os animais do grupo dor que receberam fenobarbital apresentaram aumento no limiar nociceptivo a partir de 15 minutos após administração e este resultado permaneceu por até 60 minutos. Por outro lado, os animais que receberam morfina apresentaram um aumento no limiar nociceptivo significativamente maior que os animais que receberam fenobarbital, no entanto ambos os fármacos reverteram a hiperalgesia induzida pela exposição ao modelo de dor. Na análise bioquímica, em córtex e tronco encefálico foi observado aumento nos níveis de BDNF tanto nos animais submetidos ao modelo de NT quanto aos que foram expostos a cirurgia sham (ANOVA de uma via/SNK, F(2,22)=13,46; F(2,25)=6,08, P<0,05, respectivamente. Em nível periférico foi observado aumento nos níveis de BDNF em gânglio trigeminal nos animais submetidos ao modelo de NT (ANOVA de uma via/SNK,F(2,22)=4,09; P<0,05). Em soro não foi observada diferença nos níveis de BDNF entre os grupos (ANOVA de uma via, P>0,05). Com base nos resultados encontrados, este estudo sugere que há o envolvimento das vias gabaérgica, glutamatérgica e opioidergica no processamento da dor neuropática orofacial (neuralgia trigeminal) sugerindo que há funcionalidade dos receptores testados. No entanto, estes agonistas gabaérgicos não induziram analgesia nos animais controles e cirurgia sham sugerindo uma alteração na liberação ou na síntese de GABA nos animais com NT. Neste estudo, não foram realizadas análises de expressão e quantificação de receptores, apenas avaliou-se a resposta nociceptiva e os níveis de BDNF centrais e periféricos. De acordo com estes achados a via gabaérgica teve uma resposta mais rápida que a via glutamatérgica. Alguns estudos demonstram que os receptores glutamatérgicos estão localizados em fibras não mielinizadas na periferia isto pode justificar o atraso na resposta dos animais que receberam antagonista glutamatérgico em nosso estudo. Quanto aos níveis de BDNF observamos que há um aumento desta neurotrofina nos animais submetidos ao modelo de NT sugerindo um envolvimento deste neuromodulador em eventos neuroplásticos da NT. / Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a type of intense and debilitating orofacial neuropathic pain felt along the trigeminal nerve. The diagnosis is purely clinical, without specific tests, which makes the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. The most characteristic symptom is mechanical allodynia related to central sensitization. Its treatment is pharmacological and / or surgical treatment, however can bring few benefits and / or significant side effects without the guarantee of complete remission of symptoms. In drug treatment, the anticonvulsant drug are first-line treatment, but also enhances responses are obtained with the use of anxiolytic drugs and opioids. The difficulty in treating NT is due in part to the lack of understanding of the mechanisms involved in the generation of pain; It is thus essential to search for a better understanding of the pathophysiology NT seeking to identify the pathways involved in pain process. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible involvement of GABAergic pathways, glutamatergic and opioidergic in the pathogenesis of a model of trigeminal neuralgia in rats. The nociceptive response of the animals was assessed using the von Frey test eletrônicoantes and after administration of opioid agonists and GABAergic and glutamatergic antagonist. In the nociceptive response was evaluated derived neurotrophic factor levels in the brain (BDNF) in the trigeminal ganglia, brainstem, and prefrontal cortex. All experimental procedures were performed in the Animal Experimentation Unit (UEA), Unit of Analysis and Molecular Protein (UAMP) Porto Alegre Clinical Hospital (HCPA). The induction of neuropathic pain was by chronic constriction of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION) proposed by Imamura in 1997 adapted. For that they were used 112 male Wistar rats divided into the surgical procedure into 3 groups: Full Control, Pain and Sham. Fourteen days after surgery, time required for the development of neuropathic pain, performed two protocols and divided groups: Protocol 1: vehicle control, sham surgery vehicle, sham surgery benzodiazepine agonist, sham surgery glutamatergic antagonist, vehicle pain, agonist benzodiazepine pain and antagonist glutamatergic pain. Protocol 2: vehicle control, vehicle sham surgery, sham surgery gabaergic agonist, sham surgery opioid agonist, vehicle pain, gabaergic agonist pain, opioid agonist pain. The animals of the sham group underwent only surgical incision without nerve constriction. During surgery anesthesia was induced with ketamine (50 mg / kg) and xylazine (5 mg / kg) and maintained with isoflurane 2-3%. The control of postoperative pain has been obtained with tramadol hydrochloride (10mg / kg) at 12h intervals for 48 hours. The mechanical hyperalgesic response (von Frey) was assessed before induction model (baseline measurement), 7 and 14 days after surgery, pre-administration of drugs, 15,30 and 60 minutes after drug administration: Vehicle - saline; benzodiazepine agonist - diazepam (2 mg / kg); glutamatergic antagonist - MK-801 (0.25mg / kg), opioid agonist - Morphine (5.0 mg / kg) and gabaergic agonist - phenobarbital (100 mg / kg). Data were analyzed by Equation Generalised Estimates and expressed as mean ± SEM. All procedures were approved by CEUA / HCPA and CEUA / UFRGS under number: 14-0604 and 29310, respectively. Initially tests were carried out to verify the pain model, it was observed that 14 days after infraorbital nerve constriction surgery, animals pain group showed a reduction in the face withdrawal thresholds to von Frey facial test compared to control and sham groups [ GEE: group x time interaction (Wald 2 = 15.81; 2, P <0.05)]. After the model category, nociceptive tests were performed to assess the pathways involved in the trigeminal neuralgia, observed group x time interaction (Wald _2 = 175.74; 18 P <0.01). In protocol 1, the animals in the group who received pain benzodiazepine agonist (diazepam) showed an increase in nociceptive threshold from 15 minutes after administration and this result remained for up to 60 minutes. Animals of group pain that received glutamate antagonist (MK-801) showed an increase in the withdrawal threshold of the face only in the assessment was performed 60 minutes after drug administration. In protocol 2, statistical analysis showed interaction between the variables time x group (Wald χ2 = 657.53; 18, P <0.01), the animals showed increased nociceptive threshold from 15 minutes after administration of phenobarbital and morphine and this result remained for up to 60 minutes. On the other hand, animals receiving morphine showed an increased nociceptive threshold significantly higher in the animals receiving phenobarbital, however both drugs reversed hyperalgesia induced by exposure to pain model. In biochemical analysis, cortex and brainstem was observed increase in BDNF levels in both animals subjected to NT model and those who were exposed to sham surgery (one-way ANOVA / SNK, F (2,22) = 13.46 ;. F (2,25) = 6.08, P <0.05, respectively, at the peripheral level increase was observed in BDNF levels in trigeminal ganglion of animals subjected to the NT model (one-way ANOVA / SNK F ( 2,22) = 4.09; P <. 0.05). In serum was no difference in BDNF levels between groups (one-way ANOVA, P> 0.05) based on the results, this study. suggests that there is involvement of gabaergic pathways, glutamatergic and opioidergic processing orofacial neuropathic pain (trigeminal neuralgia) suggesting that there is functionality of the tested receptors. However, these GABAergic agonists did not induce analgesia in control animals and sham surgery suggesting a change in release or GABA synthesis in animals with NT. in this study, were not realized expression analysis and quantification of receptors, only evaluated the nociceptive response and the central and peripheral levels of BDNF. According to these findings, gabaergic pathways had a faster response than glutamatergic pathways. Some studies have shown that glutamate receptors are located in non-myelinated fibers in the periphery that can justify the delay in the animals that received glutamatergic antagonist in our study. As for BDNF levels we observed that there is an increase of this neurotrophin in animals subjected to NT model suggesting an involvement of this neuromodulator in neuroplastic events NT.
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Impacto de um modelo experimental de estresse precoce na cogni??o, motricidade e correlatos neurobiol?gicos durante a adolesc?nciaSilva, Luis Eduardo Wearick da 24 April 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2018-04-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Early life stress exposure is a global issue and is associated with decreased quality of life and it is considered a risk factor for several diseases. There are several evidences in the literature suggesting that early life stress impact brain development, as well as cognition and motricity. The neurobiological mechanisms behind these effects are poorly understood.
Aim: This study aims to investigate the impact of an experimental model of early life stress on cognitive abilities and walk adaptability during adolescence, looking at the gene expression of targets related to learning and memory in different brain regions.
Methods: Briefly, we exposed male C56BL/6 mice to the limited bedding protocol postnatal
day (PND)2 to PND9 and then tested animals in the radial 8-arm maze, Y-maze and Step-Down avoidance task and Ladder Rung Walking Test at the end of adolescence. RT-qPCR was used to investigate BDNF exon IV, Drd1 and Drd2 gene expression in the mPFC, Motor Cortex and Cerebellum 2h after the task.
Results: Mice raised in Limited Bedding conditions presented fewer perseverative errors compared to our reference group. This effect was followed by an increased BDNF exon IV expression in the mPFC with no differences in Drd1 and Drd2. When looking at the ability of adapt walking of mice, we found two distinct subgroups of animals that presented a superior performance (SP) when compared to controls or an inferior performance (IP). We observed that Drd1 expression is increased in the mPFC of IP animals and in the cerebellum of SP with no differences regarding Drd2 expression on mPFC, motor cortex and cerebellum. We observed that both SP and IP groups increased BDNF expression in the mPFC together with a significant difference between SP and IP groups in BDNF expression on motor cortex. We found a strong negative correlation between BDNF exon IV expression in the motor cortex and walking adaptability. No differences between groups regarding TrkB mRNA expression
in any brain region investigated were observed although there is a positive correlation
between TrkB expression in the mPFC and a better ability to adapt walking.
Conclusions: Our study showed that mice exposed to Limited Bedding showed fewer
perseveration and increased BDNF exon IV expression in the mPFC during adolescence. Also, our data suggest that exposure to Limited Bedding early in life can lead to distinct phenotypes followed by differential expression in Drd1 and BDNF in brain regions involved in the regulation of walking adaptability. / Introdu??o: A exposi??o ao estresse no in?cio da vida est? associado a uma diminui??o na qualidade de vida e ? considerada como fator de risco para diversas patologias. Ainda que o impacto do estresse precoce no desenvolvimento cerebral e cognitivo, bem como no sistema motor, esteja bem documentado na literatura, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos neurobiol?gicos mediadores destes efeitos.
Objetivos: Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o impacto de um modelo experimental de estresse precoce no funcionamento cognitivo e na adaptabilidade da marcha na adolesc?ncia, avaliando a express?o g?nica de alvos relacionados ? mem?ria e aprendizagem em diferentes regi?es do c?rebro.
M?todos: Camundongos machos da linhagem C57BL/6 foram expostos ao modelo de Limited Bedding do P2 ao P9 e testados no Labirinto Radial de 8 bra?os, Labirinto Y, Esquiva Inibit?ria e Escada Horizontal no final da adolesc?ncia. RT-qPCR foi realizado para investigar a express?o g?nica do exon IV do BDNF, Drd1 e Drd2 nas regi?es do mPFC, C?rtex Motor e Cerebelo.
Resultados: Camundongos expostos ao modelo de Limited Bedding na inf?ncia cometeram menos erros perseverativos quando comparados ao grupo controle. Este efeito foi seguido por um aumento na express?o do exon IV do BDNF no mPFC, embora nenhuma diferen?a entre Drd1 e Drd2 tenha sido observada. Ao observar a adaptabilidade da marcha, encontramos dois subgrupos distintos de animais que apresentaram desempenho superior (SP) quando comparados aos controles ou desempenho inferior (IP). Observamos uma express?o exarcebada de Drd1 no mPFC de animais com performance inferior e aumento na express?o de Drd1 no cerebelo de animais com performance superior, sem diferen?as em rela??o ? express?o de Drd2 no mPFC, c?rtex motor e cerebelo. Observamos que ambos os grupos aumentaram a express?o do BDNF no mPFC, juntamente com uma diferen?a significativa entre os grupos SP e IP na express?o do BDNF no c?rtex motor. Encontramos uma forte correla??o negativa entre a express?o do exon IV do BDNF no c?rtex motor e a adaptabilidade da marcha. N?o foram observadas diferen?as entre os grupos em rela??o ? express?o de TrkB nas regi?es do c?rebro investigadas, embora haja uma correla??o positiva entre a express?o de TrkB no mPFC e uma melhor capacidade de adapta??o da marcha.
Conclus?o: Nosso estudo demonstrou que camundongos expostos ao Limited Bedding apresentaram menos comportamentos perseverativos e aumento da express?o do exon IV do BDNF na adolesc?ncia. Al?m disso, nossos dados sugerem que a exposi??o ao Limited Bedding pode levar a fen?tipos distintos na tarefa de
adaptabilidade da marcha, seguido de uma express?o diferenciada de Drd1 e BDNF em regi?es cerebrais envolvidas na adaptabilidade da marcha.
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The Effects of Nicotine in the Neonatal Quinpirole Rodent Model of Psychosis: Neural Plasticity Mechanisms and Nicotinic Receptor ChangesPeterson, Daniel J., Gill, Wesley Drew, Dose, John M., Hoover, Donald B., Pauly, James R., Cummins, Elizabeth D., Burgess, Katherine C., Brown, Russell W. 15 May 2017 (has links)
Neonatal quinpirole (NQ) treatment to rats increases dopamine D2 receptor sensitivity persistent throughout the animal’s lifetime. In Experiment 1, we analyzed the role of α7 and α4β2 nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) in nicotine behavioral sensitization and on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) response to nicotine in NQ- and neonatally saline (NS)-treated rats. In Experiment 2, we analyzed changes in α7 and α4β2 nAChR density in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and dorsal striatum in NQ and NS animals sensitized to nicotine. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were neonatally treated with quinpirole (1mg/kg) or saline from postnatal days (P)1-21. Animals were given ip injections of either saline or nicotine (0.5mg/kg free base) every second day from P33 to P49 and tested on behavioral sensitization. Before each injection, animals were ip administered the α7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA; 2 or 4mg/kg) or the α4β2 nAChR antagonist dihydro beta erythroidine (DhβE; 1 or 3mg/kg). Results revealed NQ enhanced nicotine sensitization that was blocked by DhβE. MLA blocked the enhanced nicotine sensitization in NQ animals, but did not block nicotine sensitization. NQ enhanced the NAcc BDNF response to nicotine which was blocked by both antagonists. In Experiment 2, NQ enhanced nicotine sensitization and enhanced α4β2, but not α7, nAChR upregulation in the NAcc. These results suggest a relationship between accumbal BDNF and α4β2 nAChRs and their role in the behavioral response to nicotine in the NQ model which has relevance to schizophrenia, a behavioral disorder with high rates of tobacco smoking.
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Infarctus cérébral et plasticité : focus sur le BDNFBéjot, Yannick 12 December 2011 (has links) (PDF)
La récupération fonctionnelle des patients victimes d'un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) ischémique est largement sous-tendue par les propriétés plastiques du cerveau et plus précisément par sa capacité à remodeler les réseaux de neurones épargnés par l'infarctus. Les études réalisées sur différents modèles animaux d'infarctus cérébral s'accordent à montrer que ces changements plastiques sont induits par le BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor). Aussi, augmenter les taux cérébraux de BDNF est considéré comme une stratégie thérapeutique prometteuse de réduction des déficiences post-AVC. Dans ce contexte, notre travail avait 2 objectifs : 1) chez le rat, identifier les cellules impliquées dans la surproduction de BDNF et évaluer la pertinence de la mesure des taux circulants de BDNF pour estimer les taux de BDNF présents dans le cerveau, 2) chez le patient victime d'un infarctus cérébral, étudier l'efficacité de la fluoxétine sur la récupération motrice à 3 mois, la fluoxétine étant un inhibiteur spécifique de la recapture de la sérotonine commercialisé comme antidépresseur et capable non seulement d'augmenter la production cérébrale de BDNF mais aussi de stimuler la plasticité post-lésionnelle.Les études précliniques ont été réalisées chez le rat soumis à l'embolisation unilatérale du cerveau par un nombre variable de microsphères (en carbone et calibrées à 50 µm) afin de reproduire le large panel de souffrance cérébrale rencontré en clinique. Le BDNF a été mesuré dans le cerveau et dans le sang (plasma et sérum par technique ELISA) avant et après (4, 24h et 8j) embolisation. Nos résultats montrent :- que la production de BDNF est plus intense et plus durable dans l'hémisphère embolisé que dans l'hémisphère non embolisé et que cette production est indépendante du degré d'embolisation, marqueur indirect de la souffrance cérébrale. - que les cellules non-neuronales deviennent une source non négligeable de BDNF en cas d'ischémie, notamment les cellules endothéliales et microgliales avant 24h et les astrocytes au temps 8j.- que les taux circulants et cérébraux de BDNF ne sont pas corrélés mais qu'il existe une corrélation entre le BDNF plasmatique mesuré au temps 4h et le degré d'embolisation.L'étude clinique correspond à un essai randomisé contrôlé en double aveugle comparant la fluoxétine (20mg/j, voie orale, pendant 3 mois et débutée entre 5 et 10j après les premiers symptômes) au placebo chez des patients présentant un déficit moteur modéré à sévère sur l'échelle motrice de Fugl-Meyer (n=59 dans chaque groupe). Nos résultats montrent que l'amélioration de la fonction motrice est meilleure sous fluoxétine que placebo. En conclusion, notre travail montre l'intérêt des médicaments capables d'augmenter le BDNF et la plasticité post-lésionnelle pour améliorer le pronostic clinique de l'AVC et identifie pour la première fois les cellules endothéliales cérébrales comme une cible potentielle de ces médicaments. Il remet également en cause l'idée largement répandue selon laquelle les taux circulants de BDNF varient dans le même sens que les taux cérébraux.
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The Effect of Teneurin C-terminal Associated Peptide-1 (TCAP-1): Protection Against Hypoxic-stress and Regulation of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Immortalized Hypothalamic N38 CellsNg, Tiffany 12 January 2011 (has links)
Teneurin C-terminal associated peptide-1 (TCAP-1) is a recently characterized peptide that may act as one potential neuroprotective agent as it has been shown to regulate several stress-associated behaviours in rodents and possesses a number of protective actions on cells, however the mechanism remains unknown. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin recognized for mediating survival, differentiation, and proliferation. TCAP-1 may act, in part, via BDNF to provide neuroprotection via modulation of BDNF expression. The aim of this research was to further investigate the mechanism of TCAP’s neuroprotective actions. I show that TCAP-1 is neuroprotective and a potent enhancer of cell numbers under varying levels of oxygen. I also establish that TCAP-1 is able to influence neuronal behaviour by differentially regulating neurite growth. In addition, I indicate that TCAP-1 is able to regulate BDNF expression in immortalized mouse hypothalamic N38 cells, which suggests that TCAP-1’s neuroprotective mechanism may involve BDNF.
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The Effect of Teneurin C-terminal Associated Peptide-1 (TCAP-1): Protection Against Hypoxic-stress and Regulation of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Immortalized Hypothalamic N38 CellsNg, Tiffany 12 January 2011 (has links)
Teneurin C-terminal associated peptide-1 (TCAP-1) is a recently characterized peptide that may act as one potential neuroprotective agent as it has been shown to regulate several stress-associated behaviours in rodents and possesses a number of protective actions on cells, however the mechanism remains unknown. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin recognized for mediating survival, differentiation, and proliferation. TCAP-1 may act, in part, via BDNF to provide neuroprotection via modulation of BDNF expression. The aim of this research was to further investigate the mechanism of TCAP’s neuroprotective actions. I show that TCAP-1 is neuroprotective and a potent enhancer of cell numbers under varying levels of oxygen. I also establish that TCAP-1 is able to influence neuronal behaviour by differentially regulating neurite growth. In addition, I indicate that TCAP-1 is able to regulate BDNF expression in immortalized mouse hypothalamic N38 cells, which suggests that TCAP-1’s neuroprotective mechanism may involve BDNF.
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Transcriptional regulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2): implication in re-myelination and/or myelin repair in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS)Khorshid Ahmad, Tina Jr 13 January 2015 (has links)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease characterized by the destruction of central nervous system (CNS) myelin. Although the neurotrophin, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has a beneficial role in re-myelination and/or myelin repair, these effects are hampered by the over-expression of a transcriptional repressor isoform of methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) called MeCP2E1. We hypothesize that following experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) -induced myelin damage, the immune system induction of the pathogenic MeCP2E1 isoform hampers the re-myelination and/or myelin repair process by repressing BDNF expression. Our research identified the temporal gene and protein expression changes of MeCP2E1, MeCP2E2 and BDNF in an EAE mouse model of MS, and correlated them with the changes in the neurological disability scores (NDS). Our results indicated MeCP2E1 mRNA levels are elevated in EAE animals which is responsible for the repressed BDNF production in the spinal cord that prevents re-myelination and/or myelin repair. / February 2016
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