No description available.

<p>The empirical focus of this study is the contemporary transition of the industrial area Koppardalen, situated in Avesta in the middle of Sweden. Koppardalen (literary translated “The Copper Valley”) got its name in 1987 when the Avesta municipality bought the area from an iron and steel company. For a century the Koppardalen area, or Norra verken which was its name before 1987, housed production of iron and steel and at its peak employed more than 2000 men.</p><p>In the beginning of the 1980s, iron and steel production had moved out and left the area almost abandoned. When the Avesta municipality became the new owner of Koppardalen it was part of a strategy to transform the area to make it more attractive to light industry and by doing so provide Avesta with new employment opportunities. These plans failed and what happened instead is the object of my analysis.</p><p>The overall purpose of the thesis is to describe and analyse the place of history in the transition process of the Koppardalen industrial area between 1987 and 2003. More specifically, the aim is to answer the two questions: What does the place of history look like? What does the place of history mean?</p><p>My basic theoretical inspiration comes from the French philosopher and critical hermeneuticer Paul Ricoeur and his reasoning about the logic of explanation and understanding. As an operative theoretical tool I use four fundamental historical tropes in order to analyse the place of history in the transition process.</p><p>I have chosen three physical and clearly visible changes in Koppardalen that each constitute one chapter in the study. The first change concerns the old blast furnace, which has been renovated and used for art exhibitions, museum installations and other cultural purposes. The second change concerns two former rolling mills, which have been partly torn down and partly rebuilt into a sports arena and office spaces. The third change concerns a new built bridge for pedestrians and bicyclists that connects the Koppardalen area with Avesta city centre. These two parts had earlier been separated from each other, physically as well as mentally.</p><p>By analysing these three changes I conclude that the most dominant historical trope to be found in Koppardalen is the story about “the foreign country”. The past becomes a different and thrilling contrast that could be used in the effort to make the former industrial area a beautiful, interesting and attractive place. Beside the trope of the foreign country, the story of similarity through history is also present in Koppardalen. Here, the past is compared with today’s situation and periods of change in the past are put into parallel with contemporary challenges of the post-industrial society. Both these tropes, the one of history as a foreign country and the one of history as a parallel of today, paradoxically strengthen the transition process and the power of those actors who work to transform the Koppardalen area.</p><p>One surprising element is the lack of the historical trope of a lost golden age. The proud and prosperous past in the sense of a lost golden age is not to be found in Koppardalen, or at least not in the rhetoric of the politicians and white-collar workers who are the driving forces in the process. In sum, the study shows how the place of history in a contemporary transition process contains a great variety of simultaneously occurring, non-competing historical tropes.</p><p>Key words: industrial history, history of technology, cultural heritage, place of history, use of history, re-use of industrial buildings, urban transition, Sweden, Bergslagen, Avesta.</p>

Bergslagen är känt för sin mångfald av mineraliseringar liksom sällsynta element och mineral. Speciellt pegmatiter och vissa skarnförekomster har förhöjda koncentrationer av sällsynta jordartsmetaller (REE på engelska) och REE-förande mineral. Pegmatitprover från Flintgruvan, som ligger i norra Bergslagen (Dalarna), karakteriserades i den här studien. Proven som studerades innehöll flera REE-förande mineral; (Y,REE,U,Th)-(Nb,Ta,Ti)-oxider av AB2O6-typ, xenotim-(Y) och (Y,Yb)-förande thorit. Pegmatiten klassificerades som varandes av NYF-(Niob-Yttrium-Fluor) typ på grund av de förhöjda koncentrationerna av niob (Nb), yttrium (Y) och titan (Ti) i de undersökta faserna. Förutom yttrium så innehöll pegmatiten små koncentrationer av andra HREE (tunga sällsynta jordartsmetaller) som ytterbium (Yb) och dysprosium (Dy). (Y,REE,U,Th)-(Nb,Ta,Ti)-oxiderna innehöll även relativt höga halter av kisel (Si). På basis av de kemiska analyserna representerar dessa strakt omvandlade faser antingen aeschynit eller polykras som ursprungsmineral. Undersöknings- och analysmetoderna som användes i studien var polarisationsmikroskopi och svepelektronmikroskopi med energidispersiv spektroskopi (SEM-EDS). / Bergslagen is known for its diversity of rare elements and minerals. Especially granitic pegmatites and some uncommon types of skarn deposits have shown higher concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) and REE-bearing minerals. Samples of a granitic pegmatite from Flintgruvan, which is located in northern Bergslagen (Dalarna), were characterized in this study. The samples that were studied were found to contain several REE-rich minerals such as (Y,REE,U,Th)-(Nb,Ta,Ti) oxides of AB2O6 type, xenotime-(Y) and an Y+Yb-bearing thorite. The most abundant AB2O6 type oxides were found to represent strongly altered minerals, either belonging to the aeschynite or polycrase group. Based on mineral chemical studies, the pegmatite was classified as being of the NYF (Niobium-Yttrium-Fluorine) type due to the predominance of yttrium (Y) and niobium (Nb) as well as notable titanium (Ti) concentrations. Other than yttrium the samples contained small concentrations of other HREE (heavy rare earth elements) such as ytterbium (Yb) and dysprosium (Dy). The (Y,REE,U,Th)-(Nb,Ta,Ti) oxides also contained a relatively high content of silicon (Si). The mineralogical characterization was done by means of reflected polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS).

During drilling at Borg, ca. 5 km southwest of central Norrköping, an unidentified fine-grained grey rock was encountered in contact with dark red granitic gneiss at 35m depth. The fine-grained grey rock occurs above the red granitic gneiss. Our understanding prior to testing is that the rock may have been formed by fluid alteration of a mafic rock, as neither metamorphic nor sedimentary textures were observed. Understanding this rock and the formation processes related to it, is of interest for the general understanding of the region and of geotechnical importance since fracture fillings may affect the stability of the rock during and after construction projects. This study uses the methods petrography, XRD and XRF to define the fine-grained mafic rock, black vein in the fine-grained mafic rock, the contact zone and the granitic gneiss. Results show that the fine-grained grey rock has a composition of muscovite (36.1%), quartz (24.6%), albite (20.8%), sericite (10.8) and montmorillonite (0.5%). The contact is mainly made of quartz veins and calcite veins. The protolith of the fine-grained mafic rock is suggested to be iron-rich. Further testing on additional unaltered mafic rock samples from the area would provide a more accurate picture of the protolith evolution.

The Bergslagen region in Sweden has a history of iron and steel production, and in the small industrial towns in the region, one large employer has often held a strong position. Although the region has gone through structural change since the 1970’s, in previous research, becoming self-employed is perceived of as difficult, since it implies going against a strong working culture. The image of Bergslagen is that of a non-entrepreneurial region. Furthermore, in previous research, the gender contract in the region is characterized as traditional. In this thesis light is shed on women in the region who are self-employed. Topics that are focused on are work experience, role models, family situation and networks. The study builds on qualitative interviews and longitudinal registry based statistics (1993-2003). The interviews were carried out in the municipalities of Norberg and Fagersta with self-employed women in the fields of health and business services. Conclusions drawn concern both the region Bergslagen as an entrepreneurial region and the lives of self-employed women. The situations and conditions under which women become and remain self-employed displays a complex interaction between different areas of life, both in relation to the start-up phase and the subsequent running of their businesses. The idea of the region as non-entrepreneurial is scrutinized. For one, the share of self-employed in the Bergslagen municipalities only differs among men, compared to the national average. The share of self-employed women in the region, however, is similar to the national average. Furthermore, the share of self-employed men and women varies among the municipalities within the region. Thus, it is problematic to speak of the region as non-entrepreneurial and as homogenous when it comes to self-employment and entrepreneurship. These findings indicate that the idea of the region as non-entrepreneurial is an expression of both the region being male coded and women entrepreneurs being subordinated.

The empirical focus of this study is the contemporary transition of the industrial area Koppardalen, situated in Avesta in the middle of Sweden. Koppardalen (literary translated “The Copper Valley”) got its name in 1987 when the Avesta municipality bought the area from an iron and steel company. For a century the Koppardalen area, or Norra verken which was its name before 1987, housed production of iron and steel and at its peak employed more than 2000 men. In the beginning of the 1980s, iron and steel production had moved out and left the area almost abandoned. When the Avesta municipality became the new owner of Koppardalen it was part of a strategy to transform the area to make it more attractive to light industry and by doing so provide Avesta with new employment opportunities. These plans failed and what happened instead is the object of my analysis. The overall purpose of the thesis is to describe and analyse the place of history in the transition process of the Koppardalen industrial area between 1987 and 2003. More specifically, the aim is to answer the two questions: What does the place of history look like? What does the place of history mean? My basic theoretical inspiration comes from the French philosopher and critical hermeneuticer Paul Ricoeur and his reasoning about the logic of explanation and understanding. As an operative theoretical tool I use four fundamental historical tropes in order to analyse the place of history in the transition process. I have chosen three physical and clearly visible changes in Koppardalen that each constitute one chapter in the study. The first change concerns the old blast furnace, which has been renovated and used for art exhibitions, museum installations and other cultural purposes. The second change concerns two former rolling mills, which have been partly torn down and partly rebuilt into a sports arena and office spaces. The third change concerns a new built bridge for pedestrians and bicyclists that connects the Koppardalen area with Avesta city centre. These two parts had earlier been separated from each other, physically as well as mentally. By analysing these three changes I conclude that the most dominant historical trope to be found in Koppardalen is the story about “the foreign country”. The past becomes a different and thrilling contrast that could be used in the effort to make the former industrial area a beautiful, interesting and attractive place. Beside the trope of the foreign country, the story of similarity through history is also present in Koppardalen. Here, the past is compared with today’s situation and periods of change in the past are put into parallel with contemporary challenges of the post-industrial society. Both these tropes, the one of history as a foreign country and the one of history as a parallel of today, paradoxically strengthen the transition process and the power of those actors who work to transform the Koppardalen area. One surprising element is the lack of the historical trope of a lost golden age. The proud and prosperous past in the sense of a lost golden age is not to be found in Koppardalen, or at least not in the rhetoric of the politicians and white-collar workers who are the driving forces in the process. In sum, the study shows how the place of history in a contemporary transition process contains a great variety of simultaneously occurring, non-competing historical tropes. / QC 20101221

The Bergslagen ore province, located in the Fennoscandian shield in the south-central part of Sweden hosts several metallic mineral deposits, one of them being the Källfallsgruvan iron-oxide deposit in the Riddarhyttan ore field, situated in a high-strain shear belt denoted as the West Bergslagen Boundary Zone (WBBZ).  An accurate 3D geological model of the Källfallsgruvan iron-oxide deposit has been generated to aid understanding of the ore body geometries and calculating volume and tonnage. The methodology of this study consisted of assessing existing data in the form of legacy mine maps and to integrate new data from field work, drill core logging and 3D geological modelling. The work has resulted in structural interpretations that are put in the context of the regional structural framework in Bergslagen consisting of three deformation events (D1, D2 and D3) and two metamorphic events (M1 and M2). The field work resulted in six rock units being defined used to construct a geological map, in addition the structural measurements resulted in a hypothetical semi-regional fold and evidence of ductile strike-slip/dip-slip shearing. Logging of drill cores resulted in three rock units being defined, two of them related to the mineralization and one characterizing the host rock (± local variations), correlating to the observed host rock from the field work. The rock units discovered from both the field work and drill core logging are all interpreted to be the metamorphic products of volcanic rocks subjected to alteration of varying degree. Based upon geological field observations with subsurface data and 3D geological modelling it is concluded that, 1) The deposit comprises multiple ore bodies that jointly resemble an S-shaped synform that is steeply inclined-upright, moderately-steeply plunging towards the southwest with an axial plane striking northeast-southwest. The deposit is interpreted to be geometrically controlled by an F2 fold, possibly displaying an interference pattern of type 1, favouring progressive shearing and deformation solely related to D2, 2) Evidence of at least one generation of transpressional tectonic regime exists, interpreted to be D2, 3) The estimated tonnage of 4 938 610 tons of the massive magnetite and semi-massive mineralization revealed that a deposit of such tonnage is presently not economically viable. However, if the Källfallsgruvan iron-oxide deposit or similar is determined to have a significant REE content, such deposit may then be of economic interest and, 4) Possible mineral exploration indicators around Källfalls-like deposits are intensely altered rocks related to magnesium alteration, consisting dominantly of quartz, biotite (increasing towards mineralization), muscovite, chlorite, anthophyllite and cordierite, affected by parasitic folding. / Bergslagen malmprovins, belägen i den Fennoskandiska skölden i sydcentrala delen av Sverige innehåller flera metall mineralfyndigheter, varav en av dem är Källfallsgruvan järnoxidfyndighet i Riddarhyttan malmfält, belägen i en skjuvzon kallat för ”West Bergslagen Boundary Zone (WBBZ)”. En representativ 3D geologisk model av Källfallsgruvan järnoxidfyndighet har genererats för att öka förståelsen av malmkroppens geometrier samt beräkna volym och tonnage. Metodiken bestod av att bedöma existerande data så som gruvkartor och integrera nya data genom fältarbete, borrkärnekartering och 3D geologisk modellering. Arbetet resulterade i strukturella tolkningar som sattes i kontexten av den regionala strukturella bilden i Bergslagen bestående av tre deformations event (D1, D2 och D3) och två metamorfa event (M1 och M2). Fältarbetet resulterade i att sex bergartsenheter definierades som användes för att konstruera en geologisk karta samt så har de strukturella mätningarna resulterat i ett hypotetiskt semi-regionalt veck och bevis för duktil strike-slip-/normal-skjuvning. Borrkärnekarteringen resulterade i att tre bergartsenheter definierades, varav två var relaterade till mineraliseringen och en kännetecknade värdbergarten (± lokala variationer) som korrelerar med den observerade värdbergarten från fältarbetet. Bergartsenheterna som upptäcktes från både fältarbetet och borrkärnekarteringen har tolkats vara metamorfa produkter av vulkaniska bergarter som omvandlats i varierande grad. Baserat på de geologiska fältobservationerna med underjordsdata och 3D geologisk modellering dras följande slutsatser, 1) Fyndigheten består av multipla malmkroppar som gemensamt liknar en S-formad synform som är brant lutande-upprätt, måttligt-brant stupande mot sydväst med ett axialplan som stryker nordost-sydväst. Fyndigheten tolkas vara geometriskt kontrollerat av ett F2 veck, som möjligtvis påvisar ett interferensmönster av typ 1 bildat genom progressiv skjuvning och deformation endast relaterat till D2, 2) Bevis för minst en generation av transpressionstektonisk miljö existerar vilket tolkats vara D2, 3) Det estimerade tonnaget på 4 938 610 ton för den massiva magnetit och semi-massiva mineraliseringen visade att en fyndighet av sådant tonnage är för nuvarande inte ekonomiskt hållbart. Om Källfallsgruvan järnoxidfyndighet eller liknande fyndighet bestäms att ha ett betydande REE innehåll så skulle en sådan fyndighet vara av ekonomiskt intresse och, 4) Möjliga prospekteringsindikatorer runt Källfalls-liknande fyndigheter är intensivt omvandlade bergarter relaterad till magnesiumomvandling främst bestående av kvarts, biotit (ökar mot mineraliseringen), muskovit, klorit, antofyllit och kordierit, påverkad av parasitisk veckning.

The author has categorized and analysed slag deposits in different contexts. The categories are as such: slag on arable land, slag and mounds, slag at graves, slag as grave, slag at settlements and slag at the outskirts. Ironmaking sites and slag heaps appear in contexts that suggest they may have been perceived as symbolically significant for the farm's inhabitants and was included in common ritual practices. There is reason to believe that ironmaking sites and slag heaps have interacted with people and given rise to ideological thoughts, this includes the Odal mentality. Also, the construction of burial fields near ironmaking sites and vice versa, could demonstrate a connection with the past. Iconographic motifs and Norse texts reflect symbolic aspects of iron handling, especially craft and blacksmithing are portrayed as activities associated with ideologically important stories. Ironmaking sites are also found to be connected to symbolically important places such as Torsåker, Vi, etc.

No description available.

Abstract This thesis explores early modern industrial dynamics and especially the long-term performance of iron production and its localisation in Central Sweden during the period 1368-1910. Iron production, iron export and localisation in a national perspective as well as the regional industrial development in Central Sweden during the period 1805-1910 are studied. The production and localisation changes of the industry in the early modern period were investigated by processing easily available but scattered data. The study of the iron industry in the period 1805-1910 was based census data on employment structure in the Central Swedish parishes in four benchmark years, 1805, 1855, 1890 and 1910 and was carried out with the help of statistical cluster analysis. The first important result is that the Swedish iron export increased rapidly in the 16th the 17th centuries. This had to do with the breakthrough of bar iron which soon replaced the old form of iron called osmund iron. The export continued to increase up to the 1740s. From the 1740s there was stagnation till the 1820s when an expansion commenced and in the rest of the period under study the export grew fourfold. The distribution of iron production showed variations as to geographical patterns over time and there were rather distinct chronological phases as well. An expansion of established ironworks and tilthammers commenced in the end of the 16th century and reached its highest annual average in the 1630s. The localisation of new establishments in the 16th and early 17th centuries was mainly concentrated to the interior of Central Sweden. The localisation became more and more scattered over the country in the early modern period. Thus, the tendency towards diffusion outside the administrative Bergslagen became more and more obvious in the 18th century with new ironworks and tilthammers in Northern and Southern Sweden. In the late 19th century the number of industrial parishes had increased and so had the share of employed in manufacturing industry. Furthermore, the industrial parishes were concentrated to a large cluster which covered the inner parts of Central Sweden. However, the analysis of industrial branches also showed a diversification where the wood, paper and pulp industries and above all the metal industries were fast growers. The metal industries also proved a geographical closeness to the traditional iron and steel industry The second main outcome of the investigation has to do with the continuity concerning the localisation of the iron industry. The historical continuity and the confinement to a certain area are evident from the analyses of various localisation factors in which a number of logit-models were employed. The status of a parish as industrial at one time point was to a great extent decisive for its status as industrial at a later date. The existence of iron ore mining in the parish and if the parish was situated inside the institutional region of Bergslagen also enhanced the probability for it to be defined as an industrial community also long after the institutional regulation had been abolished in the 1850s. In a long-term perspective, the analysis revealed that there was a marked continuity between the early modern patterns of localisation of the iron industry and the localisation of the engineering industrial firms in the 20th century. However, the early modern localisation did not show a significant connection with the industrial parishes’ localisation in 1855, 1890 and 1910, which means that the results are not unambiguous. The third main result of the study is that geographical vicinity of communities to others with industrial activities contributes to industrial growth. In this way industrial communities tend to concentrate geographically and thereby to form clusters. For 1855 this was not significant but for 1890 it was evident. For 1910 it was shown that if a parish had more than one neighbouring industrial community, the probability of its being industrial was great. In a long-term perspective it seems that agglomerations of industrial activities form an environment which can cope with episodes of increasing transformation pressure in a better way than isolated units. Geographical concentrations which, historically seen, are characterised by “industry in the air” have a high propensity to adapt to changes in the industrial environment.