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Bibliotherapy has been used as a therapeutic technique to assist clients to deal with a range of different issues in group as well as individual contexts. In this study, bibliotherapy has been used as an intervention to help six pre-adolescent children in a group setting deal with bereavement following their parents’ divorce. A qualitative research design has been implemented in which an individual pre-therapy interview was conducted with each participant to determine their issues related to their parents’ divorces, coping strategies employed as well as level of English proficiency before an appropriate book was selected. After five group sessions in which bibliotherapy and associated activities were used, each participant was interviewed individually to determine the success of the use of bibliotherapy in this intervention. According to the results, bibliotherapy can be successful in a group context to help pre-adolescents deal with their parents’ divorce. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

The fundamental theme is the communication between the adoptive parents and an adopted child especially choosing the appropriate way of telling the truth and right timing of the fact of adoption. This thesis compares the attitudes of psychologists and other professionals, especially social workers with experiences with adoptive parents and adopted children through the casuistries. Another significant theme in this thesis is an identity of the adoptive parents and adopted children. The thesis describes some methods and techniques that find easier way of telling the truth to the child which are contemporaneusly facilitating with the developmental psychology. In detail then I am describing the concrete methods and techniques, especially art psychotherapy, bibliotherapy, autogenous training.

Submitted by Adriana Santos (adriana.ufba@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-03T13:07:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado- Adriana Santos de Jesus.pdf: 8560941 bytes, checksum: 7bb1c72a3fb502e55fd810e2354b6cae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2016-03-07T13:15:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado- Adriana Santos de Jesus.pdf: 8560941 bytes, checksum: 7bb1c72a3fb502e55fd810e2354b6cae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-07T13:15:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado- Adriana Santos de Jesus.pdf: 8560941 bytes, checksum: 7bb1c72a3fb502e55fd810e2354b6cae (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa no Estado da Bahia - FAPESB / O livro infantil ocupa historicamente um papel relevante na formação do leitor iniciante tanto quanto o faz na zocialização dos costumes e da moral. Embora a literatura infantil, em suas origens, tenha tratado de temas como morte ou abandono – bastando para tanto lembrar os clássicos contos de fadas, livros mais explícitos sobre esses assuntos foram, em tempos modernos e ocidentais, considerados proibidos para crianças. Após a adaptação por Perrault e, sobretudo dos irmãos Grimm, a violência desses temas foi amenizada. A retomada destes temas às prateleiras das livrarias é, portanto, um fenômeno relativamente recente. Por isso, merece muito cuidado e atenção o material que está sendo publicado para este público. Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar as narrativas que versam sobre a doença e a hospitalização na infância. A amostra foi composta por 12 livros infantis. Ao investigar tal problemática, questionou-se: de que forma são apresentadas nos livros infantis as realidades vivenciadas pela criança na doença e/ou na hospitalização? A análise foi feita tendo como subsídio as contribuições de Nikolajeva e Scott (2011) e Linden (2011). Também contribuíram os estudos de Laville e Dione (1999), André (2001), Gatti (2001), Martins (2007), Bardin (2012). Os achados evidenciam que no hospital e no processo de adoecimento no “mundo dos livros infantis”, ficar doente ou hospitalizado significa que as crianças mesmo submetidas aos procedimentos médicos necessários, vivenciam além dos momentos de tensão, ansiedade, medo e dor, momentos lúdicos e afetivos, compartilhados também com amigos sadios, que os ajudam a enfrentar este processo, considerado como uma batalha e em alguns casos, vivenciado de forma lúdica. Em ambos os processos abordados, as crianças eram informadas acerca dos procedimentos a serem submetidos. As imagens ilustradas contribuem e muito para a elucidação do enredo, e enriquecem a obra, uma vez que, a literatura infantil ilustrada aguça o interesse da criança. Os personagens demonstram através de expressões faciais ilustradas os seus sentimentos: medo, alegria, angústia e até a saudade. As mensagens, por sua vez acabam encontrando, nos recursos estéticos amplamente disponíveis nos livros infantis ilustrados, um apoio retórico importante. / ABSTRACT The children's book occupies a historically significant role in shaping the emergent reader as much as it does the socialization of manners and morals. Although children's literature , in its origins , it deals with topics such as death or abandonment - simply to remind both the classical fairy tales , more explicit books on these subjects were , in modern times and Western , considered prohibited for children . After adaptation by Perrault and the Brothers Grimm particular, the violence of these subjects was assuaged . The resumption of these themes the shelves of bookstores is therefore a relatively recent phenomenon. Therefore deserves careful attention and the material being published for the public. This study aimed to analyze the narratives that deal with illness and hospitalization in childhood. The sample comprised 12 children's books. To investigate this issue, questioned you: how books are displayed in the realities experienced by the child in illness and / or hospitalization? The analysis was performed with the aid of contributions Nikolajeva and Scott (2011) and Linden (2011) . Also contributed studies Laville and Dione (1999 ) , André (2001 ) , Gatti (2001 ) , Martins (2007 ) , Bardin (2012 ) . The findings show that the hospital and the disease process in the "world of books " , get sick or hospitalized means that children undergo the same medical procedures , experience beyond the moments of tension , anxiety , fear and pain , and playful moments affective , also shared with healthy friends, who help them through this process , considered as a battle , and in some cases , experienced in a playful manner . In both cases discussed , the children were informed about the procedures to be submitted . The illustrated images , and contribute to the elucidation of the plot , and enrich the work , since the illustrated children's literature sharpens the child's interest . The characters demonstrate through facial expressions illustrated their feelings: fear, joy, anguish and even nostalgia. Messages in turn end up finding in aesthetic resources widely available in illustrated children's books, an important rhetorical support.

Abstract The empirical material for studying children's creative writing was collected in Taivalkoski, Lapland (a basic education course at Päätalo Institute, ten girls), and Oulu, Northern Finland (a creative writing project in a hospital school, two girls and two boys), in spring 2000. I was the instructor at the courses as well as the researcher. The children were 8–13 years in age. The subject of my study consists of the stories written by the children: what sort of stories they write and how creative writing suits hospital and school environments. I also look into bibliotherapy conducted among children and young people. In my study I describe, analyse and interpret by means of qualitative research the courses in creative writing offered by Päätalo Institute and the hospital school. As case studies, these two are stand-alone studies independent of each other. By qualitative approach in this work I mean that I describe how I build my interpretation as a researcher. The stories written by children provide material externalised from the subconscious as stories and writings which it is possible to interpret from a depth-psychological point of view. Sigmund Freud's understanding of dreams as manifestations of subconscious fears and hopes acquires a new form in the horror stories children write. The child works his or her activated energy charge through manipulating the dream-like and violent elements in stories in a controlled manner: by writing. In bibliotherapy, one studies one's own feelings, thoughts and memories and compares them to the experiences of others. This sort of work on feelings, thoughts and memories seemed to take place especially in the writer projects of the hospital school children: they worked on emotional processes while writing. On the basis of my study, creative writing and bibliotherapy offer a child or a young person a means for working out, at both conscious and subconscious levels, matters relating to the present stage of his or her development and current life condition. While writing, the child deals with his or her relations to friends, parents and the self. He or she treats hobbies and other topics of interest but problems as well. Studies already provide information as to the positive effects of bibliotherapy – reading and writing both have therapeutic effects – but more in-depth research is required. My dissertation shows that groups using bibliotherapy can function in the field of paediatric and adolescent psychiatry in homes for children and adolescents. They can also function in the environment of youth clubs and schools with bibliotherapy as a creative literary art activity to deter problems and foster growth and development. The method I developed, the Fantasy Treasure Chest (Fantasian aarrearkku), is one that can be taken in more general use for both instructing creative writing and collecting research material. / Tiivistelmä Lasten luovan kirjoittamisen tutkimuksen empiirinen aineisto kerättiin keväällä 2000 Taivalkoskella (Päätalo-instituutin sanataiteen perusopetuksen jakso, 10 tyttöä) ja Oulussa (sairaalakoulun luovan kirjoittamisen projekti, 2 tyttöä, 2 poikaa). Toimin itse sekä tutkijana että kurssien ohjaajana. Lapset olivat 8–13-vuotiaita. Tutkimuskohteina olivat lasten kirjoittamat tarinat: millaisia tarinoita he kirjoittavat, ja miten luova kirjoittaminen sopii sairaala- ja koulukontekstiin. Tein myös katsauksen lasten ja nuorten parissa toteutettuun kirjallisuusterapiaan. Tutkimuksessani kuvaan, analysoin ja tulkitsen laadullisen tutkimuksen keinoin Päätalo-instituutin ja sairaalakoulun luovan kirjoittamisen kursseja. Nämä ovat tutkimustapauksina itsenäisiä, toisistaan riippumattomia kokonaisuuksia. Laadullinen lähestymistapa työssäni on sitä, että kuvaan, miten tutkijana rakennan tulkintaani. Lasten kirjoittamista tarinoista löytyy tiedostamattoman materiaalia ulkoistuneina tarinoiksi ja kirjoituksiksi, jotka avautuvat syvyyspsykologisesta näkökulmasta tulkittuina. Sigmund Freudin käsitykset unista pelkojen ja toiveiden tiedostamattoman ilmentyminä saavat uudenlaisen muotonsa esimerkiksi lasten kirjoittamissa kauhukertomuksissa. Tarinoiden unenomaisten ja väkivaltaisten elementtien kautta lapsi käsittelee aktivoitunutta energialataustaan hallitussa muodossa: kirjoittamalla. Kirjallisuusterapiassa tutkitaan omia tunteita, ajatuksia ja muistoja, ja näitä verrataan toisten kokemuksiin. Tätä tunteiden, ajatusten ja muistojen käsittelyä näytti tapahtuvan etenkin sairaalakoulun lasten kirjoittajaprojektissa: lapset työstivät kirjoittamisen ohessa psyykkisiä prosessejaan. Tutkimukseni perusteella lasten luova kirjoittaminen ja kirjallisuusterapia tarjoavat lapselle ja nuorelle väylän työstää meneillään olevaan kehitysvaiheeseen ja elämäntilanteeseen liittyviä asioita sekä tietoisella että tiedostamattomalla tasolla. Lapsi käsittelee kirjoittaessaan suhdettaan kavereihin, vanhempiinsa ja itseensä. Hän käsittelee kirjoittamalla harrastuksiaan ja mielenkiinnonkohteitaan mutta myös ongelmiaan. Tutkimukset kertovat kirjallisuusterapian myönteisistä vaikutuksista – lukemisella ja kirjoittamisella on terapeuttinen vaikutus – mutta tarvitaan vielä perusteellisempia tutkimuksia. Väitöskirjani osoittaa, että kirjallisuusterapeuttisia ryhmiä voi toimia lasten- ja nuorisopsykiatriassa ja lasten- ja nuorisokodeissa sekä sanataidetoimintana ennaltaehkäisevänä, kasvua ja kehitystä tukevana ryhmätoimintana kerhoissa ja kouluissa. Kehittelemäni Fantasian aarrearkku -menetelmä on yksi keino käyttöön otettavaksi niin luovan kirjoittamisen ohjaukseen kuin tutkimusmateriaalin keräämiseenkin.

本研究採用「發展性」、「互動式」、「團體書目療法」的進行方式，選取中介班學生4位，高關懷學生7位，其中5男6女，共11位九年級學生，進行每周兩小時為一次，共十二次書目療法團體課程，並採用「青少年心理健康量表」做為研究工具，蒐集11位成員在書目療法團體前後，關於「憂鬱向度」、「焦慮向度」、「自傷向度」、「衝動向度」、「精神困擾」等心理構念的百分等級變化情形，並輔以訪談資料，分析書目療法團體課程對於中輟高關懷學生之心理層面與行為的改變和影響。 　　研究之結果，中輟高關懷學生經過十二次書目療法團體後，在青少年心理健康量表各向度有明顯的下降，顯示書目療法之「認同」、「淨化」、「領悟」架構有助於調節情緒，並達到改善其心理健康之狀態。 / "Development", "interactive" and "group bibliography" were implemented to this study. 5 male and 6 female students in the ninth grade were selected, including 4 students from midway-resources-class and 7 students with high risk. A total of 12 times bibliographic therapy group courses were conducted on weekdays, and the (MHSA-SA) was used as a research tool to collect 11 members before and after the bibliographic therapy courses , on "depression-tendency", "anxiety-tendency", "suicide-tendency", "impulse behavior", "mental disturbance" and other psychological conception of the percentage of changes in the course situation, and supplemented by interviews with information, analysis of bibliographic therapy group courses for dropout high-risk students psychological level and changes in behavior and influence. 　　The results of the study showed that the items of (MHSA-SA) had decreased significantly after 12 times of bibliographic therapy group courses, and the "identification", "catharsis" and "insight" adjust the mood, and to improve the state of its mental health.

The research dealt with three girls in middle childhood years, in a children’s home, who were experiencing difficulties with self-blame. These difficulties were addressed through play therapy sessions using the ‘gestalt’ approach with the life story book as an aid. The motivation for the study originated during discussions with the social workers at the Abraham Kriel/Maria Kloppers Children’s Home. During these discussions the researcher became aware of the vast number of children in the caseloads of the social workers at Abraham Kriel/Maria Kloppers Children’s Home, who blame themselves for being removed from their parents’ custody. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the life story book could be used as an aid in play therapy sessions focussing on the self-blame of girls in middle childhood years, living in a children’s home. To achieve the goal of this study, a literature study was done regarding the middle childhood years, self-blame, the child in a children’s home and the use of the life story book in play therapy. An empirical study was conducted on the use of the life story book regarding the self-blame of three girls in the middle childhood years, living in a children’s home. Finally the researcher made conclusions and recommendations regarding the use of the life story book, after taking into consideration both the literature study and the empirical study. The investigation was based on applied research. For the purpose of this study, three girls in middle childhood years living in a children’s home were identified by means of purposive sampling. The girls participated in six play therapy sessions each. From this empirical research, it was clear that the life story book could be successfully used in play therapy, focussing on self-blame, with the three girls in middle childhood years living in a children’s home. As an outcome of this study, conclusions and recommendations were formulated. / Dissertation (MSD (Play Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Social Work / unrestricted

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur tillägnandet av skriftspråk kan bidra till kulturellt kapital med fokus på vad den processen innebär för individen. Urvalet har varit målstyrt och vänt sig till personer som har förändrat sin egen situation och uppnått akademiska eller yrkesrelaterade framsteg. Studien visar att när tillägnandet av skriftspråk bidrar till kulturellt kapital och social rörlighet resulterar det i att individen upplever en förändring i sitt habitus. En process som kan utmana individens möjlighet till att utifrån ett socialt- och psykologiskt perspektiv uppleva tillhörighet i de nya medelklassammanhangen. Det påverkar även individens tidigare familj- och vänskapsrelationer. Studien visar därtill att tillägnandet av skriftspråk kan ha en terapeutisk funktion för ett barn som har ett socialt problem och befinner sig i en utsatt situation. Studien visar att ett kulturellt kapital utvecklas av individens exponering för litteratur, behov av att uttrycka sig och tillfredsställelse i att skriva. Att tillägna sig skriftspråket bidrar till en upplevelse av att vidhålla egenmakt och förmågan att medverka i och påverka samhället. / The purpose of the study was to investigate how the acquisition of written language can contribute to cultural capital with a focus on what that process means for the individual. The selection has been goal-oriented and aimed at people who have created change for themselves and achieved academic and/or professional progress. The study shows that when the acquisition of written language contributes to cultural capital and social mobility, it results in the individual experiencing a change in their habitus. A process that can challenge the individual's ability to experience belonging in the new middle-class contexts from a social and psychological perspective. It also affects the individual's previous relationships to family and friends. The study also shows that the acquisition of written language can have a therapeutic function for a child who has a social problem and is socially vulnerable. The study shows that cultural capital is developed by the individual's exposure to literature, need for expression and satisfaction in writing. Acquiring the written language contributes to an experience of maintaining autonomy and the ability to participate in and influence society.

Bibliotherapy has been used as a therapeutic technique to assist clients to deal with a range of different issues in group as well as individual contexts. In this study, bibliotherapy has been used as an intervention to help six pre-adolescent children in a group setting deal with bereavement following their parents’ divorce. A qualitative research design has been implemented in which an individual pre-therapy interview was conducted with each participant to determine their issues related to their parents’ divorces, coping strategies employed as well as level of English proficiency before an appropriate book was selected. After five group sessions in which bibliotherapy and associated activities were used, each participant was interviewed individually to determine the success of the use of bibliotherapy in this intervention. According to the results, bibliotherapy can be successful in a group context to help pre-adolescents deal with their parents’ divorce. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

This thesis is a development of the theories presented by Carl Jung, Joseph Campbell, and Bruno Bettelheim concerning archetypes, the anima/animus concept, the Hero Cycle, and identity development through fairy tales. I argue that there are vital rites of passage missing in Anglo-Saxon culture, and while bibliotherapy cannot replace them, it can help adolescents synthesize their experiences. The theories of Jung, Campbell, and Bettelheim demonstrate this concept by defining segments of the story and how they apply to the reader. Because of the applicability, readers, despite their age, can use the examples in the book to help reconcile their own experiences and understand life as it relates to them. The works I examine include J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, Orson Scott Card's Alvin Maker series, J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Ursula K. Le Guin's Earthsea trilogy, and David Eddings' Belgariad. Though it is impossible to test the effects of reading such works on readers, the possibility of those effects exists. Bettelheim's work, The Uses of Enchantment, discusses similar themes and he provides scientific support through his use of anecdotal evidence. Following his example, I have tried to include evidence from my own life that exemplifies the effect reading epic fantasy has had on me. The aspects of epic fantasy in relation to going through adolescence I examine include the concept of responsibility and its relation to progress and maturity; gaining a social identity; and reconciling oneself to the dark side within and without, in society. These aspects are found within the superstructure of the Hero Cycle and the actions and motivations of the characters—archetypes—within the cycle. They are also present in real life and necessary concepts to understand to be accepted into society as a mature contributor.