L'adhésion contrôlée et la migration orientée des cellules est fondamentale pour plusieurs processus physiologiques et pathologiques. Une famille de polysaccharides linéaires, connus sous le nom de glycosaminoglycanes (GAG) est impliquée dans l'organisation et la présentation des protéines de signalisation, les chimiokines, à la surface des cellules et dans la matrice extracellulaire (ECM). Les travaux concernent le développement de surfaces biomimétiques bien définies aux niveaux moléculaires et supramoléculaires pour l‘étude des mécanismes d'intéractions protéines-GAG et l'analyse de la réponse cellulaire à des signaux biochimiques et biophysiques spécifiques. L'objectif de cette étude est de mieux comprendre les communications cellule-cellule et cellule-matrice induites par les GAGs.En utilisant la ligation oxime, les GAGs peuvent être fonctionnalisés de manière stable par la biotine à leur extrémité réductrice, ce mode de couplage s'est avéré déterminant pour préparer des surfaces fonctionnalisées par les GAGs de manière stable. Une monocouche de streptavidine est utilisée comme plateforme modulable pour assembler séquentiellement les molécules biotinylées, avec une orientation et des densités de surface contrôlées. Des GAGs (les héparane sulfate (HS), en particulier), des chimiokines et d'autres composants de l'ECM (par exemple un ligand d'adhésion cellulaire, RGD) ont été assemblés reconstituant certains aspects des surfaces in vivo (cellules ou de l'ECM). La microbalance à quartz (QCM-D) et l'ellipsométrie spectroscopique nous ont permis de caractériser et de contrôler la présentation supramoléculaire du HS et du RGD. Ces surfaces modèles ont été utilisées pour étudier les interactions supramoléculaires entre le HS et la chimiokine SDF-1α/CXCL12α facteur d'origine stromale et pour analyser les réponses cellulaires aux signaux extracellulaires. Nos données apportent la preuve que la chimiokine, CXCL12α rigidifie les assemblages de HS, et que cet effet est dû à la réticulation des chaînes de HS induite par la protéine. La cinétique des interactions HS-chimiokine a été quantifiée en utilisant la résonance plasmonique de surface (SPR). Nous avons également démontré que le mode de présentation de la chimiokine sur la surface, en particulier la présence des HS, influence le comportement des myoblastes. Nos données montrent que les récepteurs cellulaires CXCR4 (récepteur de la CXCL12α) et l'intégrine (récepteur du RGD) peuvent agir en synergie pour contrôler l'adhésion et la migration cellulaire. Ces surfaces modèles fournissent des indications précieuses qui pourront être appliquées au domaine de la glycobiologie, par exemple, pour étudier le rôle des GAGs dans la migration cellulaire induite par les chimiokines. / The oriented migration and controlled adhesion of cells is fundamental to many physiological and pathological processes. A family of linear polysaccharides, known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), help organizing and presenting signaling proteins, so-called chemokines, on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix thus regulating cellular behavior. The objective of this PhD thesis was to develop biomimetic surfaces that are highly defined and tunable, for mechanistic studies of GAG-protein interactions on the molecular and supramolecular levels, and to probe cellular responses to defined biochemical and biophysical cues to better understand GAG-mediated cell-cell and cell-matrix communications.Applying oxime ligation, GAGs could be stably functionalized with biotin at the reducing end, and these features proved crucial for the reliable preparation of GAG-functionalized surfaces. A streptavidin monolayer served as a ‘molecular breadboard' to sequentially assemble biotinylated molecules with controlled orientation and surface densities. GAGs (heparan sulfate (HS) in particular), chemokines and other ECM components (e.g. integrin ligands promoting cell adhesion, RGD) were assembled into multifunctional surfaces that recapitulate selected aspects of the in vivo situation. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) and spectroscopic ellipsometry permitted us to characterize and control the supramolecular presentation of HS and RGD. These model surfaces were used to study the supramolecular interactions between HS and the selected chemokine stromal derived factor SDF-1α/CXCL12α and to analyze cellular responses to extracellular cues. Our data provide evidence that CXCL12α binding rigidifies HS assemblies, and that this effect is due to protein-mediated cross-linking of HS chains. The kinetics of chemokine binding to HS was quantified using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). We also demonstrate that the way in which the chemokine is presented, and in particular the presence of HS, is important for regulating myoblast behavior. Our data shows that the cell surface receptors CXCR4 (the CXCL12α receptor) and integrins (the RGD receptor) can act synergistically in controlling cellular adhesion and migration. These surfaces can generate novel insights in the field of glycobiology, e.g. in dissecting the function of GAGs in chemokine-mediated cellular migration.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-06-28T12:13:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5054699 bytes, checksum: b0c36e922ea87a1775b247b54f1978c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T12:13:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5054699 bytes, checksum: b0c36e922ea87a1775b247b54f1978c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / In this work, cytochrome P450-inspired biomimetic oxidation systems were developed for aliphatic C–H bond activation and triclosan oxidation. Heterogenization of Mn(III) N-pyridylporphyrin derivatives onto silica gel resulted in three groups of catalysts. Immobilization of Mn(III) N-pyridylporphyrins (MnT-X-PyPCl, X = 2, 3, 4) on chloropropylfunctionalized silica gel (Sil-Cl) yielded the first group of catalysts, Sil-Cl/MnT-X-PyPCl. The second group was prepared by in situ methylation of Sil-Cl/MnT-X-PyPCl materials resulting in the Sil-Cl/MnT-X-PyPCl/MeOTs materials. Finally the third group of catalysts were prepared via electrostatic immobilization of Mn(III) N-methylpyridiniumporphyrins (MnTM-X-PyPCl5, X = 2, 3, 4) onto unfunctionalized silica gel to yield SiO2/MnTM-XPyPCl5 (X = 2, 3, 4). These materials were studied as catalysts for iodosylbenzene-based hydroxylation reactions of the model substrate cyclohexane. The heterogenized catalysts proved to be more efficient, selective and oxidatively stable than the corresponding homogeneous systems for cyclohexane oxidation. No significant loss in catalytic efficiency was observed upon recycling of these materials. The increase in Mn(III)/Mn(II) reduction potentials associated with the alkylation of the pyridyl moieties of Sil-Cl/MnT-XPyPCl/MeOTs (X = 2, 3, 4) materials did not result in significant changes in catalytic efficiency as compared with the non-methylated starting materials Sil-Cl/MnT-X-PyPCl (X = 2, 3, 4). The PhIO-oxidation of the emerging contaminant triclosan under homogenous conditions was carried out using Mn porphyrins as biomimetic catalysts for P450-based xenobiotic degradation. The second generation catalyst Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(2,6- dichlorophenyl)porphyrin chloride, MnTDCPPCl, was more efficient and oxidatively stable than its first generation analogue Mn(III) meso-tetraphenylporphyrin chloride, which was considerably destroyed during the reactions. GC-FID, HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS analyses were used to confirm the formation of two products already identified as in vivo metabolites of triclosan: 4-chlorocatechol and 2,4-dichlorophenol. LC-MS/MS spectra of reation mixture indicated the formation of four additional triclosan degradation products (m/z 270, 323, 448, and 483), whose structural identity and biological relevance have yet to be confirmed. / Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos modelos biomiméticos dos citocromos P450 pela heterogeneização das N-piridilporfirinas de Mn(III) em sílica-gel, resultando em três classes de catalisadores. A primeira classe descreve a imobilização das N-piridilporfirinas de Mn(III) (MnT-X-PyPCl, X = 2, 3, 4) em sílica-gel funcionalizada com o grupo cloropropila (Sil-Cl), a segunda classe envolve a metilação in situ dos materiais obtidos anteriormente e a terceira classe corresponde ao ancoramento eletrostático das N-metilpiridinioporfirinas de Mn(III) (MnTM-X-PyPCl5, X = 2, 3, 4) em sílica-gel in natura, sendo denominados como Sil-Cl/MnT-X-PyPCl, Sil-Cl/MnT-X-PyPCl/MeOTs e SiO2/MnTM-X-PyPCl5 (X = 2, 3, 4), respectivamente. Estes materiais foram empregados em reações de hidroxilação do substrato modelo cicloexano por iodosilbenzeno (PhIO). Os catalisadores heterogeneizados mostram-se mais eficientes, seletivos e resistentes à destruição catalítica do que os sistemas em fase homogênea, além de não serem observadas perdas significativas na eficiência catalítica após reúsos desses materiais. O aumento do potencial de redução Mn(III)/Mn(II) associado ao aumento do grau de alquilação nos catalisadores Sil-Cl/MnT-X-PyPCl/MeOTs (X = 2, 3, 4) não levaram a alterações significativas na eficiência catalítica desses materiais em comparação aos materiais de partida Sil-Cl/MnT-X-PyPCl (X = 2, 3, 4). A investigação da atividade catalítica das Mn-porfirinas de primeira e segunda geração, cloreto de mesotetrafenilporfirinatomanganês (III) (MnTPPCl) e cloreto de meso-tetraquis(2,6- diclorofenil)porfirinatomanganês (III) (MnTDCPPCl), na oxidação do contaminante emergente triclosan revelou que estes modelos biomiméticos podem efetuar a degradação deste xenobiótico. A MnTDCPPCl mostrou-se mais eficiente do que seu análogo de primeira geração MnTPPCl, que foi mais degradado durante as reações. Pelas técnicas de GC-FID, HPLC-DAD e LC-MS/MS foi possível confirmar a formação de dois produtos já identificados na literatura como metabólitos in vivo: 4-clorocatecol e 2,4-diclorofenol. Ainda por LC/MS-MS pode-se identificar a formação de mais quatro produtos de degradação do triclosan ainda não definidos (m/z 270, 323, 448 e 483)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8221472 bytes, checksum: cac315a193674c3a77482441306e409a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / An alternative route for the synthesis of the three isomers of Mn(III) N-metylpyridylporphyrins, MnTM-X-PyPCl5 (X = 2, 3, 4) was developed by the direct methylation of MnT-X-PyPCl (X = 2, 3, 4) with methyl tosylate; this methodology may be adapted for preparing the longer-alkyl-chain analogues. The investigation of the thermal stability of the potent redox modulator Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2- yl)porphyrin chloride (MnTE-2-PyPCl5) showed that the thermal decomposition of MnTE-2-PyPCl5∙11H2O under air occurs in three successive steps: dehydration, dealkylation (ethyl chloride loss) and combustion, to yield Mn oxide as final residue. Heating MnTE-2-PyPCl5∙11H2O up to ~100 ºC leads to dehydration, but with no effect onto the catalytic SOD activity after rehydration/dissolution. Heating the sample at temperatures above 100 ºC leads to dealkylation, which affects catalytic and biological properties. The immobilization of the neutral Mn porphyrins (MnPs) MnT-X-PyPCl (X = 2, 3, 4) covalently onto chloropropyl silica-gel (Sil-Cl) or the cationic MnPs MnTM-X-PyPCl5 (X = 2, 3, 4) electrostatically into sodium vermiculite (verm) yielded stable biomimetic models of cytochromes P450. The resulting materials, Sil-Cl/MnT-X-PyPCl e verm/MnTM-X-PyPCl5 (X = 2, 3, 4), were used as oxidation catalyst for hydroxylation of cyclohexane and adamantane by iodosylbenzene. The heterogeneous systems were more efficient, selective, and oxidatively stable than the homogeneous counterparts, and could be reused three times with no significant loss in efficiency. The use of more drastic conditions (i.e., large excess of PhIO), led to considerable decrease in efficiency, which was partial recovered upon catalyst reuse uner milder conditions, indicating that the support protects the supported MnP against oxidative degradation. The materials efficiently catalyzed the oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone, suggesting that the ketone observed during cyclohexane hydroxylation may result, at least partially, from cyclohexanol oxidation. The covalent bond between Sil-Cl and MnPs via N-pyridyl moiety allowed the preparation of efficient and stable catalysts, even with first generation, simple MnPs, such as MnT-X-PyPCl (X = 2, 3, 4). Vermiculite was revealed as a simple and effective support for rapid and qualitative immobilization of cationic MnPs, MnTM-X-PyPCl5 (X = 2, 3, 4). Grinding of the vermiculite-based materials decreased the crystallinity of the systems, which was followed by an increase in the catalytic efficiency of the meta and para isomers verm/MnTM-X-PyPCl5 (X = 3 and 4), but did not affect of the high efficiency of the immobilized ortho isomer (verm/MnTM-2-PyPCl5), whose resistance to oxidative destruction and/or leaching was, additionally, higher than that of the other isomers. / Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma rota alternativa para obtenção dos três isômeros das N-metilpiridinioporfirinas de Mn(III), MnTM-X-PyPCl5 (X = 2, 3, 4), a partir da metilação direta dos complexos MnT-X-PyPCl (X = 2, 3, 4) com tosilato de metila; esta metodologia pode ser adaptada para obtenção de derivados alquilas de cadeias maiores. A investigação da estabilidade térmica do modulador redox potente cloreto de meso-tetraquis(N-etilpiridinio-2-il)porfirinatomanganês(III) (MnTE-2-PyPCl5) revelou que a decomposição térmica da MnTE-2-PyPCl5∙11H2O em ar ocorre em três etapas sucessivas, associadas à desidratação, desalquilação (perda dos grupos EtCl) e combustão, levando a óxidos de Mn como resíduo final. O aquecimento da MnTE-2- PyPCl5∙11H2O até ~100 °C leva à desidratação, mas não afeta a atividade catalítica SOD após a re-hidratação/dissolução. O aquecimento da amostra à temperatura elevada (>100 oC) leva à desalquilação e compromete as propriedades catalíticas e biológicas da amostra. O desenvolvimento de modelos biomiméticos dos citocromos P450 pela heterogeneização covalente das Mn-porfirinas (MnPs) neutras MnT-X-PyPCl (X = 2, 3, 4) na sílica cloropropil (Sil-Cl) e pela heterogeneização eletrostática das MnPs catiônicas MnTM-X-PyPCl5 (X = 2, 3, 4) na vermiculita de sódio (verm) foi estudado. Os materiais resultantes, Sil-Cl/MnT-X-PyPCl e verm/MnTM-X-PyPCl5 (X = 2, 3, 4), foram empregados como catalisadores em reações de hidroxilação de cicloexano e adamantano por iodosilbenzeno (PhIO). Os catalisadores heterogeneizados foram mais eficientes, seletivos e resistentes à destruição oxidativa do que os catalisadores em meio homogêneo, e foram reutilizados por três vezes sem perda significativa na eficiência catalítica. Sob condições mais drásticas, com o uso de grande excesso de PhIO, há diminuição considerável da eficiência, mas os catalisadores imobilizados puderam ser reutilizados com recuperação parcial da eficiência, o que indica que o suporte exerce proteção das MnPs contra degradação oxidativa. Os catalisadores heterogeneizados foram eficientes ao catalisar a oxidação do cicloexanol à cicloexanona, sugerindo que a cetona observada nas hidroxilações pode advir da oxidação seqüencial, cicloexano-cicloexanol-cicloexanona. A ligação covalente entre a Sil-Cl e as MnPs via grupo N-piridil possibilitou a obtenção de catalisadores eficientes e estáveis, mesmo utilizando MnPs simples de primeira geração, MnT-X-PyPCl (X = 2, 3, 4). Já a vermiculita mostrou-se um suporte simples e efetivo para imobilização rápida e quantitativa de MnPs catiônicas, MnTM-X-PyPCl5 (X = 2, 3, 4). A pulverização dos materiais à base de vermiculita diminuiu a cristalinidade dos sistemas, promoveu um aumento na eficiência dos isômeros meta e para (verm/MnTM-X-PyPCl5, X = 3 e 4), mas não modificou a alta eficiência do isômero orto imobilizado (verm/MnTM-2-PyPCl5), cuja resistência à destruição oxidativa e/ou lixiviação foi superior à dos outros isômeros.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-16T11:00:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Artur Christian Garcia da Silva - 2018.pdf: 3769532 bytes, checksum: e167ec43ef90135ed1fc8434ff29e2b3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-16T11:01:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Artur Christian Garcia da Silva - 2018.pdf: 3769532 bytes, checksum: e167ec43ef90135ed1fc8434ff29e2b3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-16T11:01:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Artur Christian Garcia da Silva - 2018.pdf: 3769532 bytes, checksum: e167ec43ef90135ed1fc8434ff29e2b3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Introduction: Cosmetic products eye toxicity assessment has been performed worldwide using alternative methods since animal testing has been banished for this purpose in many countries. In this context, reconstructed epithelial models have been used internationally for these evaluations, which are not available in Brazil due bureaucratic issues that limit their acquisition and use in national territory. Objective: In this work, an evaluation platform based on cellular inflammatory changes caused by exposure to eye irritants was proposed, as well as the development of a biomimetic corneal model from human keratinocytes, which was characterized and evaluated for applicability in ocular toxicity studies. Methods: Inflammatory profile of HaCat keratinocytes was determined after exposure to 13 different chemicals with different classification for ocular irritation (irritants and non-irritants) using Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) and ELISA methods. 3D models were obtained by cultivating HaCat cell line onto a collagen type I matrix, in air-liquid interface for five days. Morphological characterization was carried out through Hematoxylin-eosin staining and corneal epithelial biomarkers expression was assessed using indirect immunofluorescence. Predictive capacity assessment was performed by exposure of model to test substances with subsequently tissue viability assessment. Finally, applicability of system was verified by testing five marketed eyebrow Henna samples which were considered non-irritants due the lack of adequate labelling. Results and Discussion: A qualitative and quantitative correlation was established regarding the HaCat cells inflammatory profile and eye irritation degree of evaluated substances. The epithelial model presented similar morphology and biomarkers expression patterns similar to the found in human corneal epithelium, so that tissue viability after exposure to test substances reduced proportionately to the irritant potential of them. Furthermore, 3D model classified four of the five evaluated Henna samples as moderate or mild irritants. Conclusion: The developed epithelial model presented morphological and functional properties similar to those founded in human corneal epithelium, which enabled the distinction between irritants and non-irritants and it is also applicable to the investigation of botanical mixtures ocular toxicity potential. / Introdução: A avaliação da toxicidade ocular de produtos cosméticos tem sido mundialmente realizada mediante a utilização de métodos alternativos desde que a experimentação animal foi proibida para esse fim em muitos países. Nesse contexto, os modelos epiteliais reconstruídos têm sido internacionalmente utilizados para essa finalidade, os quais não encontram-se disponíveis no Brasil por questões burocráticas que limitam a importação e utilização dos mesmos no território nacional. Objetivo: Neste estudo, foram propostos uma plataforma de avaliação baseada em alterações celulares inflamatórias ocasionadas pela exposição a agentes irritantes oculares, bem como o desenvolvimento de um modelo biomimético de córnea a partir de queratinócitos humanos, o qual foi caracterizado e avaliado quanto à aplicabilidade para aplicação em estudos de toxicidade ocular. Metodologia: O perfil inflamatório dos queratinócitos HaCat foi determinado após exposição à 13 diferentes substâncias químicas, com diferentes perfis de irritação ocular (irritantes e não irritantes), por meio das técnicas de Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) e ELISA. Os modelos 3D foram obtidos mediante o cultivo da linhagem HaCat sobre uma matriz de colágeno tipo I, em interface ar-líquido por cinco dias. A caracterização morfológica do modelo foi realizada por meio de coloração com Hematoxilina-eosina e a expressão de biomarcadores do tecido epitelial da córnea utilizando-se imunofluorescência indireta. A avaliação da capacidade preditiva do modelo foi realizada mediante exposição deste às substâncias supracitadas, com posterior avaliação da viabilidade tecidual. Por fim, a aplicabilidade do sistema para avaliação de misturas foi verificada avaliando-se cinco amostras de Hena de sobrancelha comercializadas, sendo consideradas não irritantes pela ausência de rotulagem adequada. Resultados e discussão: Foi estabelecida correlação qualitativa e quantitativa em relação ao perfil inflamatório e à severidade das substâncias teste avaliadas. O modelo desenvolvido apresentou morfologia e expressão de biomarcadores semelhantes aos padrões encontrados na córnea humana, de modo que a viabilidade tecidual após a exposição às substâncias reduziu de maneira diretamente proporcional ao potencial irritante das mesmas. Ademais, das cinco amostras de Hena avaliadas, o modelo classificou quatro como irritantes moderados ou leves. Conclusão: O modelo epitelial desenvolvido apresentou características morfológicas e funcionais semelhantes às da córnea humana, permitindo a distinção entre substâncias irritantes e não irritantes, sendo também aplicável à investigação da toxicidade ocular de misturas botânicas.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-31T14:13:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese doutorado Bárbara V M Silva.pdf: 8451335 bytes, checksum: 8f05c2e3a44caad45cfbe00e5b36c3eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T14:13:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese doutorado Bárbara V M Silva.pdf: 8451335 bytes, checksum: 8f05c2e3a44caad45cfbe00e5b36c3eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / CAPEs / A presente tese descreve o desenvolvimento de sensores eletroquímicos para imunoensaios empregando a tecnologia de eletrodos impressos com a finalidade de detectar a troponina T cardíaca, o marcador mais específico, atualmente, do infarto agudo do miocárdio. Um dos desafios na confecção de sensores eletroquímicos para imunoensaios é alcançar baixos limites de detecção. Nanomateriais de carbono são, recentemente, considerados excelentes estratégias no preparo de superfícies sensoras devido às suas excelentes propriedades, tais como rápida transferência elétrica e atividade catalítica, aumento da relação superfície/volume e, consequentemente, maior quantidade de biomoléculas imobilizadas. Nesta tese, nanotubos de carbono e grafeno foram utilizados sob diferentes abordagens para modificação de superfícies eletródicas. Um imunossensor baseado em eletrodos serigrafados obtidos pela impressão de filmes de nanotubos de carbono amino funcionalizados incorporados em tinta de carbono foi desenvolvido para detecção “livre de marcação”. Os grupos amino dos nanotubos expostos na interface sensora impressa foram utilizados para imobilização orientada dos anticorpos monoclonais anti-troponina T. Os nanofilmes impressos apresentaram uma excelente estabilidade e reprodutibilidade, exibindo um desvio padrão relativo (DP) menor que ~2% (n = 8), comparado com controle (DP ~9%, n = 8). A resposta analítica do sensor, obtida por voltametria de pulso diferencial, apresentou uma faixa linear entre 0,0025 e 0,5 ng/mL de troponina T (r = 0,995; p<0,0001; n=7), combinado a um baixo erro relativo (<<1%) e limite de detecção de 0,0035 ng/mL. Com o propósito de substituir os anticorpos anti-troponina T, visto que estes constituem parte onerosa do dispositivo, um sensor biomimético foi desenvolvido a partir de uma superfície nanoestruturada de grafeno e polipirrol. A técnica de impressão biomimética em superfície (“surface imprinting”) foi utilizada como estratégia para simplificar e reduzir em uma única etapa a produção das cavidades biomiméticas. Estas foram obtidas através da eletropolimerização do polipirrol e derivados copoliméricos orgânicos mimetizando grupos proteicos amino-reativos. As respostas analíticas do sensor foram geradas por voltametria de pulso diferencial, exibindo uma faixa linear de resposta variando de 0,01 a 0,1 ng/mL de troponina T (r = 0,9953; p<0,0001; n=5) e um limite de detecção de 0,006 ng/mL, mostrando um ótimo desempenho do sensor biomimético. As cavidades biomiméticas apresentaram uma constante de dissociação (KD) de 7,3 10- 13 mol/L, indicando boa afinidade à troponina quando comparadas com o sensor controle (sem troponina T), KD igual a 11,6 10-13 mol/L. Em conclusão, ambas as plataformas sensoras mostram potencial para detecção da troponina T em níveis de importância clínica no diagnóstico do infarto agudo, constituindo testes de pronto atendimento para emergências cardiológicas. / This thesis describes the development of electrochemical sensors for immunoassay by using a screen-printed electrodes technology in order to detect the human cardiac troponin T, the most important marker currently of the acute myocardial infarction. One of the challenges in the manufacturing of electrochemical sensors for immunoassays is to reach low limits of detection. Carbon nanomaterials are recently considered excellent strategies in preparing sensing surfaces due to theirs excellent properties, such as rapid electrical transfer and catalytic activity, increase surface / volume ratio and, consequently, offering higher amount of immobilized biomolecules. In this thesis, carbon nanotubes and graphene were used under different approaches in order to modify the sensors surfaces. An immunosensor based on screen printed electrode obtained by printing of amino functionalized carbon nanotubes films incorporated into carbon ink has been developed for "label-free" detection. The amino groups exposed on the imprinted sensor interface were utilized for oriented immobilization of the monoclonal antibody anti-troponin T. The imprinted nanofilms showed an excellent stability and reproducibility, exhibiting a relative standard deviation (RSD) less than ~2% (n = 8) compared to control (RSD ~9%, n = 8). The analytical response of the sensor, obtained by differential pulse voltammetry, showed a linear range between 0.0025 and 0.5 ng/mL (r = 0.995; p <0.0001, n = 7), combined with a low relative error (<< 1 %) and a calculated limit of detection of 0.0035 ng/mL. In order to replace the anti-troponin T antibody, since these are costly part of the device, a biomimetic sensor was developed from a nanostructured surface of graphene and polypyrrole. The biomimetic technique of surface imprinting was used as a strategy for simplify and reduce in a one-step production of the biomimetic cavities. These were obtained by electropolymerization of the pyrrole and its organic copolymers mimicking amino reactive protein groups. The analytical responses of the sensor were obtained by differential pulse voltammetry, exhibiting a linear range response in 0.01 and 0.1 ng/mL of troponin T (r = 0.9953; p <0.0001, n = 5) and a limit of detection of 0.006 ng/mL, showing a good performance of the biomimetic sensor. The biomimetic sites exhibited a dissociation constant (KD) of 7.3 10-13 mol/L, indicating a good affinity to troponin when compared to its control (without troponin T), KD equal to 11.6 10-13 mol/L. In conclusion, both sensor platform the sensor platforms showed a potential for troponin T detection in levels of clinical important for acute myocardial infarction diagnostic, constituting point-of-care testing for cardiac emergency departments.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose de Ribamar Martins Neto.pdf: 683212 bytes, checksum: dd95cedfe01600e58259c96b38a5f571 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents an analytical study on determination of 4-aminophenol (4-APh) with a system based on molecurlaly imprinted polymer (MIP) and iron protoporphyrin IX as biomimetic sensor of the peroxidase enzyme. The MIP synthesis was performed by the precipitation method and the analytical determinations by amperometric measurements with a glassy carbon electrode modified with the biomimetic system. The best analytical conditions established for 4-APh determination were: applied potential of -0.1 V vs. Ag/Agl, 0.05 mol L-1 Tris buffer solution, pH 7 and hydrogen peroxide concentration of 100 μmol L-1. Under such optimized conditions, a good linear sensor response was observed in a concentration range from 10 to 90 μmol L-1 (r>0.998), with detection and quantification limits of 3 and 10 μmol L-1, respectively. Experiments performed with tap and river water samples spiked with 4-APh resulted in 93 to 112 % recovery values, suggesting the viability of using the MIP/iron protoporphyrin IX system as biomimetic sensor for determinations of 4-APh in real samples. / O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo analítico da determinação de 4-aminofenol com um sistema a base de um polímero de impressão molecular (MIP, do inglês Molecularly Imprinted Polymer) e protoporfirina IX de ferro como sensor biomimético da enzima peroxidase. A síntese do MIP foi realizada pelo método de precipitação e as determinações analíticas realizadas amperometricamente com um eletrodo de carbono vítreo modificado com o sistema biomimético. As melhores condições analíticas estabelecidas para a determinação de 4-aminofenol foram: potencial aplicado de - 0,1V vs Ag/AgCl, tampão Tris 0,05 mol L-1, pH 7,0 e concentração de peróxido de 100 μmol L-1. Sob tais condições, uma boa resposta linear do sensor foi observada numa faixa de concentração de 10 a 90 μmol L-1 (r>0,9978), com limites de detecção e de quantificação de 3 e de 10 μmol L-1, respectivamente Experimentos realizados com amostras de águas de torneira e de rio fortificadas com 4-aminofenol, resultaram em valores de recuperação entre 93 a 112 %, indicando a viabilidade da aplicação do sistema MIP/proptoporfirina IX de ferro como sensor amperométrico para a detecção de 4-aminofenol em amostras reais.

A busca por novos fármacos inspirados em substâncias de origem natural é uma estratégia conhecida e há tempos utilizada. As lactonas sesquiterpênicas (LST) são um grupo de substâncias amplo e diverso com várias atividades farmacológicas descritas, e cuja característica estrutural determinante é a de um esqueleto principal contendo 15 átomos de carbono e um anel lactônico. O mecanismo de ação das LST está intrinsicamente relacionado com reações de adição do tipo Michael frente a biomoléculas, provocando alquilações. Há na literatura estudos aprofundados sobre a química medicinal das LST, entretanto pouco há sobre o metabolismo desse grupo de substâncias em ambientes fisiológicos. Neste sentido, este trabalho é focado no estudo do metabolismo e também das vias de fragmentação por eletrospray da budleína A, que possui estrutura química do tipo furanoeliangolido, e pertence à classe dos germacranolidos. Foram realizados ensaios in vitro utilizando-se os modelos de oxidação biomimética com metaloporfirina, microssomas hepáticos e metabolismo pela microbiota intestinal de ceco de porco (pig cecum model), sendo nos dois últimos testado também o correlato 4,5-dihidro-2\',3\'-epoxi-15-desoxigoyazensolido. O estudo de fragmentação também abordou a comparação entre budleína A e a centraterina - um estereoisômero que se diferencia apenas pela orientação da cadeia lateral ligada ao C-8 - em espectrômetros distintos e com suporte de métodos computacionais para cálculos de energia (Gaussian 03 em base B3LYP/6-31G(d)). Nos estudos de fragmentação observou-se a diferença de intensidade dos sinais para íons fragmento comuns às duas LST (m/z 275, 257 e 83), além da presença do íon fragmento de m/z 293 apenas para a budleína A, permitindo a diferenciação destes isômeros por meio de espectrometria de massas com ionização por eletrospray, sem a necessidade de ressonância de magnética nuclear. Os produtos de oxidação detectados na reação com metaloporfirinas acusaram a epoxidação na cadeia lateral envolvendo C-2\' e C-3\' com a formação de diastereoisômeros. No ensaio com microssomas não foram detectados produtos para a budleína A, enquanto que para a substância correlata observou-se a abertura do epóxido na cadeia lateral e adição de uma hidroxila, formando um diol vicinal. No modelo de ceco de porco observaram-se a formação de adutos de LST com o aminoácido cisteína, os quais foram posteriormente degradados pela ação da microbiota intenstinal, dando origem a diversos metabólitos compostos pela LST e partes de cisteína. Sendo assim, este trabalho lança bases para a maior compreensão do metabolismo de LST do tipo furanoeliangolido em modelos distintos e também contribui para os estudos de espectrometria de massas para este tipo de substância, além de descrever uma ferramenta analítica útil na diferenciação de dois estereoisômeros. / The search for new drugs inspired on compounds from natural products is a wellknown strategy with several successful cases. Sesquiterpene lactones (STL) are a wide and diversified group of compounds which has already many pharmacological activities reported. Their fundamental moiety includes a skeleton containing 15 carbons and a lactone ring and the mechanism of action is related to Michael addition type reactions with biomolecules, promoting alkylation. There are a high amount of studies regarding the medicinal chemistry of the STL, however there are few information about the metabolism of these compounds under physiological environments. On this way, the aims of this work are focused on the study of the metabolism as well as the fragmentation pathways of budlein A, which is a furanoheliangolide and belongs to the germacranolides class. On this work the following experiments were carried out: in vitro oxidative metabolism with metalloporphyrin and microsomes; intestinal metabolism by using the pig cecum model (microbiota). For microsomes and intestinal metabolism the compound 4,5- dihydro-2\',3\'-epoxy-15-deoxy-goyazensolide was also applied. Fragmentation studies compared the fragmentation patterns of budlein A and centratherin - which is a stereoisomer with -orientation for the side chain bonded at C-8 - by using different spectrometers being supported by computational methods for energies calculations (Gaussian 03 at level B3LYP/6-31G(d)). For the fragmentation studies it was observed the difference of signal intensities for fragment ions which are common for both STL (m/z 275, 257 e 83), moreover the ion m/z 293 was detected only for budlein A, allowing the differentiation between these isomers by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry instead nuclear magnetic resonance. The reactions with metalloporphyrin yielded two diastereoisomers of the STL with an epoxide at the side chain between C-2\'and C-3\'. On the microsome assay any product was detected for budlein A, while for the correlated compound the epoxide ring was opened and a hydroxyl was added at C-3\', forming a vicinal diol. On the pig cecum model it was observed the formation of adducts due to the reaction of the STL and the amino acid cysteine. These adducts were later degraded by the action of the microbiota yielding different metabolites composed by STL and residues of cysteine. Thus, this work may contribute to the improvement of the knowledge about the metabolism of STL furanoheliangolide type in different models as well as for the studies regarding the mass spectrometry of this type of compound. The development of a useful analytical tool for the differentiation of two isomers was also an important achievement.

Les biocapteurs sont des moyens d'analyse en plein essor à la fois rapides, sélectifs et peu coûteux, applicables à des domaines très variés (environnement, santé, agroalimentaire…). La capacité de reconnaissance moléculaire extraordinaire de biomolécules telles que les enzymes ou les anticorps a été exploitée avec succès pour la réalisation de nombreux biocapteurs. Cependant, l'inconvénient majeur de ces récepteurs biologiques est qu'ils sont difficiles à produire et fragiles. Une manière de surmonter ces inconvénients consiste à les remplacer par des récepteurs artificiels présentant des propriétés de reconnaissance similaires. Parmi les matériaux biomimétiques prometteurs figurent les polymères à empreintes moléculaires (MIPs). Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement de deux capteurs biomimétiques impédimétriques, le premier basé sur l'utilisation de poly(éthylène co-alcool vinylique) imprimé pour la détection de la créatinine et le deuxième sur des MIPs de polyméthacrylate pour la détection de la testostérone. Dans le premier cas, le polymère imprimé a été produit et déposé à la surface d'électrodes en or, soit par drop-coating, soit sous forme de nanofibres par la technique d'électrofilage. Dans le deuxième, le MIP a été synthétisé par polymérisation radicalaire de l'acide méthacrylique en présence d'éthylèneglycol diméthacrylate (réticulant), d'initiateur et de testostérone en utilisant la méthode du « grafting from » qui consiste à greffer d'abord l'initiateur sur la surface du transducteur mais pour la polymérisation on a utilisé deux approches (spin-coating d'une solution de prépolymérisation sur la surface du transducteur ou l'immersion de ce dernier dans la solution de monomère plus testostérone) suivie de l'exposition à une source d'energie pour effectuer la polymérisation. Les performances des capteurs (limite de détection, sélectivité, reproductibilité) ont ensuite été évaluées / Biosensors are rapid, selective and low-cost analytical devices of growing interest for a wide range of application fields (e.g. environment, food, health). The extraordinary molecular recognition capabilities of sensing biomolecules such as enzymes and antibodies have been successfully exploited in the elaboration of a number of biosensors. However, these biorecognition elements are often produced via complex and costful protocols and require specific handling conditions because of their poor stability. To circumvent these limitations, artificial receptors of similar recognition properties are now proposed as alternatives to natural receptors in sensor technology. Molecular imprinted polymers are among the most promising biomimetic materials reported. In this work, we developed two impedimetric biomimetic sensors. The first one is based on imprinted poly(ethylene co-vinyl alcohol) for creatinine detection and the second on polymethacrylate MIPs for testosterone analysis. In the first case, MIP was produced and deposited onto gold microelectrodes, either by spin-coating of a pre-polymerization solution, or by electrospinning. In the second case, MIPs were synthetized by photopolymerization of methacrylic acid in presence of ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (cross-linker), an azo-initiator and testosterone as template using the “grafting from” method in which the initiator is first attached to the transducer surface but to effect polymerization we used two different approaches (dip-coating of a prepolymerization solution on the transducer surface functionalized with the initiator or immersing it in the solution of monomers and testosterone) followed by exposure to an energy source to effect polymerization. Then, analytical performances (linear range, detection limit, selectivity and reproducibility) of both creatinine and testosterone sensors were determined and compared

L’objectif de ce projet est d’étudier l’interaction de nanoparticules polymères avec les membranes, soit directement sur des cellules entières ou grâce à des modèles membranaires biomimétiques, dans l’optique de valider leur utilisation dans le cadre d’applications biologiques. Des nanoparticules (NPs) polymères cœur/enveloppe avec un diamètre inférieur à 100 nm ont été synthétisés. Cette taille a été choisie afin de leur permettre de pénétrer à travers les membranes plasmiques. Des nanoparticules ayant la même composition chimique mais avec un diamètre hydrodynamique supérieur, de l’ordre de 250 nm, ont été également préparées afin de mettre en évidence l’effet de la taille des particules sur le processus d’internalisation cellulaire. Dans cette thèse, une méthode innovante de synthèse monotope a été développée pour obtenir des NPs coeur-enveloppe, compatibles en milieu aqueux et présentant à leur surface des résidus iniferter. Le coeur est composé de polystyrène avec une taille d’environ 30 nm. Un large éventail de fonctionnalités peut être greffé sur la surface du coeur par polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée en faisant varier différents types de monomères. L’épaisseur de l’enveloppe peut être ajustée en fonction de la concentration en monomère et du temps de polymérisation. Les nanoparticules synthétisées ont été caractérisées par diffusion dynamique de la lumière, par spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier, par analyse micro-élémentaire et par microcopie à transmission électronique. Les interactions des NPs à coeur polystyrène et avec des enveloppes de charge neutre et négative ont été étudiées avec des cellules kératinocytes épidermiques humaines néonatales (NHEK), des fibroblastes primaires humains et les cellules HACaT de kératinocytes humains. Les études de cytotoxicité réalisées en utilisant un marquage à l’iodure de propidium et un test à la lactate déshydrogénase n’ont relevé aucune toxicité sur les lignées testées. Cependant, le suivi de la prolifération cellulaire par impédance électrique de substrats cellulaires a indiqué que les nanoparticules anioniques induisent une forte diminution de la prolifération des kératinocytes. L’internalisation cellulaire des NPs a été confirmée par microscopie confocale qui n’indique pas leur colocalisation avec les endosomes précoces, les lysosomes et l’actine. De plus, les données obtenues par triage cellulaire par cytofluorométrie soutiennent qu’un mécanisme énergétiquement-dépendant est mis en œuvre pour l’internalisation des NP neutres, ce qui semble être moins le cas pour les nanoparticules négatives. Les membranes biomimétiques ont été employées afin d’étudier les spécificités des interactions entre nanoparticules et lipides dans des conditions contrôlées. L’étude sur des modèles de vésicules géantes couplée à de la spectroscopie de fluorescence a révélé que les nanoparticules coeur/enveloppe sont capables d’interagir profondément dans la région hydrophobe de la membrane, mais uniquement quand la bicouche lipide est en phase fluide désordonnée. Le mode de pénétration des NPs au travers de la bicouche des vésicules semblent engendrer la formation de pores. Un effet plus prononcé de rigidification de la bicouche a pu être observé lors de l’interaction de nanoparticules chargées négativement avec les bicouches de phosphatidycholines. Cet effet pourrait être attribué à un changement de l’orientation des têtes phosphocholines du à des interactions électrostatiques. En conclusion, les nanoparticules polymère que nous avons synthétisées apparaissent être des outils polyvalents pour les études d’interaction cellulaire et d’imagerie. Ces nanomatériaux peuvent être éventuellement être employés pour la délivrance de médicaments en incorporant les molécules actives dans une enveloppe polymère thermosensible par exemple. / This project’s aim was to study polymeric nanoparticle-membrane interactions using both live cells and biomimetic models with the idea to validate such nanoparticles for use in bio-applications. Core-shell polymeric nanoparticles below 100 nm, as this small size is capable of penetrating plasma membranes, were synthesised. Nanoparticles (NPs) with the same chemical composition but with hydrodynamic diameters of ~250 nm, were also prepared in an effort to highlight any effect of NP size on cell internalisation. In this thesis, an innovative method is presented for the synthesis of water-compatible, iniferter-bound polystyrene core shell NPs (~30 nm) using a one-pot synthetic method. A plethora of functionalities could be added to the nanoparticles via shell grafting from the surface of the polystyrene core in the presence of additional monomers via controlled living radical polymerisation. Shell thickness could be tuned as a function of monomer’s concentration and polymerisation time. The nanoparticles were fully characterised by dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, microelemental analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Further, the interactions of polystyrene core NPs possessing neutral and anionic shells were investigated using neonatal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), human primary fibroblasts and HaCaT cells. Cytotoxicity studies performed using propidium iodide and lactate dehydrogenase indicated no evidence of cytotoxicity in either cell line. However, cell proliferation monitored by electric cell substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) protocols indicated that anionic nanoparticles induced a dramatic decrease in cell proliferation in keratinocytes. The cellular internalisation of NPs was confirmed by confocal microscopy and no co-localisation was found with early endosomes, lysosomes or actin. Additionally, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) data support the theory that an energy-dependent mechanism is employed for neutral NP internalisation but less so for negatively charged NPs. Biomimetic membrane models were used to investigate specific nanoparticle-lipid interactions under controlled conditions. Employing giant vesicles coupled with fluorescent spectroscopy techniques revealed that core-shell nanoparticles interact deep in the hydrophobic region of bilayers only when the membrane is in the fluid phase. Their mode of entering artificial cells (i.e giant vesicles) appears to cause the formation of pores. Anionic nanoparticles interact with the choline moiety of phosphatidylcholine and confer a rigidifying effect on phosphocholine containing bilayers. Therefore we conclude that the polymeric nanoparticles that we synthesized are versatile tools for cell interaction and imaging studies. These nanomaterials could eventually be applied to drug delivery studies by incorporation of the drug in for instance a thermoresponsive polymeric shell. Furthermore, it is clear that NPs coated with anionic and neutral polymeric shells present a lower toxicity profile than previously reported cationic nanoparticles. Both nanoparticles increase the order lipid bilayer vesicles composed of POPC (the most common glycerophospholipid) in animal and plants. Anionic nanoparticles in particular exhibit a rigidifying effect on POPC lipid bilayers and their mode of entry into cells may be due to the formation of pores which was determined to not induce cell death.

Micron scale robots going inside our body and curing various ailments is a technolog¬ical dream that easily captures our imagination. However, with the advent of novel nanofabrication and nanocharacterization tools there has been a surge in the research in this field over the last decade. In order to achieve locomotion (swim) at these small length scales, special strategies need to be adopted, that is able to overcome the large viscous damping that these microbots have to face while moving in the various bod¬ily fluids. Thus researchers have looked into the swimming strategies found in nature like that of bacteria like E.coli found in our gut or spermatozoa in the reproductive mucus. Biomimetic swimmers that replicate the motion of these small microorganisms hold tremendous promise in a host of biomedical applications like targeted drug delivery, microsurgery, biochemical sensing and disease diagnosis. In one such method of swimming at very low Reynolds numbers, a micron scale helix has been fabricated and rendered magnetic by putting a magnetic material on it. Small rotating magnetic fields could be used then to rotate the helix, which translated as a result of the intrinsic translation rotation coupling in a helix. The present work focussed on the development of such a system of nanopropellers, a few microns in length, the characterization of its dynamics and velocity fluctuations originating from thermal noise. The work has also showed a possible application of the nanopropellers in microrheology where it could be used as a new tool to measure the rheological characteristics of a complex heterogeneous environment with very high spatial and temporal resolutions. A generalized study of the dynamics of these propellers under a rotating field, has showed the existence of a variety of different dynamical configurations. Rigid body dynamics simulations have been carried out to understand the behaviour. Significant amount of insight has been gained by solving the equations of motion of the object analytically and it has helped to obtain a complete understanding, along with providing closed form expressions of the various characteristics frequencies and parameters that has defined the motion. A study of the velocity fluctuations of these chiral nanopropellers has been carried out, where the nearby wall of the microfluidic cell was found to have a dominant effect on the fluctuations. The wall has been found to enhance the average level of fluctuations apart from bringing in significant non Gaussian effects. The experimentally obtained fluctuations has been corroborated by a simulation in which a time evolution study of the governing 3D Langevin dynamics equations has been done. A closer look at the various sources of velocity fluctuations and a causality study thereof has brought out a minimum length scale below which helical propulsion has become impractical to achieve because of the increased effect of the orientational fluctuations of the propeller at those small length scales. An interesting bistable dynamics of the propeller has been observed under certain experimental conditions, in which the propeller randomly switched between the different dynamical states. This defied common sense because of the inherent deterministic nature of the governing Stokes equation. Rigid body dynamics simulations and stability analysis has shown the existence of time scales in which two different dynamical states of the propeller have become stable. Thus the intrinsic dynamics of the system has been found to be the reason behind the bistable behaviour, randomness being brought about by the thermal fluctuations present in the system. Finally, in a novel application of the propellers, they have been demonstrated as a tool for microrheological mapping in a complex fluidic environment. The studies done in this work have helped to develop this method of active microrheology in which the measurement times are orders of magnitude smaller than its existing counterparts.