Given a birational map among projective varieties, it is known that there exists a variety Z with a one-dimensional torus action such that the birational map is induced from two geometric quotients of Z. We proceed in the opposite direction: given a smooth projective variety X with a one-dimensional torus action, one can define a birational map associated to the action and study the properties of the map via the geometry of X. Rational homogeneous varieties admit natural torus actions, so they are a good class of example to test the general theory. In the thesis, we obtain and discuss some results about the birational maps associated to some one-dimensional torus actions on rational homogeneous varieties.

No description available.

In this thesis we study the relation between algebraic torus actions on complex projective varieties and the birational geometry of their geometric quotients. Given a C*-action on a normal projective variety X, there exist two unique connected components of the fixed point locus, called the sink Y− and the source Y+, containing the limit at ∞ and 0 of the general orbit. Let GX− (resp. GX+) be the variety parametrizing the orbits converging to the sink (resp. the source). Since there exists an open subset of points converging to Y±, we obtain a birational map ψ: GX->GX+. By choosing different linearizations of ample line bundles on X, we obtain a factorization of the birational map ψ among inner geometric quotient, parametrizing different open subsets of stable points. In this setting, we investigate the local analytic geometry of the birational map ψ. On one hand we link certain birational transformations, called rooftop flips, with varieties with two projective bundles structures. On the other we study when the birational map ψ can be locally described by a toric flip of Atiyah type. If on one side a C*-action naturally induces a birational map among geometric quotients, it is meaningful to study the opposite direction: more precisely, given a birational map φ: Z+->Z− among normal projective varieties, how can we construct a normal projective variety X, endowed with a C*-action, such that Z− is the sink, Z+ is the source, and the natural birational map ψ constructed above coincide with φ? Such an X is called a geometric realization of the birational map φ. We propose a construction of a geometric realization of φ, whose geometry reflects the factorization of the map as a composition of flips, blow-ups and blow-downs. We describe in particular the case in which φ is a small modification of dream type, namely a birational map which is an isomorphism in codimension 1 associated to a finitely generated multisection ring. Moreover, we show that the cone of divisors associated to such multisection rings admits a chamber decomposition where the models are the geometric quotients of the C*-action. If in addition Z± are assumed to be toric varieties, we construct a function in SageMath to compute the polytope of the associated toric geometric realization.

In dieser Arbeit behandeln wir die birationale Geometrie verschiedener Modulräume; die Modulräume von Kurven mit einem k-Differential mit vorgeschierbenen Nullen, besser bekannt als Strata von Differenzialen, Moduln von K3 Flächen mit markierten Punkten und Moduln von Kurven. Für bestimmte Geschlechter nennen wir Abschätzungen der Kodaira-Dimension, konstruieren unirationale Parametrisierungen, rationale deckende Kurven und unterschiedliche birationale Modelle. In Kapitel 1 führen wir die zu untersuchenden Objekte ein und geben einen kurzen Überblick ihrer wichtigsten Eigenschaften und offenen Problemen. In Kapitel 2 konstruieren wir einen Hilfsmodulraum, der als Brücke zwischen bestimmten finiten Quotienten von Mgn für kleines g und den Moduln der polarisierten K3 Flächen vom Geschlecht 11 dient. Wir entwickeln die Deformationstheorie, die nötig ist, um die Eigenschaften und die oben genannten Modulräume zu erforschen. In Kapitel 3 bedienen wir uns dieser Werkzeuge, um birationale Modelle für Moduln polarisierter K3 Flächen vom Geschlecht 11 mit markierten Punkten zu konstruieren. Diese nutzen wir, um Resultate über die Kodaira-Dimension herzuleiten. Wir beweisen, dass der Modulraum von polarisierten K3 Flächen vom Geschlecht 11 mit n markierten Punkten unirational ist, falls n<=6, und uniruled, falls n<=7. Wir beweisen auch, dass die Kodaira-Dimension von Modulraum von polarisierten K3 Flächen vom Geschlecht 11 mit n markierten Punkten nicht-negativ ist für n>= 9. Im letzten Kapitel gehen wir noch auf die fehlenden Fälle der Kodaira-Klassifizierung von Mgnbar ein. Schliesslich behandeln wir in Kapitel 4 die birationale Geometrie mit Blick auf die Strata von holomorphen und quadratischen Differentialen. Wir zeigen, dass die Strata holomorpher und quadratischer Differentiale von niedrigem Geschlecht uniruled sind, indem wir rationale Kurven mit pencils auf K3 und del Pezzo Flächen konstruieren. Durch das Beschränken des Geschlechts 3<= g<=6 bilden wir projektive Bündel über rationale Varietäten, die die holomorphe Strata mit maximaler Länge g-1 dominieren. Also zeigen wir auch, dass diese Strata unirational sind. / In this thesis we investigate the birational geometry of various moduli spaces; moduli spaces of curves together with a k-differential of prescribed vanishing, best known as strata of differentials, moduli spaces of K3 surfaces with marked points, and moduli spaces of curves. For particular genera, we give estimates for the Kodaira dimension, construct unirational parameterizations, rational covering curves, and different birational models. In Chapter 1 we introduce the objects of study and give a broad brush stroke about their most important known features and open problems. In Chapter 2 we construct an auxiliary moduli space that serves as a bridge between certain finite quotients of Mgn for small g and the moduli space of polarized K3 surfaces of genus eleven. We develop the deformation theory necessary to study properties of the mentioned moduli space. In Chapter 3 we use this machinery to construct birational models for the moduli spaces of polarized K3 surfaces of genus eleven with marked points and we use this to conclude results about the Kodaira dimension. We prove that the moduli space of polarized K3 surfaces of genus eleven with n marked points is unirational when n<= 6 and uniruled when n<=7. We also prove that the moduli space of polarized K3 surfaces of genus eleven with n marked points has non-negative Kodaira dimension for n>= 9. In the final section, we make a connection with some of the missing cases in the Kodaira classification of Mgnbar. Finally, in Chapter 4 we address the question concerning the birational geometry of strata of holomorphic and quadratic differentials. We show strata of holomorphic and quadratic differentials to be uniruled in small genus by constructing rational curves via pencils on K3 and del Pezzo surfaces respectively. Restricting to genus 3<= g<=6 we construct projective bundles over rational varieties that dominate the holomorphic strata with length at most g-1, hence showing in addition, these strata are unirational.

The first goal of this Thesis is to contribute to the study of principally polarized abelian varieties (ppav), especially to the Schottky and the Torelli problems. Ppav admit a duality theory analogous to that of projective spaces, where the role played by hyperplanes in projective spaces is played by divisors representing the principal polarization. Thus, given a subvariety Y of a ppav, we can define its thetadual T(Y) as the set of divisors representing the principal polarization that contain this subvariety. This set admits a natural schematic structure (as defined by Pareschi and Popa). Jacobian and Prym varieties are classical examples of ppav constructed from curves. Besides, they are interesting because some properties of the curves involved in their construction are reflected in their geometry or in the geometry of some special subvarieties. For example, in the case of Jacobians we have the BrillNoether loci Wd ( W1 corresponds to the AbelJacobi curve) and in the case of Pryms we have the AbelPrym curve C. In chapter III, we study the schematic structure of the thetadual of the BrillNoether loci Wd and the AbelPrym curve. In the first case, we obtain with different methods, the result of Pareschi and Popa T(Wd)= Wgd1. In the case of the AbelPrym curve C, we get that T(C)=V², where V² is the second PrymBrillNoether locus with the schematic structure defined by Welters. Pareschi and Popa have proved a result for ppavs analogous to the Castelnuovo Lemma for projective spaces. That is, if (A,Θ) is a ppav of dimension g, then g+2 distinct points in general position with respect to Θ, but in special position with respect to 2Θ, have to be contained in a curve of minimal degree in A, i.e. an AbelJacobi curve. In particular, they obtain a Schottky result because A has to be a Jacobian variety and a Torelli result, because the curve is the intersection of all the divisors in |2Θ| that contain the g+2 points. In chapter IV, as Eisenbud and Harris have done in the projective Castelnuovo Lemma, we extend this result to possibly nonreduced finite schemes. The second goal of this thesis is the study of varieties of general type. Almost by definition, pluricanonical maps are the essential tool to study them. One of the main problems in this area is to find geometric or numerical conditions to guarantee that the mth pluricanonical map (for low m) induces a birational equivalence with its image. The classification of surfaces whose bicanonical map is nonbirational has attracted considerable interest among algebraic geometers. In chapter V, we give a sufficient numerical condition for the birationality of the bicanonical map of irregular varieties of arbitrary dimension. We also prove that, if X is a primitive variety, then it only admits very special fibrations to other irregular varieties. For primitive varieties we get that the following are equivalent: X is birational to a divisor Θ in an indecomposable ppav, the irregularity q(X) > dim X and the bicanonical map is nonbirational. When X is a primitive variety of general type and q(X) = dim X we prove, under certain conditions over the Stein factorization of the Albanese map, that the only possibility for the bicanonical map being nonbirational is that X is a double cover branched along a divisor in |2Θ|. These results extend to arbitrary dimension, wellknown theorems in the case of surfaces and curves. / El primer objectiu d'aquesta tesi és contribuir a l'estudi de les varietats abelianes principalment polaritzades (vapp), especialment als problemes de Schottky i Torelli. Les vapp admeten una teoria de dualitat anàloga a la dualitat dels espais projectius, on el paper que juguen els hiperplans de l'espai projectiu és substituït pels divisors que representen la polarització principal. Així doncs, donada una subvarietat Y d'una vapp, podem definir el seu thetadual T(Y) com el conjunt dels divisors que representen la polarització principal i contenen aquesta subvarietat. Aquest conjunt admet una estructura esquemàtica natural (tal i com la defineixen Pareschi i Popa). Les varietats Jacobianes i de Prym són exemples clàssics de vapp construïdes a partir de corbes. A més, són interessants perquè certes propietats de les corbes involucrades es veuen reflectides en elles o en algunes subvarietats especials. Per exemple, en el cas de les Jacobianes tenim els llocs de BrillNoether Wd ( W1 correspon a la corba d'AbelJacobi) i en el cas de les Pryms tenim la corba d'AbelPrym C. Al capítol III de la tesi s'estudia l'estructura esquemàtica del thetadual dels llocs de BrillNoether Wd i de la corba d'AbelPrym. En el primer cas, es reobté amb uns altres mètodes, el resultat de Pareschi i Popa T(Wd)= Wgd1. En el cas de la corba d'AbelPrym C, s'obté que T(C)=V², onV² és el segon lloc de PrymBrillNoether amb l'estructura esquemàtica definida per Welters. Pareschi i Popa han demostrat un resultat anàleg per les vapp al Lemma de Castelnuovo pels espais projectius. És a dir, si (A,Θ) és una vapp de dimensió g, aleshores g+2 punts en posició general respecte Θ, però en posició especial respecte 2Θ, han d'estar continguts en una corba de grau minimal a A, i.e. una corba d'AbelJacobi. En particular, s'obté un resultat de Schottky ja que A ha de ser una Jacobiana i un resultat de Torelli, ja que la corba és la intersecció de tots els divisors de |2Θ| que contenen els g+2 punts. Al capítol IV, tal i com Eisenbud i Harris van fer en el cas projectiu, s'estén aquest resultat a esquemes finits possiblement no reduïts. El segon objectiu d'aquesta tesi és contribuir a l'estudi de les varietats de tipus general. Pràcticament per definició, les aplicacions pluricanòniques són essencials pel seu estudi. Un dels problemes principals de l'àrea és donar condicions geomètriques o numèriques per assegurar que la mèsima aplicació pluricanònica (per m baix) indueix una equivalència biracional amb la imatge. La classificació de les superfícies que tenen l'aplicació bicanònica no biracional ha atret l'atenció de molts geòmetres algebraics. Al capítol V, es dóna un criteri numèric suficient per assegurar la biracionalitat de l'aplicació bicanònica de les varietats irregulars de dimensió arbitrària. També es demostra que si X és una varietat primitiva, aleshores només admet fibracions molt especials a altres varietats irregulars. Per aquestes varietats s'obté que és equivalent que X sigui biracional a un divisor Θ en una vapp indescomponible, a què la irregularitat q(X) > dim X i l'aplicació bicanònica sigui no biracional. Quan X és una varietat primitiva de tipus general i q(X) = dim X es demostra sota certes condicions de la descomposició de Stein del morfisme d'Albanese, que l'única possibilitat per tal que l'aplicació bicanònica sigui no biracional és que X sigui un recobriment doble sobre una vapp ramificat al llarg d'un divisor a |2Θ|. Aquest resultats estenen a dimensió arbitrària, teoremes ben coneguts en el cas de superfícies i corbes.

Dans cette thèse, on étudie plusieurs sujets sur la géométrie des variétés rationnellement connexes. Une variété complexe est dite rationnellement connexe si par deux points généraux, il passe une courbe rationnelle. Le premier sujet qu'on étudie est la base d'une fibration lagrangienne d'une variété projective irréductible symplectique de dimension quatre. On prouve qu'il y a aux plus deux possibilités pour la base. Dans la deuxième partie, on classifie certain type de variétés de Fano. Enfin, on étudie les structures des variétés rationnellement connexes singulières qui portent des pluri-formes non nulles / In this dissertation, we study several subjects on the geometry of rationally connected varieties. A complex variety is called rationally connected if for two general points, there is a rational curve passing through them. The first subject we study is the base of a Lagrangian fibration of a projective irreducible symplectic fourfold. We prove that there are at most two possibilities for the base. In the second part, we classify certain type of Fano varieties. In the end, we study the structures of singular rationally connected varieties which carry non-zero pluri-forms

Cette thèse est consacrée à la géométrie des variétés de Fano et des fibrés projectifs sur une courbe projective lisse.Dans la première partie on étudie la géométrie des variétés de Fano pas trop singulières admettant un diviseur premier de nombre de Picard 1. En étudiant les contractions associées aux rayons extrémaux dans le cône de Mori de ces variétés nous fournissons un théorème de structure en dimension 3 pour les variétés dont le nombre de Picard est maximal. Ensuite, nous traitons le cas des variétés toriques et nous étendons le théorème de structure aux variétés toriques de dimension supérieure à 3 dont le nombre de Picard est maximal. Enfin, nous traitons les relèvements des contractions extrémales aux espaces de revêtement universels en codimension 1.Dans la deuxième partie on étudie les corps de Newton-Okounkov sur les fibrés projectifs sur une courbe projective lisse. En nous inspirant des estimations de Wolfe utilisées pour calculer la fonction de volume sur ces variétés, nous calculons tous les corps de Newton-Okounkov par rapport aux drapeaux linéaires et nous étudions comment ces corps dépendent de la décomposition en cellules de Schubert par rapport aux drapeaux linéaires compatibles avec la filtration de Harder-Narasimhan du fibré. De plus, nous caractérisons les fibrés vectoriels semi-stables sur une courbe projective lisse à l'aide des corps de Newton-Okounkov. / This thesis is devoted to the geometry of Fano varieties and projective vector bundles over a smooth projective curve.In the first part we study the geometry of mildly singular Fano varieties on which there is a prime divisor of Picard number 1. By studying the contractions associated to extremal rays in the Mori cone of these varieties, we provide a structure theorem in dimension 3 for varieties with maximal Picard number. Afterwards, we address the case of toric varieties and we extend the structure theorem to toric varieties of dimension greater than 3 and with maximal Picard number. Finally, we treat the lifting of extremal contractions to universal covering spaces in codimension 1.In the second part we study Newton-Okounkov bodies on projective vector bundles over a smooth projective curve. Inspired by Wolfe's estimates used to compute the volume function on these varieties, we compute all Newton-Okounkov bodies with respect to linear flags and we study how these bodies depend on the Schubert cell decomposition with respect to linear flags which are compatible with the Harder-Narasimhan filtration of the bundle. Moreover, we characterize semi-stable vector bundles over smooth projective curves via Newton-Okounkov bodies.

Le groupe de Cremona en n variables Cr_n(C) est le groupe des transformations birationnelles de l'espace projectif complexe de dimension n. Dans cette thèse, on étudie les groupes de Cremona en considérant certaines classes de „grands'' sous-groupes. Dans la première partie on considère des plongements algébriques de Cr_2(C) vers Cr_n(C). On décrit notamment quelques propriétés géométriques d'un plongement de Cr_2(C) dans Cr_5(C) dû à Gizatullin. En outre, on classifie tous les plongements algébriques de Cr_2(C) dans Cr_3(C) et on généralise ce résultat partiellement pour les plongements de Cr_n(C) dans Cr_{n+1}(C). Dans la deuxième partie, on regarde les suites des degrés des transformations birationnelles des variétés définies sur un corps quelconque. On montre qu'il n'existe qu'un nombre dénombrable de telles suites et on donne de nouvelles contraintes sur la croissance des degrés des automorphismes de l'espace affine de dimension n. Dans la troisième partie, on classifie les sous-groupes de Cr_2(C) qui ne contiennent que des éléments elliptiques, c'est-`a-dire des éléments dont les degrés des itérés sont bornés. On en déduit notamment l'alternative de Tits pour les sous-groupes quelconques de Cr_2(C). Dans la dernière partie on montre que tous les sous-groupes simples de type fini de Cr_2(C) sont finis et, sous l'hypothèse d'un lemme conjectural, qu'un groupe simple se plonge dans Cr_2(C) si et seulement s'il se plonge dans PGL_3(C). / The Cremona group in n-variables Cr_n(C) is the group of birational transformations of the complex projective n-space. This thesis contributes to the research on Cremona groups through the study of certain classes of „large'' subgroups. In the first part we consider algebraic embeddings of Cr_2(C) into Cr_n(C). In particular, we describe geometrical properties of an embedding of Cr_2(C) into Cr_5(C) that was discovered by Gizatullin. We also classify all algebraic embeddings from Cr_2(C) into Cr_3(C), and we partially generalize this result to embeddings of Cr_n(C) into Cr_{n+1}(C). In a second part, we look at degree sequences of birational transformations of varieties over arbitrary fields. We show that there exist only countably many such sequences and we give new obstructions on the degree growth of automorphisms of affine n-space. In the third part, we classify subgroups of Cr_2(C) containing only elliptic elements, i.e. elements whose iterates are of bounded degree. From this we deduce in particular the Tits alternative for arbitrary subgroups of Cr_2(C). In the last part, we show that every finitely generated simple subgroup of Cr_2(C) is finite and, under the hypothesis of an unproven conjectural lemma, that a simple group can be embedded into Cr_2(C) if and only if it can be embedded into PGL_3(C).

Cette thèse est constituée de deux parties complètement indépendantes.Dans une première partie, nous montrons que la paire de Fourier-Mukai (X,Y) issue de la correspondance double miroir Pfaffienne-Grassmannienne vérifie l'identité ([X]-[Y])L^6=0 dans l'anneau de Grothendieck, où L est la classe de la droite affine. Ce résultat est un raffinement d'un théorème de Borisov par la suppression d'un facteur, qui montre que la classe de la droite affine est un diviseur de zéro dans l'anneau de Grothendieck, et fournit par ailleurs un premier exemple intéressant de variétés D-équivalentes qui sont L-équivalentes. D'autres exemples ont par la suite été explicités par d'autres auteurs.Dans une seconde partie, nous nous intéressons au comportement d'invariants de théorie de Hodge par convolution intermédiaire, à la suite des travaux de Dettweiler et Sabbah. Le principal résultat concerne le comportement des données numériques locales de Hodge cycles proches à l'infini par convolution intermédiaire additive par un module de Kummer. Nous donnons également des formules pour les invariants locaux h^p et globaux delta^p sans faire l'hypothèse de monodromie scalaire à l'infini. De plus, à l'aide d'une relation de Katz reliant les convolutions additives et multiplicatives, nous explicitons le comportement des invariants de Hodge par convolution intermédiaire multiplicative. Enfin, le théorème principal permet de redémontrer un résultat de Fedorov sur les invariants de Hodge d'équations hypergéométriques. / This thesis consists of two independent parts.In a first part, we show that the Fourier-Mukai pair (X,Y) constructed from Pfaffian-Grassmannian double-mirror correspondence verifies the formula ([X]-[Y]) L^6=0 in the Grothendieck ring, where L is the class of affine line. This result is an improvement of a theorem of Borisov by removing a factor, which shows that the class of affine line is a zero divisor in the Grothendieck ring, and gives moreover a first interesting example of D-equivalent varieties which are L-equivalent. Other examples have later been made explicit by other authors.In a second part, we are interested in the behaviour of invariants in Hodge theory by middle convolution, following research of Dettweiler and Sabbah. The main result concerns the behaviour of the nearby cycle local Hodge numerical data in infinity by middle additive convolution by a Kummer module. We also give expressions for local invariant h^p and global delta^p without making the hypothesis of scalar monodromy in infinity. Besides, with a relation due to Katz linking up additive and multiplicative convolutions, we explain the behaviour of Hodge invariants by middle multiplicative convolution. Finally, the main theorem gives a new proof of a result of Fedorov on Hodge invariants of hypergeometric equations.

Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit Fragen über den Modulraum M_{0,n} der stabilen punktierten rationalen Kurven, die durch das Mori-Programm motiviert sind. Insbesondere studieren wir den nef-Kegel (Chapter 2), den Cox-Ring (Chapter 3), und den Kegel der beweglichen Kurven (Chapter 4). In Kapitel 2 beweisen wir Fultons Vermutung für M_{0,n}, n / We investigate questions motivated by Mori''s program for the moduli space of stable pointed rational curves, M_{0,n}. In particular, we study its nef cone (Chapter 2), its Cox ring (Chapter 3), and its cone of movable curves (Chapter 4). In Chapter 2, we prove Fulton''s conjecture for M_{0,n} for n less than or equal to 7, which states that any divisor on these moduli spaces non-negatively intersecting all so-called F-curves is linearly equivalent to an effective sum of boundary divisors. As a corollary, it follows that a divisor is nef if and only if the divisor intersects all F-curves non-negatively. By duality, we thus recover Keel and McKernan''s result that the F-curves generate the closed cone of curves when n is less than or equal to seven, but with methods that do not rely on negativity properties of the canonical bundle that fail for higher n. Chapter 3 initiates a study of relations among generators of the Cox ring of M_{0,n}. We first prove a `relation-free'' result that exhibits polynomial subrings of the Cox ring in boundary section variables. In the opposite direction, we exhibit multidegrees such that the corresponding graded parts meet the ideal of relations non-trivially. In Chapter 4, we study the so-called complete intersection cone for the three-fold M_{0,6}. For a smooth projective variety X, this cone is defined as the closure of curve classes obtained as intersections of the dimension of X minus one very ample divisors. The complete intersection cone is contained in the cone of movable curves, which is dual to the cone of pseudoeffective divisors. We show that, for a series of toric birational models for M_{0,6}, the complete intersection and movable cones coincide, while for M_{0,6}, there is strict containment.