Caractéristique de la littérature noire des années 1960 aux États-Unis, la revendication de l’Être-noir est présente dans les moindres mots écrits par les auteurs africains américains de cette période. William Melvin Kelley, en tant qu’écrivain du Black Arts Movement, le met en avant dans ses œuvres au profit d’une éducation de l’Africain Américain contre la ségrégation et d’autres formes de racisme. Il ne s’agit pas seulement de conceptualiser le Noir par l’écriture, mais surtout de le dépeindre. Selon l’auteur en effet, son rôle est d’abord de mettre en action des personnes, et non pas des idées travesties qui résulteraient d’une quelconque idéologie noire. C’est ce schéma – le passage du monde réel à un monde fictif, ainsi qu’à une représentation idéologique – qui sera étudié dans cette thèse. Il faudra toutefois noter la transformation de l’attitude de l’auteur. En effet, de l’état de simple narrateur, il passe à celui d’activiste. Ce changement est notable par la différence des idées et de la verve entre le premier livre et le dernier publiés par Kelley. Cette évolution de la pensée sera ensuite reliée aux récentes directions prises par l’écrivain. Située au carrefour entre la phénoménologie, la philosophie de l’existentialisme noir, la sociologie ainsi que la littérature, l’analyse qui sera menée aura pour but de mettre en avant l’existence noire vue par William Melvin Kelley. L’auteur ne se place pas seulement en tant que représentant des Noirs, mais comme chargé d’une mission : celle d’aider l’Africain Américain à comprendre la société étatsunienne pour améliorer sa position sociale et culturelle. / Blackness is one of the keywords of the African American literature of the 1960s. It is to be read in each and every word that an Afro-American writer would put down on the paper. As a Black Arts Movement writer, William Melvin Kelley sets blackness forth in his works so that the black population can better struggle against segregation and other forms of racism. Yet, he does not only conceptualize the African American person by writing him or her up, but above all, he depicts them. For Kelley, the role of the author is primarily to show people, not disguised ideas resulting from some other black ideology. It is this pattern – the passage from a real world to a fictitious one, as well as to an ideological representation – that I will study in my dissertation. However, I am first going to note down the transformation in Kelley’s conduct toward race relations as he goes from the narrator to the activist. This change is to be seen in the difference that exists in the verve between his first novel and the last that was published. This renovation will also be linked to the recent direction taken by Kelley in his more recent writings. Phenomenology, Black existentialism, sociology and of course literature will be the bases for this dissertation. The analysis will insist on black existence as seen by William Melvin Kelley. The writer does not only act as a representative of black people, but as one who must help the “Africamerican understand the American society in order to improve his or her social and cultural position.”

The meaning of and motivations behind self-identification is a contentious topic within “the Black community.” The thesis examines the articulation of “Black” and/or “African” identities as means of gaining access to Nova Scotia’s Black Business Initiative (BBI), a state-funded organization mandated with “fostering a dynamic and vibrant Black presence” in the Nova Scotian business community. It is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Halifax in 2013, including interviews with a diverse representation of 36 participants who self-identified as either "Black" or "African." Viewed as a rare redress effort directed toward and run by Blacks, the BBI is a highly visible site of contestation and competition between “indigenous Blacks” and more recently arrived “African Nova Scotians” from the African continent and Caribbean islands over the boundaries of native and foreign Blackness. The thesis argues that a group historically positioned as “Black” (i.e. Other) within a lasting narrative of displacement – both in the Americas in general, and academic diaspora discourse specifically – can be seen as adopting and adapting a discourse of indigeniety as an act of political and economic empowerment. Stuart Hall’s theoretical understanding of the articulation and positioning of Black identities is used to frame a discussion on the coupling of a distinct group’s lived experiences of subjugation and marginalization in place (i.e. Blackness) with a political and juridical ideology of belonging and entitlement to state recognition and resources (i.e. indigeniety) as a means of securing racially directed resources. It therefore challenges Paula Madden’s (2009) overly simplistic critique of this community as creating a hierarchy of Blackness and performing an erasure of Mi’kma’ki through its claims of Black indigeniety.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-16T14:32:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Cristina de Oliveira.pdf: 3208793 bytes, checksum: a854bbbb00daaa77139b51a6910d3c2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-16T14:32:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Cristina de Oliveira.pdf: 3208793 bytes, checksum: a854bbbb00daaa77139b51a6910d3c2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / The law nº 10.639/2003 promoted undeniable achievements, which provide new debates in education area around the possibilities that the knowledge and dissemination of African and Afro-Brazilian cultures can offer to expand the debate on multiculturalism. It promotes dialogue on the subject of blackness, since African ethnicity underlies the formation of the Brazilian people. For this debate be established as standardized educational practice, however, it is necessary to the critical examination of teacher education, questioning the common places until then in vogue in education, perpetuating prejudices. Thus, this research aims to analysis and reflection on the effects regarding the law 10.639/2003 and the consequences on teacher formation at graduation level in the course of Portuguese and Literatures - one of the areas of knowledge that the law mentions directly -, based on the questioning of formation of higher education in Brazil and the structural inequalities of education, particularly the insertion of black and African descent within our society. Investigates and discusses the formation of the literature professor, the subject reader trainer, so that the discussion of aspects of the afro-brazilian literature and the literature of Portuguese-speaking African countries can contribute as sources for reflection on the identity of the Brazilian people, the black and African descent in their individual and collective training, questioning coloniality of minds and the benefits of literary literacy. / A lei nº 10.639/2003 promoveu inegáveis conquistas, que propiciam novos debates na Área da Educação em torno das possibilidades que o conhecimento e a difusão das culturas africanas e afro-brasileiras podem oferecer para a ampliação do debate em torno do multiculturalismo. Promove o diálogo acerca do tema da negritude, uma vez que a etnia africana está na base da formação do povo brasileiro. Para que tal debate se estabeleça como prática educativa normatizada, no entanto, faz-se necessário o exame crítico sobre a formação docente, problematizando os lugares comuns até então em voga na educação, perpetuando preconceitos. Assim, essa pesquisa visa à análise e à reflexão sobre os efeitos da Lei 10.639/2003 e suas consequências sobre a formação docente de nível superior no curso de Letras – uma das áreas de conhecimento cuja redação da lei menciona diretamente -, partindo da problematização da formação do ensino superior no Brasil e as desigualdades estruturais da educação, sobretudo da inserção do negro e do afrodescendente no seio de nossa sociedade. Investiga e debate a formação do professor de literatura, formador do sujeito leitor, de modo que a discussão sobre aspectos da literatura afro-brasileira e das literaturas de expressão portuguesa dos países africanos possam contribuir como fontes para a reflexão sobre a identidade do povo brasileiro, do negro e do afrodescendente em sua formação individual e coletiva, problematizando a colonialidade das mentes e os benefícios do letramento literário.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-02T14:41:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Cristina de Oliveira.pdf: 3208793 bytes, checksum: a854bbbb00daaa77139b51a6910d3c2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T14:41:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Cristina de Oliveira.pdf: 3208793 bytes, checksum: a854bbbb00daaa77139b51a6910d3c2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / The law nº 10.639/2003 promoted undeniable achievements, which provide new debates in education area around the possibilities that the knowledge and dissemination of African and Afro-Brazilian cultures can offer to expand the debate on multiculturalism. It promotes dialogue on the subject of blackness, since African ethnicity underlies the formation of the Brazilian people. For this debate be established as standardized educational practice, however, it is necessary to the critical examination of teacher education, questioning the common places until then in vogue in education, perpetuating prejudices. Thus, this research aims to analysis and reflection on the effects regarding the law 10.639/2003 and the consequences on teacher formation at graduation level in the course of Portuguese and Literatures - one of the areas of knowledge that the law mentions directly -, based on the questioning of formation of higher education in Brazil and the structural inequalities of education, particularly the insertion of black and African descent within our society. Investigates and discusses the formation of the literature professor, the subject reader trainer, so that the discussion of aspects of the afro-brazilian literature and the literature of Portuguese-speaking African countries can contribute as sources for reflection on the identity of the Brazilian people, the black and African descent in their individual and collective training, questioning coloniality of minds and the benefits of literary literacy / A lei nº 10.639/2003 promoveu inegáveis conquistas, que propiciam novos debates na Área da Educação em torno das possibilidades que o conhecimento e a difusão das culturas africanas e afro-brasileiras podem oferecer para a ampliação do debate em torno do multiculturalismo. Promove o diálogo acerca do tema da negritude, uma vez que a etnia africana está na base da formação do povo brasileiro. Para que tal debate se estabeleça como prática educativa normatizada, no entanto, faz-se necessário o exame crítico sobre a formação docente, problematizando os lugares comuns até então em voga na educação, perpetuando preconceitos. Assim, essa pesquisa visa à análise e à reflexão sobre os efeitos da Lei 10.639/2003 e suas consequências sobre a formação docente de nível superior no curso de Letras – uma das áreas de conhecimento cuja redação da lei menciona diretamente -, partindo da problematização da formação do ensino superior no Brasil e as desigualdades estruturais da educação, sobretudo da inserção do negro e do afrodescendente no seio de nossa sociedade. Investiga e debate a formação do professor de literatura, formador do sujeito leitor, de modo que a discussão sobre aspectos da literatura afro-brasileira e das literaturas de expressão portuguesa dos países africanos possam contribuir como fontes para a reflexão sobre a identidade do povo brasileiro, do negro e do afrodescendente em sua formação individual e coletiva, problematizando a colonialidade das mentes e os benefícios do letramento literário.

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This study examines recurring motifs and personas in hip-hop. Interviews with influential hip-hop scholars, writers and music industry personnel were conducted and analyzed using qualitative methods. Interview subjects were selected based on their insider knowledge as music critics, hip-hop scholars, ethnomusicologists, publicists, and music industry positions. The vast majority of constructed imagery in hip-hop is based on a single persona, the gangsta. This qualitative analysis reveals why gangsta personas and motifs have become the de facto imagery of hip-hop. Gangsta imagery is repeatedly presented because it sells, it is the most readily-available role, and because of music industry pressures. This study is significant because gangsta imagery impacts African American social knowledge and the generalized perception of blackness. Gangsta imagery has also served to alienate black culture and has caused rifts in the African American community.

Cette thèse explore la façon dont différents personnages de Tar Baby et Americanah perçoivent et vivent leur « Blackness » dans un contexte diasporique transnational affligé par l’impact de l’origine, de la nationalité, du statut, et de la classe sociale. Cela est principalement fait à travers l’analyse du concept de la romance et de sa connexion profonde avec la négociation identitaire. En tandem avec un contexte social plus vaste, il y est aussi argumenté que la remise en question par Ifemelu et Jadine de leur identité noire et de leur « Blackness » est la résultante d’une volonté d’endoctrinement idéologique de la société hégémonique blanche. Ceci approfondi et intensifie par le fait même les négociations avec leur identité transnationale et multiculturelle qui se manifestent à travers le langage, le maniérisme et le style cheveux. Cette thèse se base principalement sur la théorie des appareils idéologiques d'État de Louis Althusser et sur le concept de conscience double de W.E.B DuBois. Elle s’inspire aussi de l’œuvre The Coupling Convention d’Anne DuCille lorsqu’il est présenté de qu’elle façon la romance non conventionnelle joue un rôle intégral dans l’affirmation racial et culturelle de soi / This thesis explores how different characters perceive and experience their Blackness in a transnational diasporic context, as inflected by national origin, status, and class in both Tar Baby and Americanah. This is mainly accomplished through analyzing the concept of romance and its profound connection with identity negotiations. In tandem with the larger social context, I also argue that the (self) questioning of identity and Blackness, is a result of a whitehegemonic society that seeks to ideologically indoctrinate Ifemelu and Jadine. Hence, it deepens and intensifies the negotiations with their transnational, multi-cultural identities, made manifest by language, mannerisms, and hair. This thesis primarily draws on Louis Althusser’s theory of the ideological state apparatus and on W.E.B DuBois’ concept of double-consciousness. It also relies on Anne DuCille’s The Coupling Convention, as I attempt to reveal how the unconventional romance plays an integral part in racial/cultural self-affirmation.

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