Relatively little published information on cyanoprokaryote (blue-green algal) blooms in the freshwater wetlands in Western Australia is available. There has been little research on the urban lakes and rivers, examining the relationship between environmental conditions and toxin-producing blooms. In this project the ecology, morphology and toxicity of cyanoprokaryota blooms in 27 metropolitan lakes and sumplands, as well as three major rivers, from 2000 to 2003, on the Swan Coastal Plain (SCP) in the southwest of Western Australia were investigated. / A total of 24 species were identified and described, of which nine species had not been previously documented in the area. This included the potentially toxic species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Anabaena bergii var. limnetica. An illustrated guide to the common bloom-forming species was generated using conventional taxonomic criteria. / Microcystis flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa were the dominant bloom-forming cyanoprokaryotes, widespread in their distribution. Anabaena circinalis, A. bergii var. limnetica and Anabaenopsis elenkinii were the common filamentous species. Anabaena circinalis was common to certain freshwater sites, while A. bergii var. limnetica and A. elenkinii occurred in salinity ranging from fresh (< 1ppt) to hyposaline (3-10 ppt). Sites with similar species assemblages were identified using two-way indicator species analysis and clustering analysis. From this, a distinct distribution pattern emerged, which was defined by the main genera observed in the lakes – Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon and Anabaenopsis. / The spatial and temporal distribution of the common bloom-forming cyanoprokaryote species was examined in conjunction with spring-summer physico-chemical data using principal component analysis. It was found that pH, water temperature and electrical conductivity/salinity accounted for variations among the lakes, with electrical conductivity the variable explaining the greatest variation. Lakes located on the coast, or further inland at the base of the Darling Scarp, were more hyposaline to saline, and the remaining lakes were fresh. Although the SCP lakes form consanguineous groups based on geochemistry and hydrology, no similarities among them were found in terms of water quality. / The relationship between nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations (total and dissolved inorganic) and cyanoprokaryote community structure (N-fixing versus non-N-fixing species) was investigated in five selected lakes; Yangebup Lake, Bibra Lake, Blue Gum Lake, Tomato Lake and Emu Lake. The lakes ranged from mesotrophic to eutrophic and supported spring-summer blooms containing multiple species. Overall an inverse relationship between cyanoprokaryote abundance and total ambient nutrient concentrations at the time of the blooms was evident. No transition in dominance in the community was observed in Yangebup Lake, Emu Lake and Bibra Lake, as they were dominated by non-heterocytic species (M. aeruginosa and M. flos-aquae) throughout spring and summer. For Yangebup Lake and Bibra Lake, the abundance of non-heterocytic species decreased concomitantly with decreasing dissolved inorganic N. In contrast, heterocytic species (A. circinalis) dominated the spring community in Tomato Lake, and summer community in Blue Gum Lake, when N and P concentrations were at their highest. / The presence of microcystins in Microcystis dominated blooms was examined using high performance chromatography. A total of 32 natural bloom samples, representing 13 lakes, were analysed for microcystin variants; -LR, -RR and -YR. Twenty-eight samples proved to be toxic with the highest total microcystin concentration from 1645 to 8428.6 µg L[superscript]-1, the lowest concentrations were less than 10 µg L[superscript]-1 with some below the detection limit. Microcystis aeruginosa and M. flos-aquae were associated with these microcystin-containing blooms, although M. flos-aquae appear to be less toxic. The presence of Nodularia spumigena in the Lake Yangebup was associated with high concentrations of nodularin (1664 µg L[superscript]-1). / Employing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for microcystins and the brine shrimp (Artemia) bioassays allowed a greater number of lake samples to be analysed and provided a rapid assessment of toxicity. The three methods for cyanotoxin detection verified Yangebup Lake, Herdsman Lake, Hyde Park, Jackadder Lake and Emu Lake as highly toxic sites. Low toxicity was demonstrated in samples from Lake Goollelal, Lake Joondalup, Lake Claremont, Blue Gum Lake and North Lake. These results provided the first evidence of cyanotoxin producing blooms in urban lakes of the SCP. / A comparative study on cyanoprokaryota blooms in Swan River estuary, upper Canning River and upper Serpentine River found that these sites, although hyposaline to saline, contained species that were common in the freshwater lakes. Sampling the river systems showed M. aeruginosa, M. flos-aquae, A. circinalis, A. elenkinii and Planktothrix planctonica to be cosmopolitan in distribution, present in SCP wetlands of varied salinity. Similarities between the upper Canning River and lakes in environmental conditions and species assemblage were demonstrated using multivariate analyses. / Toxin analysis of bloom samples from the Swan River and upper Canning River revealed microcystin concentrations were less than that of the surrounding lakes (1.05-124.16 µg L[superscript]-1). Similarly, nodularin concentrations were higher in Yangebup Lake than the upper Serpentine River. However, the dominance of Anabaena in Canning River samples, and the highly toxic result from the Artemia bioassay suggests microcystin is not the predominant cyanotoxin in this wetland. / This study has produced an overview of the distribution and morphology of cyanotoxin-producing cyanoprokaryotes in the SCP wetlands. The data presented provide the basis for further cyanoprokaryote research in Western Australia, in particular the molecular characterisation of bloom-forming toxic species.

Good quality of bathing water is an increasingly important factor taken into account when we choose summer vacations, a place to stay for a weekend or a weekend trip destination. In the Czech Republic, bathing waters may be divided according to the legal status into outdoor swimming pools, surface waters used for bathing (swimming areas), other water surfaces or artificial pools. In my thesis I dealt only with outdoor swimming pools and swimming areas. The difference between them lies in the fact that outdoor swimming pools have their own operators who monitor water quality and provide other services in the waterside. Usually there is a fee charged. Swimming areas have no operators and water quality monitoring is placed under the responsibility of regional public health authorities. In the Czech Republic, at present, 188 outdoor swimming pools and swimming areas have been monitored on a regular basis each bathing season. For my research I chose four sites located in the South Bohemian region and four sites in the South Moravian region. For each of these eight sites, I collected results of laboratory analyses, including categories of water quality in bathing seasons of the past five years, it means from the year 2005. With these obtained data I assessed the water quality development both during the bathing season of 2009 and its evolution over the past five years. On the basis of particular categories of water quality I also tried to compare water quality in the South Bohemian and the South Moravian region and also to compare water quality between individual sampling points in one locality. Another aim was to evaluate some measures and interventions made in order to improve water quality. I focused particularly on the pond Olšovec in the South Moravian region and the VN (water reservoir) Orlík in the South Bohemian region. The results do not show any prominent changes in water quality both during the bathing season 2009 and over the past five years. Pronounced fluctuations in water quality were recorded only at certain locations during the 2007 bathing season. Not even between individual regions significant differences in water quality were found. The proportion of individual water quality categories in the two regions did not differ by more than 4%. We can therefore say that water quality in selected localities in the South Bohemian and South Moravian regions is comparable. As for certain measures and interventions implemented to improve water quality, it is important to focus also on the wider neighborhood of the locality, because it could also be a source of substances worsening water quality.

The industrial area Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält in Halmstad will be transformed into a residential-, service- and educational area. Heavy cloudbursts in the future are more than today's stormwater- and sewer pipes can handle. There is a possibility to supplement the drainage system with blue-green solutions for planned management, retention and storage of stormwater from daily rain and pluvial flooding. The solutions also do other ecosystem services as reducing heat and support biodiversity and their multifunctionality make them suitable on valuable land. This work has studied opportunities for blue-green solutions, especially green roofs, permeable surfaces and multifunctional spaces in Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält. The study questions have been How can Halmstad municipality work with blue-green solutions as a resource in Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält? and Is it possible to point out spaces in the Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält area for blue-green stormwater management? The method consists of a literature study, questions to municipal officials, study of downpour maps and visual inspections. The first study question has been answered trough advantages and disadvantages according to different blue-green solutions, different laws, the planning process, costs and benefits and examples from Malmö and Göteborg amongst others. The second question has been answered trough suggestions of blue-green solutions pointed out on an image of Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält. The image is created from a map overlay of an orthophoto and information from a downpour map, information from aerial photos from Internet and visual inspections on site. The municipality of Halmstad has a chance to start early with sustainable urban drainage systems in Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält. There are ways to calculate costs and maintenance. It is easier and more inexpensive to construct blue-green solutions before the area is finished, than after. Without it, it will be much more expensive to take care of the suffering and the physical costs caused by pluvial flooding.

Huvudsyftet med den här studien var att undersöka vilka parametrar som har störst inverkan på trädens vattentillgång i BlåGrönGråa-system (BGG-system), utvecklat av Edge, och vilka förbättringar som kan göras för att vegetationen bättre ska klara av torka. Ett annat mål med denna studie var attundersöka hur väl det går att efterlikna och simulera BGG-system i modelleringsverktyget MIKESHE, utvecklad av Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI). För att undersöka vilka parametrar som har störst inverkan på BGG-systems vattenhalt varierades; storleken på tillrinningsområdet, crop factor, växtsubstrat, djup på regnbäddarna, växtval, dräneringsdjup och dräneringshastigheten. Alla simuleringarna genomfördes med meteorologisk data för perioden 1991-2020 för att underöka hur årsvariationer påverkar vattenhalten i systemet. Resultaten visar att stadsträd som inte erhåller något tillskott av vatten via tillförsel av dagvatten kommer utsättas för extremt ogynnsamma förhållanden när det kommer till vattentillgång, och att den parameter som har störst inverkan på vattenhalten i BGG-system är storleken på tillrinningsområdet. För att ytterligare förbättra vattentillgången för träden i BGG-system kan växtsubstratet förbättras genom att öka mängden växttillgängligt vatten. Detta föreslås dock framförallt för större träd eller då tillrinningsområdet inte kan utökas ytterligare. Variationen av djupet på regnbäddarna har relativt liten effekt på resultatet, vilket delvis kan förklaras av andra val i satta parametrar. Växtvalet visar sig i denna studie har liten effekt på vattenhalten, vilket delvis beror på modellens utformning och valdaparametrar. Variationen av dräneringsdjupet och dräneringshastigheten visar sig inte ha någon effekt på de resultat som undersöks i denna studie. Modellen som har satts upp beskriver systemet på ett tillförlitligt sätt, och är ett bra första steg föratt ytterligare öka förståelsen för trädens förutsättningar i dagvattenhantering. Men för att kunna dramer långtgående slutsatser om hur träden klarar av torrperioder behöver ytterligare undersökningargenomföras på BGG-system. / The main purpose of this study was to investigate which parameters have the greatest impact on thetrees’ water supply in BlueGreenGray-systems (BGG-system), developed by Edge, and what improvements can be made to the system to make the vegetation able to withstand periods of droughts better. Another aim of this study was to investigate how well it is possible to imitate and simulate BGG-systems in the modeling tool MIKE SHE, developed by the Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI). To investigate which parameters have the greatest impact on the water content in BGG-systems the following parameters was varied; the size of the catchment area, crop factor, plant substrate, depth of the rain beds, plant selection, drainage depth and drainage rate. All simulations were performed with meteorological data for the period 1991-2020 to investigate how annual variations affect the watercontent in the system. The results show that city trees that do not receive any addition of water via the supply of stormwater will be exposed to extremely unfavorable conditions when it comes to water supply, and that the parameter that has the greatest impact on the water content in BGG-systems is the size of the catchment area. To further improve the water supply for the trees in a BGG-system, the plant substrate can be improved by increasing the amount of plant available water. However, this is mainly proposed for larger sized trees or when the catchment area cannot be expanded further. The variation in the depth of the rain beds has a relatively small effect on the result, which can be partly explained by other choices in set parameters. The choice of plant in this study has little effect on the water content, which is partly due to the model’s design and selected parameters. The variation of the drainage depth and the drainage rate does not appear to have any effect on the results examined in this study. The model that has been set up describes the system in a reliable way, and is a good first step to furtherincrease the understanding of the trees conditions in stormwater management. However, in order tobe able to draw more far-reaching conclusions about how trees cope with dry periods, further studiesneed to be carried out on BGG-systems.

The ongoing urbanization leads to densification and growth of cities, which replaces natural areas with hard surfaces. Precipitation is then more likely to runoff as stormwater than to be detained locally. Also, precipitation is predicted to be increasing as an effect of climate change. Traditionally, stormwater has been handled by draining it in underground pipes. As a complement, blue-green infrastructure (BGI) can be used to take care of the increased amount of stormwater. BGI is vegetation and water-based systems that intend to restore the natural flows of water. It does, however, not only provide services for stormwater management but also other services that contribute to human welfare. These are provided for free by nature and are called ecosystem services. By illustrating the value of ecosystem services, the motivation of implementing more BGI can increase. The aim of this project was to provide guidance on how to value ecosystem services that BGI can provide at a district level. The valuation was to be semi-quantitative with the grades 1-5. To do so, ecosystem services were identified and given indicators that could illustrate the extent of the ecosystem services’ presence. Seven different BGI for stormwater management were studied, to determine which added values they can bring into urban settings. The BGI were green roofs, trees, rain gardens, swales, detention basin, detention ponds and attenuation storage tanks. Nine ecosystem services provided by these BGI were then identified. These were flood protection, water treatment, local climate regulation, air quality control, environmental noise control, erosion prevention, recreation, social relations and biodiversity.  Indicators were identified for each ecosystem service through a literature study. It was noted that to value the ecosystem service, it was not enough to only value the presence of the indicators but also necessary to estimate the demand or need for the ecosystem service. Therefore, questions were formed that could help determine the demand for the ecosystem service. The valuation was then based on how well the presence of the ecosystem service corresponded to the demand of it.  After using this valuation method on a case study, it was concluded that this type of valuation is useful for reconstruction projects in an early stage, to illustrate what functions and demands that need to be considered to obtain more ecosystem services. It can then be used for comparison of different proposals, to see which one provides the most ecosystem services. The valuation is conceptual rather than specific. It is useful as it can include any type of ecosystem service but lacks the perspective of costs. / Den pågående urbaniseringen leder till en ökad utbredning och förtätning av städer, vilket innebär att grönytor byts ut mot hårdgjorda. Detta leder till att nederbörd inte omhändertas lokalt utan avrinner istället på de hårdgjorda ytorna som dagvatten. Dessutom förutsägs nederbörden att öka i och med klimatförändringar, vilket ökar mängden dagvatten ytterligare. Traditionellt har dagvatten hanterats genom att avledas i ledningar under mark. Som ett möjligt komplement till denna infrastruktur finns blågrön infrastruktur (BGI). BGI är vegetations- och vattenbaserade system som avser att efterlikna det naturliga flödet av vatten för att minska översvämningsrisken men ger fler nyttor än så. Dessa nyttor benämns ekosystemtjänster. De ökar människors välbefinnande och förses av naturen gratis. Genom att synliggöra värdet av ekosystemtjänster kan motivation till att implementera BGI öka. Syftet med detta projekt var att sammanställa ett beslutsstöd för hur en värdering av ekosystemtjänster från BGI på stadsdelnivå kan gå till. Värderingen skulle vara semi-kvantitativ med en skala 1-5. För att möjliggöra detta identifierades först ekosystemtjänster som sedan tilldelades indikatorer som belyser i vilken utsträckning respektive ekosystemtjänst förekommer. Sju olika blågröna dagvattenlösningar studerades för att avgöra vilka mervärden i form av ekosystemtjänster dessa kan tillföra urbana miljöer. Dessa dagvattensystem var gröna tak, träd, växtbäddar, svackdiken, översvämningsytor, dagvattendammar och fördröjningsmagasin. Nio ekosystemtjänster identifierades kunna uppkomma av dessa blågröna lösningar. Dessa var översvämningsskydd, vattenrening, lokalklimatsreglering, luftrening, bullerreducering, erosionskontroll, rekreation, sociala relationer och biologisk mångfald. För att värdera i vilken utsträckning funktionerna hos ekosystemtjänsterna fanns närvarande togs indikationer fram genom en litteraturstudie. Det ansågs däremot att det inte räckte att enbart värdera förekomsten av ekosystemtjänsten för att bestämma dess värde, utan det var även nödvändigt att studera behovet av dem. Därmed inkluderades frågor som skulle besvara behovet av ekosystemtjänsterna. Värderingen av ekosystemtjänsten baserades då på hur väl förekomsten av ekosystemtjänsten svarade mot behovet. Efter att denna värdering använts på en fallstudie kunde det konstateras att denna typ av värdering är användbar i ett tidigare skede av ombyggnadsprojekt, för att belysa vilka funktioner och behov som behöver tas i beaktande för att erhålla olika ekosystemtjänster. Den kan även användas vid jämförelse av olika förslag, för att visa på vilket förslag som bidrar med mest ekosystemtjänster. Värderingen är konceptuell snarare än specifik och har fördelen att alla ekosystemtjänster kan värderas men belyser enbart nyttor och inte kostnader.

Flooding has been identified as the most widespread and most frequently occurring natural disaster by the United Nation. Sweden is no exception when it comes to being affected by flooding, and several major flood events have been seen in recent years. The Swedish National Board of Building, Housing and Planning published a report on climate adaption in 2010 where they stated that Sweden is missing over all strategies and goals meet the demands of more frequent and intense rain events. Present thesis aimed to develop planning support for integration of hydrological perspectives in urban planning to manage water related risks such as flooding and high water levels. This was done through hydrodynamic modelling in MIKE FLOOD, developed by the DHI, where a 1D stream model was coupled with a 2D free-surface flow model. The model was run for three different scenarios reflecting current conditions (Scenario 1), climate change (Scenario 2) and land use change (Scenario 3). The study area chosen for present study was Kista residential area, located northwest of Stockholm, and part of Igelbäcken stream that runs by Kista. Igelbäcken stream was represented by a 1D stream model in the software MIKE 11 provided by DHI and Järfälla municipality, whereas a 2D model in MIKE 21 for Kista and the stream surroundings was setup throughout the project. Data was provided by Stockholm Vatten och Avfall and processed in ArcMap before it could be used in the modelling. The MIKE 21 model required data regarding topography, land use, and precipitation. A 100-year flood, based on a series of designed rain events with various duration and intensity, was used as precipitation input to replicated a hypothetical major rain event. Flooding in Scenario 2 was more extensive than flooding in Scenario 1, which was expected since Scenario 2 was based on a 100-year flood with a climate change factor of 1.25 and projection for year 2100. Scenario 3, which represented a “worst case” scenario with all planned exploitation of Kista identified as impermeable surface, forced the water to move further down in the topography compared with Scenario 1. Several buildings were more or less surrounded by at least 0.3 meter of water in Scenario 3. Water levels in Igelbäcken stream were strongly affected by the rain events and showed an increase of 0.4, 0.9, and 0.4 meter for the three scenarios at the end of the simulations which lasted for six hours. In conclusion, findings of present study show larger flooding extent that previously performed studies in the area and they reflect fast response in Igelbäcken stream with respect to increased water level. Indicating that effects from major rain events should not be underestimated. Furthermore, the findings could prove useful for identification of major runoff pathways and identification of suitable locations for multifunctional with respect to infiltration and retardation, if available at an early stage in the planning process. Thus, this type of study could prove useful for integration of hydrology in the urban planning process. / Översvämningar har identifierats som världens mest utspridda och vanligast förekommande naturkatastroftyp av FN. Sverige är inget undantag när det kommer till påverkas av översvämningar, under de senaste åren har flera stora översvämningar förekommit i landet. Boverket publicerade 2010 en rapport gällande Sveriges hantering av klimatanpassning. Slutsatsen av denna rapport var att övergripande strategier och mål för klimatanpassning saknas när det gäller hantering av kraftiga skyfall och att bättring krävs för en hållbar samhällsutveckling. Denna studie syftade till att utveckla planeringsstöd för integrering av ett hydrologiskt perspektiv i urban planering för att hantera vattenrelaterade risker så som översvämning och höga vattennivåer. Detta gjordes genom hydrodynamiks modellering i mjukvaran MIKE FLOOD, utvecklad av DHI, där en 1D vattendragsmodell kopplades till en 2D ytavrinningsmodell. Modellen kördes för tre scenarion: nuläget (Scenario 1), klimatförändring (Scenario 2) och förändrad markanvändning (Scenario 3). Förorten Kista, belägen nordväst om Stockholm, och den del av Igelbäcken som passerar Kista valdes som studieområde. Igelbäcken representerades av en 1D vattendragsmodell, MIKE 11, som tillhandahölls av DHI, medan en 2D ytavrinningsmodell i MIKE 21 sattes upp för Kista och Igelbäckens omgivning under projektets gång. Data tillhandahölls av Stockholm Vatten och Avfall och bearbetades i ArcMap innan den kunde användas i modelleringen. MIKE 21 modellen baserades på data rörande topografi, markanvändning och nederbörd. Ett 100-års regn, baserat på en serie möjliga 100-års regn med varierande intensitet och varaktighet, användes som nederbördsdata för att efterlikna ett hypotetiskt kraftigt skyfall. Översvämning i Scenario 2 hade en större utbredning än Scenario 1, vilket var väntat då Scenario 2 baserades på ett 100-års regn med en klimatförändringfaktor på 1.25 och en klimatprojektion för år 2100. Scenario 3, vilket representerade ett ”värsta möjliga” scenario med all planerad exploatering i Kista definierad som icke genomsläpplig yta, tvingade vatten som ansamlats på ytan att röra sig längre ner i topografin eller fångade det på nya ställen i studieområdet jämfört med Scenario 1. Ett flertal byggnader var till stor del omringade av ett vattendjup på åtminstone 0.3 meter i Scenario 3. Vattennivåer i Igelbäcken var inledningsvis väldigt låga, men påvisade sedan en ökning av 0.4, 0.9 samt 0.4 meter i respektive scenario vid simuleringens slut (vilken varade i sex timmar). Sammanfattningsvis påvisade studien större översvämningsspridning än tidigare genomförd översvämningsmodellering i området. Vidare visade resultaten en snabb respons i Igelbäcken med avseende på vattennivåförändringar vid simuleringens slut. Detta indikerar att påverkan från kraftiga skyfall inte bör underskattas. Resultaten ses som användbara i ett tidigt stadie av planeringsprocessen för identifiering av viktiga ytavrinningsvägar i landskapet samt för lokalisering av lämpliga ytor för etablering av multifunktionella ytor, till exempel parker, med avseende på infiltration och fördröjning av dagvatten. Denna typ av studie kan därmed ses som användbar för integration av ett hydrologiskt perspektiv i den urbana planeringsprocessen.

Over the past decades, the fast-changing global climate poses a significant challenge to many cities around the world to embrace resilience concepts, whereby a safe-to-fail planning approach replaces traditional fail-safe practices. The change in perspectives has seen an increase in climate-adapted infrastructural projects being integrated with the new urban planning agendas across the world. The investigation conducted was designed to understand the process of how resilience concepts travel between different cities, by investigating the actors who move policy knowledge, their roles in it, as well as the knowledge transfer process mechanism that is responsible for the movement of such policies. The investigation took advantage of a scoping study technique to answer the research questions, using mostly secondary data and an interview to verify the secondary sources. The findings and the discussion provided insights on who is involved in resilience policies and how these policies are transferred from one place to another. The investigation uncovered the influence policy mobilizers has on the movement of policy knowledge, as well as how the mobilization of policy knowledge can both be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the way it was moved or implemented. / Under de senaste decennierna utgör det snabba föränderliga globala klimatet en betydande utmaning för många städer runt om i världen med att anamma motståndskraftskoncept, där en planeringsstrategi med säkerhet att misslyckas ersätter traditionella felsäkra metoder. Förändringen i perspektiv har ökat klimatanpassade infrastrukturprojekten som integrerats med nya stadsplaneringsagendorna över hela världen. Studien genomfördes för att få en förståelse av hur motståndskraftskonceptet färdas mellan olika städer och detta genomfördes genom att undersöka de aktörer som förflyttar politisk kunskap och deras roller i den samt den kunskapsöverföringsmekanism som är ansvarig för rörelsen av sådan politik. Studien utnyttjade en scoping-studieteknik för att få svar på forskningsfrågorna, med mestadels sekundär data och en intervju för att verifiera sekundärkällorna. Resultaten och diskussionen gav insikter om vem som är inblandad i motståndskraft och hur policy överförs från en plats till en annan. Studien avslöjade även inflytande av politiskt mobilisering och kunskap som både kan vara fördelaktig eller skadlig beroende på hur den flyttades eller genomfördes.

The global mean temperature is continuously increasing despite of the Paris Agreement’s goal of keeping it from rising more than 1.5-2°C above pre-industrial levels. Cities are the main contributors to the increasing temperature as they emit more than 70% of total global CO2 emissions. Therefore, it is important to achieve net-zero emissions in cities to stop temperature from increasing further. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have proven to be a cost-effective strategy to reduce CO2 emissions in urban environments (by up to 25%). Research needs to be conducted on how NbS should be incorporated into policy for them to have the best effects and desired outcomes. This thesis explores how NbS can be effectively implemented in environmental policies to reach set goals and achieve desired effects. It aims to explore factors in the Stockholm Royal Seaport (SRS) environmental policy that can strengthen and constrain the implementation of NbS. The intention of this thesis is also to learn how this area’s policy affects the collaboration between stakeholders, including residents, in this area. The research questions of this thesis are: (1) What are the environmental policies related to Nature-based Solutions used by Stockholm Royal Seaport to achieve climate positivity and strengthen ecosystem services? (2) What key factors in the environmental policies in Stockholm Royal Seaport can be identified as supporting or constraining the implementation of Nature-based Solutions? (3) How do the environmental policies in Stockholm Royal Seaport affect the collaboration among stakeholders in this area? A case study on SRS is conducted to answer these questions. The data is collected from this area’s latest steering document and sustainability report, and interviews. Thematic analysis is used to analyse the collected data. The results from the exploratory research are that SRS’s policies presented in goal four of the steering document, such as the promotion of blue and green infrastructure, positively affect the NbS used in this area to strengthen ecosystem services. However, these solutions are not explicitly identified as strategies to achieve climate positivity. Two key factors that support implementing NbS in SRS have been identified. The first is the requirement for developments to follow the stormwater management strategy and the Green Space Index. Second is the encouragement of collaboration between stakeholders. Three key constraining factors identified are: 1) the lack of definition and communication of the NbS strategies, and the reason for implementing them; 2) the lack of mention and explanation of NbS in the steering document; 3) limiting budgets. The policy in SRS is highly focused on, and encourages, collaboration and knowledge development between stakeholders, therefore, it is concluded that this area’s policy has a positive effect on this policy aspect and contributes to increasing collaboration.

Klimatförändringar ställer allt högre krav på våra städer då nederbörden ökar. Samtidigt förtätas städerna med stor andel hårdgjord yta och fler funktioner behöver konkurrera om ytorna. Risken för översvämningar ökar och dagvattnet förorenas då det traditionella VA- systemen inte klarar av nederbörden. Att klimatanpassa städerna ses som en stor samhällsutmaning, och som kräver ett mer hållbart dagvattensystem. Blå-grön-(grå) dagvattensystem bestående av växter och naturliga material, som fördröjer nederbörd anses vara goda alternativ för ett mer hållbart dagvattensystem. Blå-grön-(grå) dagvattensystem i befintlig stadsmiljö kan innebära en komplex process då nya former av infrastruktur byggs, inom dagvattenområdet som berör flera förvaltningar och aktörer. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka hinder, möjligheter och drivkrafter det finns för implementering av blå-grön-(grå) dagvattenhantering i befintlig stadsmiljö, samt hur kunskapsdelning av blå-grön-(grå) dagvattenhantering sker i de tre fallen. De teorier som utgör grunden för uppsatsen är kollaborativ styrning, som beskriver hur samverkan kan skapa drivkrafter och möjligheter för att lösa samhällsutmaningar. Samt teorin om good practice för att dela kunskap som väver samman expertkunskaper med platsspecifika kunskaper. Uppsatsen bygger på en flerfallstudie, där Lund, Malmö och Göteborg undersökts som enskilda fall. Flerfallsstudien bygger på kvalitativa dokumentstudier, intervjuer och platsbesök. Resultatet visar att det finns övergripande hinder (Platsutmaning, gällande regelverk) som kommunerna möter, men även lokala hinder. Samt att blå-grön-(grå) dagvattenhantering skapar möjligheter genom kostnadsbesparingar i förhållande till att separera kombinerat ledningsnät och genom ekosystemtjänster. Drivkrafter av olika karaktär identifierades och studien visar att flera olika typer av drivkrafter idag är gynnsamt för att kommuner ska vilja investera i blå-grön-(grå) dagvattenhantering. Kunskapsdelningen som sprider praktikerna vidare anser denna studie vara good practice och undersökta kommuner ser möjligheter att implementera mer blå-grön-(grå) dagvattenhantering i befintlig miljö, genom förvaltningsöverskridande samverkan. / Climate change poses increasing demands on our cities as precipitation levels rise. Simultaneously, cities are becoming denser with a large proportion of hardened surfaces, and more functions need to compete for space. The risk of flooding increases and stormwater becomes polluted as traditional water and sewage systems cannot handle the precipitation. Adapting cities to climate change is seen as a major societal challenge, requiring a more sustainable stormwater system. Blue-green-(grey) stormwater systems consisting of plants and natural materials that delay precipitation are considered good alternatives for a more sustainable stormwater system. Blue-green-(grey) stormwater systems in existing urban environments can entail a complex process when new forms of infrastructure are built within the stormwater sector, involving several administrations and stakeholders. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the obstacles, opportunities, and driving forces for implementing blue-green-(grey) stormwater management in existing urban environments, and how knowledge sharing of blue-green-(grey) stormwater management occurs in the three cases. The theories forming the basis of the thesis are collaborative governance, which describes how cooperation can create driving forces and opportunities to solve societal challenges, and the theory of good practice for sharing knowledge that combines expert knowledge with site-specific knowledge. The thesis is based on a multiple case study, where Lund, Malmö, and Gothenburg are examined as individual cases. The multiple case study is based on qualitative document studies, interviews, and site visits. The results show that there are overarching obstacles (site challenges, legislation) that municipalities face, as well as local obstacles. Additionally, blue-green-(grey) stormwater management creates opportunities through cost savings in relation to separating combined sewer systems and through ecosystem services. Various types of driving forces were identified, and the study shows that several different types of driving forces are currently favorable for municipalities to invest in blue-green-(grey) stormwater management. Knowledge sharing that disseminates the practices further is considered good practice by this study, and the investigated municipalities see opportunities to implement more blue-green- (grey) systems in existing environments, through cross-administrative collaboration.

This thesis presents a field study examining the effect of the Active, Beautiful and Clean Waters (ABC Waters) Programme in Singapore on social capital. Based on a multi-disciplinary approach and following the theoretical framework of bonding and bridging social capital developed by Robert Putnam and others, three different cases of the ABC Programme were compared, looking particularly at the level of blue-green landscape integration. The three cases comprised the ABC flagship project ‘Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park’ with high level of blue-green integration as well as the green and the grey section of the Ulu Pandan Park Connector with medium and low level of blue-green integration, respectively. Quantitative data was obtained by counting the share of park users engaged in social interaction and by surveying 330 park users on the perceptions of social interaction and integration. In addition to the quantitative data, a total of 60 face-to-face interviews were carried out in the three park areas, providing an in-depth understanding of the perceptions of the surrounding areas. The study concludes that the ABC Waters Programme is a strong generator of social capital, offering an attractive place for social bonding and to some extent also for social bridging.