Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marines Paula Corso.pdf: 1620093 bytes, checksum: f201689e8dddd4584e8c6385a0a0db3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-08 / The vegetable oils extraction has been made mostly through the use of organic solvents through conventional methods. However, due to the search for getting oils with larger quality, without thermal degradation of wished components and safe techniques with contamination reduction by the solvents, a great interest has been demonstrated in the processes development with supercritical fluid in oils and fats industries. Therefore, the current study aimed at to investigate the sesame seeds oil extraction, using the supercritical fluid carbon dioxide and pressurized n-propane. At first, it was made the seeds characterization, and after drying, grind and sifting, they were submitted to the oil extraction with the fluid supercritical CO2 under temperature in different conditions (40, 50 and 60 ºC) and pressure (19, 22 and 25 MPa) and with n-propane in the temperature conditions of 30, 45 and 60 ºC and of pressure of 8, 10 and 12 MPa. The experiments were led through factorial planning with central point of the kind 22 and the processes were compared with the conventional extraction in joint soxhlet with solvent n-hexane. The oil samples were submitted to the analyses of fat acids quantification and differential scanning calorimetry, and the pie was analyzed regarding its protein level. With the data obtained in the extractions were tried the models: Sovová, Tan and Liou and an empiric kinetic model of second order. Through the results it was verified that for the extractions with supercritical CO2 in the studied conditions, more elevated pressures and lower temperatures increased the oil solubility, presenting, both the variables, significant effects (p<0,05). For the extractions with pressurized n-propane, the best solubilities were obtained in higher temperature conditions, independent of pressure. However, statistically, the variable pressure and temperature did not present significant effects about the solubility. The n-propane fluid presented a larger extraction level, with oil larger mass proportion for solvent mass, using conditions of inferior pressure, being, therefore, considerably more advantageous than supercritical CO2. In relation the conventional extraction with n-hexane, it presented a high performance, however with extremely high extraction time if compared to the time used to extraction with pressurized n-propane. The oil extracted even in supercritical conditions with CO2, as well as the extracted with pressurized n-propane presented better oxidative stability, nominated by the time of oxidation induction, than the extracted conventionally with n-hexane. Regarding to the fat acids composition, the oils extracted under the deferential process did not present significant difference. About the protein level of the pie, with pressurized n-propane, it was also possible to obtain a similar pie to the obtained with supercritical CO2, however in a very shorter extraction time. For the extractions accomplished with CO2, Sovová and Souza et al. models were the ones that were better adjusted. / A extração de óleos vegetais tem sido efetuada principalmente através do uso de solventes orgânicos por métodos convencionais, porém devido à busca pela obtenção de óleos com maior qualidade, sem degradação térmica de componentes desejados e técnicas seguras com redução de contaminação pelos solventes, um grande interesse tem sido demonstrado no desenvolvimento de processos com fluidos supercríticos em indústrias de óleos e gorduras. Portanto, o presente trabalho visou investigar a extração de óleo de sementes de gergelim, utilizando os fluidos dióxido de carbono supercrítico e n-propano pressurizado. Inicialmente efetuou-se a caracterização das sementes, e após secagem moagem e peneiramento, as mesmas foram submetidas à extração de óleo com os fluidos CO2 supercrítico sob diferentes condições de temperatura (40, 50 e 60 ºC) e de pressão (19, 22 e 25 MPa) e com n-propano nas condições de temperatura de 30, 45 e 60 ºC e de pressão de 8, 10 e 12 MPa. Os experimentos foram conduzidos através de planejamento fatorial com ponto central do tipo 22 e os processos foram comparados com a extração convencional em conjunto soxhlet com solvente n-hexano. As amostras de óleo foram submetidas às análises de quantificação de ácidos graxos e calorimetria diferencial de varredura e a torta foi analisada quanto ao seu teor protéico. Com os dados obtidos nas extrações, foram testados os modelos: Sovová, Tan e Liou e um modelo cinético empírico de segunda ordem. Pelos resultados constatou-se que para as extrações com CO2 supercritico nas condições estudadas, pressões mais elevadas e temperaturas mais baixas aumentaram a solubilidade do óleo, apresentando, ambas as variáveis, efeitos significativos (p<0,05). Para as extrações com n-propano pressurizado, as melhores solubilidades foram obtidas em condições de maior temperatura, independente da pressão, porém estatisticamente, as variáveis pressão e temperatura não apresentaram efeitos significativos sobre a solubilidade. O fluido n-propano apresentou maior taxa de extração, com maior proporção massa de óleo por massa de solvente, utilizando condições de pressão inferiores, sendo, portanto, consideravelmente mais vantajoso do que CO2 supercrítico. Em relação a extração convencional com n-hexano, a mesma apresentou um alto rendimento, porém com tempo de extração extremamente alto se comparado ao tempo utilizado para extração com n-propano pressurizado. O óleo extraído tanto em condições supercríticas com CO2, como o extraído com n-propano pressurizado apresentou melhor estabilidade oxidativa, indicada pelo tempo de indução da oxidação, do que o extraído convencionalmente com n-hexano. Quanto à composição de ácidos graxos, os óleos extraídos sob os deferentes processo não apresentaram diferença significativa. Quanto ao teor protéico da torta, com n-propano pressurizado também foi possível obter uma torta semelhante à obtida com CO2 supercrítico, porém em tempo de extração bem inferior. Para as extrações realizadas com CO2, os modelos de Sovová e Souza et al. foram os que melhor se ajustaram.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Mantovani Pederssetti.pdf: 917281 bytes, checksum: 50ba8dd14f7101247d812d9fdf8375a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-08 / Currently it is possible to observe a great interest in the consumption of canola oil due to medical and nutritionist indication as a functional food for people who are interested in a healthy diet, for the reason of its excellent composition of fatty acid. The most common employed process to the canola oil extraction is the use of organic solvents, normally it is used the n-hexane that is toxic, flammable, coming from non-renewable source and hazardous to the employees health. Pharmaceutical products, food and cosmetics can be got with the use of a solvent in the supercritical phase with the advantage of using non-toxic solvents and of working on very relatively low temperatures, being easily separated of the final product due to its high volatility, resulting in higher increase and selectivity to the ones found in the conventional processes. This work had as objective to study the behavior of canola solubility by using supercritical CO2 and pressurized n-propane in different experimental conditions and comparing to the conventional extraction. The operational conditions by using the supercritical CO2 as a solvent were: the temperatures of 40, 50 e 60 ºC and pressure of 20, 22,5 e 25 MPa. For the npropane solvent were established temperatures of 30, 45 e 60 ºC and pressure of 8, 10 e 12 MPa. The experimental planning applied on this study was the Factorial Planning with a central point of the type 22. The extracted samples in the different operational conditions were submitted to the oxidative stability analysis through the techniques of Exploratory Differential Calorimeter. It was accomplished the protein analysis of a bran. It was also accomplished a mathematical model through of a second order empirical model and the model of Sovová, to the experimental data obtained in the extraction with CO2 e n-propane. The results for the extraction by using the CO2 as a solvent have shown that the canola oil is more soluble in low temperature and high-pressure conditions. For the pressurized n-propane solvent, the best mass increase has occurred in the condition of higher temperature and pressure. The time for extraction with the n-propane was considerable shorter when compared to other solvents, being a better solvent to be used in the extraction of the canola oil. The conventional extraction with n-hexane has presented a high increase, even though the extraction has happened within a time of 20 hours, much higher when compared to the time of extraction using the supercritical CO2 and the pressurized n-propane. In the oxidative stability analysis of the oils was observed that the obtained oils within the three methods of extraction presented a good time of oxidative induction. The analysis done with the pies have shown that the values between the solvents CO2 and n-propane form next, just changing from the extracted pies with n-hexane, however the time of extraction with this solvent was higher when compared to the others. The mathematical model of a second order as the Sovová model, applied to the experimental data in the extraction with supercritical CO2 and pressurized n-propane, in all the operational conditions has adjusted to the canola oil. / Nos dias atuais observa-se um grande interesse no consumo do óleo de canola devido à indicação por médicos e nutricionistas como alimento funcional para pessoas interessadas em uma dieta saudável em razão da sua excelente composição de ácidos graxos. O processo mais comumente utilizado para a extração do óleo de canola é a utilização de solventes orgânicos, geralmente é usado o n-hexano que é tóxico, inflamável, provindo de fonte não renovável e perigosa a saúde de funcionários. Produtos farmacêuticos, alimentícios e cosméticos podem ser obtidos através do uso de um solvente na fase supercrítica com as vantagens de se utilizar solventes atóxicos e de se trabalhar a temperaturas relativamente baixas, sendo facilmente separado do produto final, devido a sua alta volatilidade, resultando em rendimento e seletividades superiores aos obtidos nos processos convencionais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o comportamento da solubilidade da canola, utilizando CO2 supercrítico e n-propano pressurizado, em diferentes condições experimentais e comparar com a extração convencional. As condições operacionais utilizando o CO2 supercrítico como solvente foram: temperaturas de 40, 50 e 60 ºC e pressões de 20, 22,5 e 25 MPa. Para o solvente n-propano foram estabelecidas temperaturas de 30, 45 e 60 ºC e pressões de 8, 10 e 12 MPa. O planejamento experimental utilizado nesse estudo foi o Planejamento Fatorial com ponto central do tipo 22. As amostras de óleo extraídas nas diferentes condições operacionais foram submetidas à análise de estabilidade oxidativa através da técnica de Calorimetria Diferencial Exploratória. Realizou-se também análise de proteína da torta. Foi realizada a modelagem matemática através de um modelo empírico de segunda ordem e do modelo de Sovová, para os dados experimentais obtidos nas extrações com CO2 e n-propano. Os resultados para as extrações utilizando o CO2 como solvente mostraram que o óleo de canola é mais solúvel em condições de baixa temperatura e pressão elevada. Para o solvente npropano pressurizado, o melhor rendimento de massa ocorreu na condição de maior temperatura e pressão. O tempo de extração com n-propano foi consideravelmente menor quando comparado aos outros solventes, se mostrando um melhor solvente a ser utilizado na extração do óleo de canola. A extração convencional com n-hexano apresentou um alto rendimento, no entanto a extração ocorreu em um tempo de 20 horas, muito acima quando comparado ao tempo de extração utilizando o CO2 supercrítico e n-propano pressurizado. Na análise da estabilidade oxidativa dos óleos, observou-se que os óleos obtidos nos três métodos de extração apresentaram um bom tempo de indução oxidativa. As análises de proteína realizadas nas tortas demonstraram que os valores entre os solventes CO2 e npropano foram próximos, diferindo apenas das tortas extraídas com n-hexano, porém o tempo de extração com esse solvente foi maior quando comparado aos demais. O modelo matemático de segunda ordem, assim como o modelo de Sovová, aplicado aos dados experimentais na extração com CO2 supercrítico e n-propano pressurizado, se ajustaram em todas as condições operacionais para a extração do óleo de canola.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lexandra Novaki.pdf: 494663 bytes, checksum: dd065fb2df65e19ff5515118352e33a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-16 / The invertase, enzyme found in yeast, above all in the Sacharomyces cerevisiae species, invertebrate, vertebrate, green alga, bacteries, vegetal and fungus, is one of the principal accountable for sucrose hydrolysis to form the inverted syrup, is used by the food industry and pharmacy, in the hydrolyses of rafinose, inulin and gentianose. In the present work, the invertase was produced by Aspergillus casiellus through solid state fermentation, using the industrial waste of soy bran, during a period of 72 h at 25ºC. The enzyme extraction was done by shaking at 120 rpm to period of 1h. The extract obtained was filtered and stocked in freezer. The enzyme recovery was done throughout the protein precipitation with organic solvents, ammonium sulphate and thermal shock. The invertase purification was carried-out in anion-exchange chromatography DEAE-cellulose. It was characterized the enzyme activity of fermented material, the stability relationship to temperature and pH, optimum temperature and pH, effect of the presence of some ions, chelating, redutors agents and detergents, beyond the neutral carbohydrate content determination and specificity to the substrate. The specific enzyme activity was 1029,75 U/mg after the period of 72h of fermentation using soybean bran as substrate. The precipitation with ammonium sulphate and solvents was less efficient than thermal shock for the invertase recovery. The enzyme was purified through thermal shock and anion-exchange chromatography in DEAE-cellulose with a purification factor of 30,30 fold and a yield of 42,70%. The electrophoretic analyses demonstrated that the studied invertase presents molar mass around 25.5 kDa. After submitted to the purification steps, the enzyme showed optimum pH 4.0 and temperature 70ºC. In relation to the stability, after 24 hours of incubation at pH 4.0, the invertase maintained 50% of residual activity. The invertase showed thermalstability at 60 70ºC not arrive the half-life time in 240 minutes was observed 40% of the catalytic capacity remained. In temperatures of 75-85ºC, 40% of residual activity were maintained after 4h of incubation. The partially purified invertase didn´t need metallic ions for catalytic activity, but the presence of Al3+ and Cu+ improved the activity, and Sn2+ challenged decrease in the activity. Sugar content corresponded to 36.57% of total mass protein. The invertase of A. casiellus demonstrated specificity to sucrose. For purification of the invertase of Aspergillus casiellus, induced through soybean bran, were needed 2 steps made up anion-exchange chromatography DEAE-cellulose, which turn the process practible and with few time despended relationship to the others process. The use of agroindustrial waste to obtain invertase is becoming an instrument to development of clean technology, converting the waste in a valuable product. / A invertase, enzima encontrada em leveduras, sobretudo na espécie Sacharomyces cerevisiae, invertebrados, vertebrados, algas verdes, bactérias, vegetais e fungos, é uma das principais responsáveis pela hidrólise da sacarose para a formação de açúcar invertido e é utilizada por indústrias alimentícias e farmacêuticas, na hidrólise da rafinose, inulina e gentianose. No presente trabalho objetivou-se a purificação e caracterização parcial da invertase, obtida por fermentação em estado sólido. A invertase foi produzida por Aspergillus casiellus utilizando como substrato farelo de soja por um período de 72 a 220h, a 25 ºC. A extração das enzimas foi feita utilizando shaker a 120 rpm por um período de 1h. O extrato obtido foi filtrado e estocado em freezer. A recuperação da enzima invertase foi feita através de precipitação das proteínas com solventes orgânicos, sulfato de amônio e através de choque térmico. A purificação da invertase foi conduzida em coluna de DEAE-celulose. Foram caracterizados atividade enzimática do material fermentado, a estabilidade quanto à temperatura e ao pH, temperatura e pH ótimos, efeito da presença de íons, quelantes, agentes redutores e detergentes, além da determinação de carboidratos neutros e especificidade ao substrato. A atividade específica do extrato bruto foi de 1029,75 após um período de 72h de fermentação usando o farelo de soja como substrato. A recuperação por precipitação por sulfato de amônio e solventes foi menos eficiente que um choque térmico para a recuperação da invertase do extrato bruto. A enzima foi parcialmente purificada através de precipitação por choque térmico (utilizando sobrenadante) e cromatografia de troca aniônica em DEAE-celulose com um fator de purificação de 30,30 vezes e rendimento de 42,70%. As análises eletroforéticas estimaram a massa molecular da invertase estudada em torno de 25,5 kDa. Após ser submetida às etapas de purificação, a enzima manteve as condições ótimas de pH 4,0 e de temperatura 70 ºC. Após 24 horas de incubação em pH 4,0, a invertase homogênea manteve 50% de atividade enzimática residual. A invertase demonstrou termoresistência em temperaturas de 60 a 70ºC não atingindo o tempo de meia vida em 240 minutos. Nas temperaturas de 75 a 80ºC foram mantidas aproximadamente 40% da atividade residual após 4 horas de incubação. A invertase parcialmente purificada não demonstrou a necessidade de íons metálicos para a ativação catalítica, mas a presença de íons Al3+ e Cu+ provocaram aumento da atividade, enquanto que Sn2+ diminuiu a atividade catalítica. O conteúdo de carboidratos corresponde a 36,57% da massa total de proteína. A invertase do A. casiellus demonstrou ser especificidade à sacarose. Para a purificação da invertase de Aspergillus casiellus, induzido por farelo de soja, foram necessários 2 passos constituídos de colunas cromatográficas de troca-iônica DEAE-Celulose, o que torna o processo viável e com tempo despendido em relação a outros processos. O uso de resíduo agroindustrial para obtenção da invertase torna-se uma ferramenta para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias limpas, convertendo o resíduo em questão em um produto de maior valor agregado.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Rice bran oil (RBO) is a natural rich source of antioxidants and contains a balanced fatty acids composition, which is of great interest for application in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the rice bran oil extraction using supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2), SFE-CO2 assisted by ultrasound (US) and with compressed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Also, the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of extracts were evaluated. In the SFE, pressure (150 250 bar) and temperature (40 80 °C) conditions were studied, while in the SFE + US the variables studied were power (160 320 W) and time of ultrasound application (40 120 min). In the extraction using LPG, the pressure (5 25 bar) and the temperature (20 30°C) effects were investigated. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assayed by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method and the chemical composition by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The maximum yields achieved of RBO were 12.68%, at 250 bar and 40 °C, in the SFE, 12.65%, using 160 W for 40 min in the SFE assisted by US, and 12.07% at 25 bar and 40°C in the extraction with compressed LPG. The antioxidant activity of the extracts ranged from 54.55 71.67% in the SFE, 69.26 72.42% in the SFE + US and 63.55 67.49% in the extraction with compressed LPG. The main antioxidant compound found in different processes was the β-sitosterol, which is one of sterols that compose the γ-oryzanol. The US application in SFE accelerated the process and increased the RBO yield in approximately 27%. In the SFE and SFE + US processes were spent 120 min to obtain 81.93% and 64.38%, respectively, while extraction with compressed LPG took only 5 minutes to extract 78.17% of oil, showing high oil solubility in this solvent. In general, the processes performed well in the recovery of rice bran oil, being considered as technically viable alternatives to conventional processes. / O óleo do farelo de arroz (RBO) é uma fonte natural rica em antioxidantes e contém uma composição balanceada de ácidos graxos, o que é de grande interesse para aplicação na indústria alimentícia, cosmética e farmacêutica. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a extração do óleo de farelo de arroz pelos processos de extração supercrítica utilizando dióxido de carbono (ESC-CO2), ESC-CO2 assistida por ultrassom (US) e extração com gás liquefeito de petróleo comprimido (GLP), além de avaliar a atividade antioxidante e a composição química dos extratos obtidos. Na ESC foram estudadas as condições de pressão (150 250 bar) e temperatura (40 80 °C), enquanto na ESC + US as variáveis estudadas foram potência (160 320 W) e o tempo de aplicação (40 120 min) do ultrassom. Nas extrações com GLP foi investigado o efeito da pressão (5 25 bar) e da temperatura (20 30 °C). A atividade antioxidante dos extratos foi determinada pelo método do radical DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila) e a composição química por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Os rendimentos máximos alcançados de RBO foram de 12,68%, a 250 bar e 40°C, na ESC, 12,65%, utilizando 160 W por 40 min na ESC assistida por US, e de 12,07% a 25 bar e 40°C na extração com GLP comprimido. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos variou de 54,55 71,67% na ESC, de 69,26 72,42% na ESC + US e de 63,55 67,49% na extração com GLP. O principal composto antioxidante encontrado nos diferentes processos foi o β-sitosterol, que é um dos esteróis que compõem o γ-orizanol. A aplicação do US na ESC acelerou o processo e aumentou em aproximadamente 27% o rendimento de RBO. Nos processos de ESC com e sem aplicação de US foram dispendidos 120 minutos para obtenção de 81,93% e 64,38% de rendimento, respectivamente, enquanto que a extração com GLP comprimido levou apenas 5 minutos para extrair 78,17% de óleo, mostrando a elevada solubilidade do óleo nesse solvente. De um modo geral, os processos obtiveram um bom desempenho na recuperação do óleo do farelo de arroz, sendo consideradas alternativas tecnicamente viáveis aos processos convencionais.

Wheat bran is a promising material containing a wide range of useful components, including proteins. In addition, it is produced in significant volumes. Currently, wheat bran is used for the production of energy by combustion and for feed purposes. Gradually, new methods of valorization of this material are being sought. One of the possibilities of using wheat bran is the isolation of proteins, hydrolysis, and separation of selected amino acids. This diploma thesis deals with this issue, it is focused on the recovery of arginine and leucine from a protein isolate. Proteins were extracted from wheat bran by changing the pH. Thanks to the subsequent lyophilization a protein isolate was gained. Prior to hydrolysis of the resulting isolate, a stability test of arginine and leucine amino acid standards was first performed, to which various hydrolysis methods were applied. Acid hydrolysis using a mineralizer, which was applied to the protein isolate, was proved to be the most effective. This was followed by the derivatization of the hydrolysates with OPA and analysis of the resulting hydrolysates by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-VIS detection. Then, suitable adsorption and desorption conditions were optimized. It was found that the time dependence does not affect the amount of adsorbed material on the sorbent. Therefore, an application time of 15 minutes was chosen. While optimizing the amount of used standard, it was found that the optimal weight was 0.25 g of sorbent. The selected conditions were applied to the protein hydrolyzate. Two fractions were obtained by the separation of selected amino acids due to the change in the pH of the citrate buffer. After the application of this procedure, 0.26 g of arginine and 0.82 g of leucine were obtained from one kilogram after evaporation. From evaporation two, 1.01 g of arginine and 0.25 g of leucine were obtained after evaporation.

This master thesis deals with an optimization of processes of isolation of ferulic acid from wheat bran. Process of isolation based on alkaline hydrolysis from the substance and its adsorption was tested. In the theoretical part were described wheat bran, adsorption proces and used methods. For adsorption were tested five types of adsorbents. Especially these adsorbents: activation carbon (2,53 ± 1,16 mg.l-1), Amberlyst A-21 (105,73 ± 11,87 mg.l-1, Amberlit XAD-16 (241,55 ± 10,42 mg.l-1), Amberlit IRA-900Cl (5,90 ± 0,68 mg.l-1) and Amberlit IRA-96 (189,16 ± 6,49 mg.l-1). As the most efficient adsorbent was determine Amberlit XAD-16. The whole process has underwent detailed optimization in order to maximize the purity of the final product. The isolate was characterized by HPLC and FTIR techniques for ferulic acid and related phenolic acids. Based on FTIR analysis was discovered that the isolate was contamined by proteins. A purification procedure based on deproteination of the raw material before the hydrolysis itself was proposed. As the ultimate solution that eliminated the presence of proteins in the isolate was determine ultrafiltration with capture of molecules with Mw > 10 KDa. Ferulic acid yield from one kilo of wheat bran was 1,00 ± 0,22 g.

Le son et la paille de blé, riches en hémicelluloses, sont deux co-produits de la récolte de blé, abondants et renouvelables, mais qui restent à mieux valoriser. Dans le but d'extraire ces hémicelluloses, possédant plusieurs propriétés intéressantes (filmogènes, épaississantes, émulsifiantes, stabilisantes…), un procédé de fractionnement a été élaboré. Ce procédé consiste, après extraction alcaline, en la purification des extraits hémicellulosiques obtenus. Deux techniques ont été appliquées : l'ultrafiltration et la chromatographie sur résine échangeuse d'anions. L'ultrafiltration a permis de concentrer les extraits d'hémicelluloses et de les purifier en éliminant dans le perméat la plupart des molécules contaminantes, essentiellement les sucres libres et les sels minéraux. Les principales limitations de cette étape étaient la viscosité des extraits et les phénomènes de polarisation de concentration et de colmatage des membranes. La percolation sur résine, quant à elle, a permis de décolorer les extraits et de produire des poudres d'hémicelluloses plus claires en fixant certaines molécules colorées telles que les molécules possédant des groupements phénoliques. La combinaison des deux techniques a permis de produire des hémicelluloses pures à 60%. L'extrapolation du procédé à l'échelle pilote par l'utilisation d'un extrudeur bi-vis a permis d'obtenir des poudres d'hémicelluloses pures à 40%. / Wheat bran and wheat straw are two by-products abundant and renewable, rich in hemicelluloses, but still not well valued. In order to extract these hemicelluloses characterized by their several interesting properties (film-forming, thickening, emulsifying, stabilizing…), a fractionation process was developed. This process consisted, after alkaline extraction, to purify the hemicellulosic extracts obtained. Two techniques were used: ultrafiltration and chromatography on anion exchange resin. The ultrafiltration allowed to concentrate the extracts and to purify them by removing in the permeate, the contaminating molecules, mostly free sugars and minerals. The main limiting factors of this stage were the extracts viscosity and the fouling of the membranes. The percolation on the resin discoloured the extracts and allowed to produce hemicellulosic powders with lighter colours and that by capturing the coloured compounds such as molecules with phenolic groups. The combination of the two techniques allowed the production of purified hemicelluloses; the purity was about 60%. The extrapolation of the process at a pilot scale using a twin-screw extruder allowed to obtain hemicelluloses with a purity of 40%.

Lightweight chamotte products are popular building material. There are many types of lightweight chamotte on the market, but the most popular lightening options are organic ingredients. This brings some problems to the production of these products. This thesis deals with the burning of various types of lighters from shards of fireclay materials. In the theoretical part are summarized raw materials, which are necessary for production of lightweight chamotte. The results of the published research studies on the topic of lightening of organic lightening products are being described here. The practical part deals with properties of products made of clay or kaolin with the addition of a certain amount of lighter. These added lighters are spruce sawdust, beech sawdust, peat, bran, paper slurry and anthracite. All these lighters are direct. For comparison, the cenospheres, which represent indirect lightweights, were also included in the research. For all specimens, the temperature interval of burnout of specimens, refractoriness, classification temperature, bulk density, thermal conductivity coefficient and other properties were defined.

Background: Gait initiation is a major issue in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Moreover, the effect of current treatment on motor deficits vary alongside individual differences and disease severity. In some cases, postural instability has been documented as a major side-effect and refractory symptom to dopaminergic medication. Despite these shortcomings, research involving other forms of therapy including deep brain stimulation (DBS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), has evidenced the improvement of postural deficits in PD. In this regard, there is a strong rational for the modulation of subcortical brain activity via the application of non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to interconnected cortical brain structures. Purpose: Therefore, we sought to determine the effect of tDCS applied to the supplementary motor area (SMA), on gait initiation preparation and performance in PD. Methods: A within subjects repeated measures quasi-experimental design was used to investigate the effects of a 10-minute sham-controlled tDCS intervention. Clinically diagnosed participants (n=12) with idiopathic PD were tested on medication during two sessions that bookended one week. Those who had previously undergone other forms of brain stimulation, had diabetes, severe freezing of gait, or any other neurological or functional limitations that could interfere with gait initiation were excluded from the study. Statistical Analyses/Results: Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs with Bonferroni corrections and a post-hoc analyses when appropriate, revealed a significant reduction in the magnitude of center of pressure (CoP) displacement and velocity in the mediolateral (ML) direction following tDCS. Conclusions: Findings from this study provide insights that may guide scientific research regarding the effects of tDCS on gait initiation among those with PD. Additionally, our work may highlight the importance of ML postural stability for individuals with comorbid and/or pharmacologically induced postural instabilities.