• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 14
  • 4
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 20
  • 20
  • 11
  • 6
  • 6
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 4
  • 4
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Avaliação da formação de biofilme de fungos emergentes e sua susceptibilidade a antifúngicos na forma livre e nanoencapsulada / Assessment of biofilm formation of emerging fungi and their susceptibility to antifungal agents in free form and in nanocapsules

Jesus, Roberta Stefanello de January 2013 (has links)
Nos últimos anos, várias espécies de fungos, até então conhecidos como saprófitas do ambiente, têm emergido como importantes patógenos na prática clínica, associados muitas vezes com a resistência aos antimicrobianos disponíveis comercialmente. Dessa forma, o conhecimento de aspectos relacionados à patogenicidade desses micro-organismos, como a formação de biofilme, assim como o perfil de susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos e a novas alternativas terapêuticas faz-se necessário. Uma importante tecnologia neste contexto é a utilização de sistemas nanoestruturados a partir de polímeros biodegradáveis para a veiculação de fármacos. Este trabalho visa verificar em isolados fúngicos emergentes a expressão fenotípica de biofilme através do teste em microplaca de poliestireno e o perfil de susceptibilidade frente a antifúngicos na forma livre e incorporados em sistemas nanoestruturados, através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo. Foram selecionados para o estudo 82 isolados fúngicos potencialmente patogênicos, sendo 26 oriundos do ambiente e 56 procedentes de espécimes clínicos. Quanto à capacidade de formação de biofilme verificou-se que 68 (82,9%) isolados produziram biofilme pelo teste da microplaca, sendo 38 classificados como fortes, 17 como moderados e 13 como fracos produtores. Além disso, observou-se que os isolados clínicos apresentaram maior capacidade de formação de biofilme do que os isolados ambientais. Não houve correlação entre a produção de biofilme e a susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos testados nas células planctônicas. De um modo geral, os fungos foram sensíveis à maioria dos antifúngicos testados neste trabalho. Entretanto, o fluconazol apresentou baixa atividade (CIM≥64μg/mL) para 45% dos isolados avaliados. Com o intuito de investigar o efeito de cetoconazol e de fluconazol associados a nanoestruturas sobre os diferentes fungos apresentados no estudo, também foram desenvolvidas nanocápsulas de poli-ɛ-caprolactona contendo estes fármacos. Análises físico-químicas das nanoestruturas revelaram tamanho médio de partícula variando de 206 nm para as nanocápsulas de cetoconazol (CN) e de 211 nm para as nanocápsulas de fluconazol (FN). Ambas as formulações apresentaram características homogêneas e demonstraram estruturas monodispersas. A eficiência de encapsulação do cetoconazol e do fluconazol nas formulações foi de 86,35 e de 80,5%, respectivamente. Os diversos gêneros investigados parecem se comportar de maneira diferente quando expostos às nanoestruturas dos dois fármacos em estudo, sugerindo que as espécies de Candida poderiam apresentar uma maior susceptibilidade in vitro frente a estas nanoestruturas quando comparadas à forma livre dos antifúngicos em questão. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a potencialidade destas formulações para a veiculação de cetoconazol e fluconazol. Como perspectivas, sugere-se a realização de estudos adicionais para evidenciar o efeito in vitro das nanopartículas sobre os diferentes fungos de importância clínica e ambiental. / In recent years, several fungal species known as environmental saprophytes have emerged as important pathogens in clinical practice, often associated with antimicrobial resistance commercially available. Thus, the knowledge of aspects related to these pathogenic micro-organisms, such as biofilm formation, as well as the profile of susceptibility to antifungal agents and new therapeutic options is necessary. An important technology in this context is the use of nanostructured materials from biodegradable polymers for the placement of drugs. This work aims to examine the emerging fungal isolates in the phenotypic expression of biofilm through the test on polystyrene microplate and the susceptibility profile to antifungals front in the free trade and in the nanostructured systems by the broth microdilution method. In this study, 82 potentially pathogenic fungal isolates were selected, being the 26 from environment originating and the 56 from the clinical specimens. Regarding the ability of biofilm formation was found that 68 (82,9%) isolates produced biofilm by the microplate assay. The isolates were classified as 38 strong, 17 moderate and 13 weak biofilm producers. Moreover, it was noted that clinical isolates showed greater capability for the biofilm formation than the environmental isolates. There was no correlation between the biofilm production and the susceptibility to antifungal agents tested in planktonic cells. In general, the fungi were susceptible of the majority of the antifungal agents tested in this study. However, the fluconazole showed low activity (MIC≥64μg/mL) for 45% of the isolates. In order to investigate the effect of the ketoconazole and the fluconazole associated with nanostructures against different fungi contained in the study, polymeric nanocapsules have also been developed containing these drugs. Physicochemical analyzes showed an average size of nanostructures ranging from 206 nm for the nanocapsules of ketoconazole (CN), and 211 nm for the fluconazole (FN). The formulations showed homogeneous characteristics and demonstrated monodisperse structures. The encapsulation efficiency of ketoconazole and fluconazole in the formulations was 86,35 and 80,5%, respectively. The diverse genera investigated appear to behave differently when exposed to the nanostructures of the two drugs have being studied, suggesting that Candida species could exhibit a greater sensitivity to these nanostructures compared to the free form of antifungal concerned. The results demonstrate the potential of the formulations for the delivery of fluconazole and ketoconazole. As perspectives, we suggest further studies to demonstrate the in vitro effect of the nanoparticles against different fungi from the clinical and the environmental importance.
12

Avaliação da formação de biofilme de fungos emergentes e sua susceptibilidade a antifúngicos na forma livre e nanoencapsulada / Assessment of biofilm formation of emerging fungi and their susceptibility to antifungal agents in free form and in nanocapsules

Jesus, Roberta Stefanello de January 2013 (has links)
Nos últimos anos, várias espécies de fungos, até então conhecidos como saprófitas do ambiente, têm emergido como importantes patógenos na prática clínica, associados muitas vezes com a resistência aos antimicrobianos disponíveis comercialmente. Dessa forma, o conhecimento de aspectos relacionados à patogenicidade desses micro-organismos, como a formação de biofilme, assim como o perfil de susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos e a novas alternativas terapêuticas faz-se necessário. Uma importante tecnologia neste contexto é a utilização de sistemas nanoestruturados a partir de polímeros biodegradáveis para a veiculação de fármacos. Este trabalho visa verificar em isolados fúngicos emergentes a expressão fenotípica de biofilme através do teste em microplaca de poliestireno e o perfil de susceptibilidade frente a antifúngicos na forma livre e incorporados em sistemas nanoestruturados, através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo. Foram selecionados para o estudo 82 isolados fúngicos potencialmente patogênicos, sendo 26 oriundos do ambiente e 56 procedentes de espécimes clínicos. Quanto à capacidade de formação de biofilme verificou-se que 68 (82,9%) isolados produziram biofilme pelo teste da microplaca, sendo 38 classificados como fortes, 17 como moderados e 13 como fracos produtores. Além disso, observou-se que os isolados clínicos apresentaram maior capacidade de formação de biofilme do que os isolados ambientais. Não houve correlação entre a produção de biofilme e a susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos testados nas células planctônicas. De um modo geral, os fungos foram sensíveis à maioria dos antifúngicos testados neste trabalho. Entretanto, o fluconazol apresentou baixa atividade (CIM≥64μg/mL) para 45% dos isolados avaliados. Com o intuito de investigar o efeito de cetoconazol e de fluconazol associados a nanoestruturas sobre os diferentes fungos apresentados no estudo, também foram desenvolvidas nanocápsulas de poli-ɛ-caprolactona contendo estes fármacos. Análises físico-químicas das nanoestruturas revelaram tamanho médio de partícula variando de 206 nm para as nanocápsulas de cetoconazol (CN) e de 211 nm para as nanocápsulas de fluconazol (FN). Ambas as formulações apresentaram características homogêneas e demonstraram estruturas monodispersas. A eficiência de encapsulação do cetoconazol e do fluconazol nas formulações foi de 86,35 e de 80,5%, respectivamente. Os diversos gêneros investigados parecem se comportar de maneira diferente quando expostos às nanoestruturas dos dois fármacos em estudo, sugerindo que as espécies de Candida poderiam apresentar uma maior susceptibilidade in vitro frente a estas nanoestruturas quando comparadas à forma livre dos antifúngicos em questão. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a potencialidade destas formulações para a veiculação de cetoconazol e fluconazol. Como perspectivas, sugere-se a realização de estudos adicionais para evidenciar o efeito in vitro das nanopartículas sobre os diferentes fungos de importância clínica e ambiental. / In recent years, several fungal species known as environmental saprophytes have emerged as important pathogens in clinical practice, often associated with antimicrobial resistance commercially available. Thus, the knowledge of aspects related to these pathogenic micro-organisms, such as biofilm formation, as well as the profile of susceptibility to antifungal agents and new therapeutic options is necessary. An important technology in this context is the use of nanostructured materials from biodegradable polymers for the placement of drugs. This work aims to examine the emerging fungal isolates in the phenotypic expression of biofilm through the test on polystyrene microplate and the susceptibility profile to antifungals front in the free trade and in the nanostructured systems by the broth microdilution method. In this study, 82 potentially pathogenic fungal isolates were selected, being the 26 from environment originating and the 56 from the clinical specimens. Regarding the ability of biofilm formation was found that 68 (82,9%) isolates produced biofilm by the microplate assay. The isolates were classified as 38 strong, 17 moderate and 13 weak biofilm producers. Moreover, it was noted that clinical isolates showed greater capability for the biofilm formation than the environmental isolates. There was no correlation between the biofilm production and the susceptibility to antifungal agents tested in planktonic cells. In general, the fungi were susceptible of the majority of the antifungal agents tested in this study. However, the fluconazole showed low activity (MIC≥64μg/mL) for 45% of the isolates. In order to investigate the effect of the ketoconazole and the fluconazole associated with nanostructures against different fungi contained in the study, polymeric nanocapsules have also been developed containing these drugs. Physicochemical analyzes showed an average size of nanostructures ranging from 206 nm for the nanocapsules of ketoconazole (CN), and 211 nm for the fluconazole (FN). The formulations showed homogeneous characteristics and demonstrated monodisperse structures. The encapsulation efficiency of ketoconazole and fluconazole in the formulations was 86,35 and 80,5%, respectively. The diverse genera investigated appear to behave differently when exposed to the nanostructures of the two drugs have being studied, suggesting that Candida species could exhibit a greater sensitivity to these nanostructures compared to the free form of antifungal concerned. The results demonstrate the potential of the formulations for the delivery of fluconazole and ketoconazole. As perspectives, we suggest further studies to demonstrate the in vitro effect of the nanoparticles against different fungi from the clinical and the environmental importance.
13

Antimicrobial susceptibility in thermophilic Campylobacter species isolated from pigs and chickens in South Africa

Jonker, Annelize 10 August 2010 (has links)
The thermophilic Campylobacters, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are found as commensals in the intestinal tract of healthy mammals and birds. Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of sporadic food-borne bacterial disease in humans which is predominantly contracted from poultry products. Although the vast majority of these infections are mild, life-threatening complications should be treated with antimicrobials. Patients are usually treated with either macrolides of fluoroquinolones. However, globally there is an increased trend in the development of resistance to these antibiotics. This trend has also been observed in infection of poultry and pigs. The aim of this investigation was to determine antimicrobial sensitivity of thermophilic Campylobacters isolated from pigs and poultry by broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration testing. A total of 482 samples of the small intestinal content from poultry and pigs from the Western Cape and Gauteng Provinces were collected and analysed. Thirty-eight Campylobacter isolates were obtained. Statistical analyses included percentage resistance, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC50 and MIC90) as well as the distribution percentages of the MICs. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to establish any significant differences at an interspecies, interhost and interprovincial level. Analyses of the data obtained revealed indications of decreasing susceptibility to several antibiotic groups including the tetracyclines, macrolides, erythromycin and tylosin, as well as the lincoasamides, and fluoroquinolones. It was found that isolates from the Western Cape were more likely to be resistant to the fluoroquinolones (p = 0.0392), macrolides (p = 0.0262), and lincoasmides (p = 0.0001) and, as well as to a certain extent the pleuromutulins (p = 0.0985), whereas isolates from Gauteng were more resistant to the tetracycyclines (p = <.0001). Poultry Campylobacter spp. were more prone to be resistant to enrofloxacin (p = 0.0021). Campylobacter jejuni, mainly isolated from poultry, was more liable to be resistant to the tetracyclines (chlrotetracycline p= 0.0307), whereas C. coli, predominatly isolated from pigs was more likely to be resistant to the macrolides (tylosin p= 0.063). Four of the bacteria isolated from the Western Cape were resistant to three or more antibiotic classes, namely; tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, pleuromutulins and fluoroquinolones. No multi-resistant Campylobacter spp. were isolated from the flocks in Gauteng. With the exception of tiamulin, the bacterial populations could clearly be divided into resistant and susceptible populations. As consequence of the increased resistance to the antimicrobial classes used for human therapy and the geographical differences in antimicrobial susceptibility, it is recommended that an antimicrobial resistance monitoring system for the thermophilic Campylobacter spp. be initiated in the South Africa National Veterinary Surveillance and Monitoring Programme for Resistance to Antimicorbial Drugs (SANVAD) Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted
14

Resistensbestämning av bakterier : Studie av odlingsbuljongens påverkan på resultatet i tidigare rapporterad forskning samt genom experimentell undersökning. / Determination of bacterial resistance : Study of the influence of broth on the results in previously reported reserch and through experimental investigation.

Svensson, Åsa January 2023 (has links)
Ökande antibiotikaresistens utgör en allvarlig samhällsutmaning. För resistensbestämning av bakterier används standardmetoden buljongspädning. Då bestäms minsta inhiberande koncentration (MIC) som den lägsta koncentration av antibiotika som kan förhindra tillväxt. Examensarbetets syfte var att undersöka om val av odlingsbuljong påverkar MIC-värdet för Gramnegativa bakterier. En litteraturundersökning genomfördes av studier som jämfört resistensbestämning i standardbuljong med alternativ buljong. Därutöver gjordes en experimentell jämförelse. Litteraturstudien visade att buljongens sammansättning kan ha betydelse för MIC-värdet, men resultatet varierade med både bakteriearter och typer av antibiotika. Viktigt att beakta är det begränsade materialet i studien, möjliga förklaringar till MIC-varianser är exempelvis bikarbonat och antibiotikums olika känslighet för ämnet. Den experimentella studien visade att buljongvalet inte hade någon inverkan på MIC-värdet när det undersöktes för Klebsiella pneumoniae och antibiotikan meropenem. Det kan möjligen förklaras av att effekten av meropenem inte påverkas av buljongvalet. Slutsatsen är att många faktorer påverkar MIC-värdet och att standardbuljongen är en tillgång med stor mängd historiska data som kan nyttjas för att följa resistensutvecklingen, även om alternativa buljonger i vissa fall kan vara bättre lämpade för att förutsäga behanlingsbarheten. Buljongval bör väljas med noggrannhet efter rådande omständigheter. / Increasing antibiotic resistance is a concerning societal challenge. The standard test for measuring antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria is the method of broth microdilution. This method is used to determine the minimum inbibitory concentration (MIC), defined as the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that can inhibit the growth of a specific strain of a bacterium. This study aimed to investigate whether the choice of broth affects the MIC-value for Gram-negative bacteria. A literature review was conducted to examine studies comparing standard broth against alternative broth, alongside an experimental comparison of the same. The result of the literature review indicated that the composition of the broth does have an effect. However, the effect varies depending on the bacterial species and type of the antibiotic that was analyzed. Its important to note the limited amount of data from both prior work and this study, but one possible explanation to the variance in MIC-values could be e.g., bicarbonate and the specific antibiotic´s sensitivity to this substance. The experimental part of this study concluded that the choice of broth did not affect the resulting MIC-value when the antibiotic susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae to meropenem was analyzed. This could be attributed to the efficacy of meropenem being unaffected by the broths used in this study. The conclusing of this study is that multiple factors contribute to the resulting MIC-value, and that the standard broth with its large volume of historical data, is a valuable asset to use when tracking the evolution of antibiotic resistance, even though an alternative broth may be better suited to predict treatability. The choice of broth should be made with great care and be adapted to actual circumstances and conditions.
15

Avaliação de métodos para testes de suscetibilidade in vitro de enxaguantes bucais frente a espécies do gênero Candida / Evaluation of methods for in vitro susceptibility testing of mouthwashes against species of the gender Candida

Rodrigues, Manuela Luiza Toti 08 December 2008 (has links)
A candidíase é uma infecção fúngica oportunista freqüente, causada por leveduras do gênero Candida. A utilização de anti-sépticos como medida complementar na higiene oral é cada vez mais difundida. Sendo assim, é de grande importância a avaliação das metodologias que são utilizadas para avaliação da atividade antifúngica. A avaliação in vitro da sensibilidade de leveduras a anti-sépticos tem sido pouco relatada e os resultados nem sempre são concordantes, pois as metodologias são divergentes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar três metodologias: macro e microdiluição em caldo e difusão em ágar por meio de poços, com utilização dos meios de cultura RPMI 1640 e Mueller-Hinton para suscetibilidade dos anti-sépticos bucais Listerine®, Malvatricin® Dentes Sensíveis, Noplak®Max, Oral B®, Periogard®, Plax® e Reach® frente a C. albicans ATCC 64548, C. glabrata ATCC 90030, C. krusei ATCC 6258, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 e C. tropicalis ATCC 750. Em relação à comparação das concentrações inibitórias mínimas de cada meio de cultura, os índices kappa foram bons ou excelentes (0,73 a 1,00). Na metodologia da difusão em ágar o coeficiente de correlação de concordância entre os resultados dos meios de cultura também foi excelente (0,95 a 0,99). Concluímos que ambos os meios de cultura podem ser utilizados na avaliação da suscetibilidade de anti-sépticos bucais frente espécies de Candida, pois apresentaram índices de concordância e correlação de bom à excelente. Quanto à correlação entre as metodologias de macro e microdiluição, o kappa foi excelente (1,00) para todas as cepas no meio Mueller-Hinton e variou de 0,42 a 0,72 (bom a excelente) no meio RPMI-1640. As CIMs geradas pela macro e microdiluição em caldo são concordantes possibilitando a utilização de ambas as metodologias na avaliação de anti-sépticos bucais, no entanto a microdiluição detectou a ação inibitória de anti-sépticos voláteis em menores concentrações. A utilização da difusão em ágar é discutível visto que os anti-sépticos voláteis Listerine® e Malvatricin® não apresentaram atividade inibitória nesta metodologia. Todos os anti-sépticos avaliados apresentaram atividade fungistática e fungicida in vitro pelas metodologias de diluição frente a cepas ATCC de Candida quando avaliado na formulação disponibilizada pelos fabricantes. Os anti-sépticos bucais Oral B® e Periogard® apresentaram ações inibitórias (CIM) e fungicidas (CFM) de 1,25% para todas as cepas, meios e metodologias. O Noplak® e o Plax®, CIM e CFM variando de 1,25% a 2,5% para todas as cepas, meios e metodologias. Os anti-sépticos Listerine® e Malvatricin® apresentaram CIM de 5% a 50% e CFM de 5% a 100% dependendo do meio e metodologia. O anti-séptico Reach® apresentou CIM e CFM variando de 1,25% a 50% dependendo da cepa avaliada. Estudos com maior número de isolados, maior diversidade de espécies, concentrações intermediárias de anti-séptico e resultados interlaboratoriais poderão contribuir na padronização de métodos para avaliação de anti-sépticos bucais. / Candidosis is a frequent opportunistic fungal infection caused by yeasts of the gender Candida. The use of mouthwashes as a preventive measure in oral hygiene has been more and more diffused. Therefore it is of great importance the evaluation of the methodologies that are used on the antifungal evaluation. The in vitro evaluation of yeast susceptibility to mouthwashes has been little reported and the results are not always in agreement. The goal of this study was to evaluate three methodologies: broth macro and microdilution and agar well diffusion, using the media RPMI 1640 and Mueller-Hinton on the susceptibility of the mouthwashes Listerine®, Malvatricin® Dentes Sensíveis, Noplak®Max, Oral B®, Periogard®, Plax® e Reach® against C. albicans ATCC 64548, C. glabrata ATCC 90030, C. krusei ATCC 6258, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 e C. tropicalis ATCC 750. The kappa indexes for the comparison between the minimal inhibitory concentrations obtained with each culture medium were good to excellent (0,73 to 1,00). On the agar well diffusion method, the concordance correlation coefficients between the results obtained with the different media were also excellent (0,95 to 0,99). We concluded that both culture media can be used to evaluate the susceptibility of mouthwashes against species of Candida because they have concordance and correlations that go from good to excellent. The kappa indexes for the correlation between the broth macro and microdilution methodologies were excellent (1,00) for all the isolates in the Mueller-Hinton media and varied from 0,42 to 0,72 (good to excellent) with RPMI 1640. The MICs generated by broth macro and microdilution agree which makes it possible to use both methodologies on the evaluation of mouthwashes; however the microdilution detects the inhibitory action of volatile mouthwashes at smaller concentrations. The use of the agar well diffusion method is not advised since the volatile mouthwashes Listerine® and Malvatricin® have not presented inhibitory action in that methodology. All the evaluated mouthwashes presented fungistatic and fungicide activity at the formulation available in the market. The mouthwashes Oral B® and Periogard® presented MICs and MFCs of 1,25% for all strains, methodologies and media. Noplak® and Plax®, MIC and MFC that ranged from 1,25% to 2,5% for all strains, methodologies and media. The mouthwashes Listerine® and Malvatricin® MICs ranged from 5% to 50% and MFCs from 5% to 100% depending on media and methodology. The mouthwash Reach® presented MICs and MFCs ranging from 1,25% to 50% depending on the strain evaluated. Studies with a higher number of strains, bigger variety of species, intermediary concentrations of mouthwashes and interlaboratory results can contribute to the standardization of methods to evaluate mouthwashes.
16

Avaliação de métodos para testes de suscetibilidade in vitro de enxaguantes bucais frente a espécies do gênero Candida / Evaluation of methods for in vitro susceptibility testing of mouthwashes against species of the gender Candida

Manuela Luiza Toti Rodrigues 08 December 2008 (has links)
A candidíase é uma infecção fúngica oportunista freqüente, causada por leveduras do gênero Candida. A utilização de anti-sépticos como medida complementar na higiene oral é cada vez mais difundida. Sendo assim, é de grande importância a avaliação das metodologias que são utilizadas para avaliação da atividade antifúngica. A avaliação in vitro da sensibilidade de leveduras a anti-sépticos tem sido pouco relatada e os resultados nem sempre são concordantes, pois as metodologias são divergentes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar três metodologias: macro e microdiluição em caldo e difusão em ágar por meio de poços, com utilização dos meios de cultura RPMI 1640 e Mueller-Hinton para suscetibilidade dos anti-sépticos bucais Listerine®, Malvatricin® Dentes Sensíveis, Noplak®Max, Oral B®, Periogard®, Plax® e Reach® frente a C. albicans ATCC 64548, C. glabrata ATCC 90030, C. krusei ATCC 6258, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 e C. tropicalis ATCC 750. Em relação à comparação das concentrações inibitórias mínimas de cada meio de cultura, os índices kappa foram bons ou excelentes (0,73 a 1,00). Na metodologia da difusão em ágar o coeficiente de correlação de concordância entre os resultados dos meios de cultura também foi excelente (0,95 a 0,99). Concluímos que ambos os meios de cultura podem ser utilizados na avaliação da suscetibilidade de anti-sépticos bucais frente espécies de Candida, pois apresentaram índices de concordância e correlação de bom à excelente. Quanto à correlação entre as metodologias de macro e microdiluição, o kappa foi excelente (1,00) para todas as cepas no meio Mueller-Hinton e variou de 0,42 a 0,72 (bom a excelente) no meio RPMI-1640. As CIMs geradas pela macro e microdiluição em caldo são concordantes possibilitando a utilização de ambas as metodologias na avaliação de anti-sépticos bucais, no entanto a microdiluição detectou a ação inibitória de anti-sépticos voláteis em menores concentrações. A utilização da difusão em ágar é discutível visto que os anti-sépticos voláteis Listerine® e Malvatricin® não apresentaram atividade inibitória nesta metodologia. Todos os anti-sépticos avaliados apresentaram atividade fungistática e fungicida in vitro pelas metodologias de diluição frente a cepas ATCC de Candida quando avaliado na formulação disponibilizada pelos fabricantes. Os anti-sépticos bucais Oral B® e Periogard® apresentaram ações inibitórias (CIM) e fungicidas (CFM) de 1,25% para todas as cepas, meios e metodologias. O Noplak® e o Plax®, CIM e CFM variando de 1,25% a 2,5% para todas as cepas, meios e metodologias. Os anti-sépticos Listerine® e Malvatricin® apresentaram CIM de 5% a 50% e CFM de 5% a 100% dependendo do meio e metodologia. O anti-séptico Reach® apresentou CIM e CFM variando de 1,25% a 50% dependendo da cepa avaliada. Estudos com maior número de isolados, maior diversidade de espécies, concentrações intermediárias de anti-séptico e resultados interlaboratoriais poderão contribuir na padronização de métodos para avaliação de anti-sépticos bucais. / Candidosis is a frequent opportunistic fungal infection caused by yeasts of the gender Candida. The use of mouthwashes as a preventive measure in oral hygiene has been more and more diffused. Therefore it is of great importance the evaluation of the methodologies that are used on the antifungal evaluation. The in vitro evaluation of yeast susceptibility to mouthwashes has been little reported and the results are not always in agreement. The goal of this study was to evaluate three methodologies: broth macro and microdilution and agar well diffusion, using the media RPMI 1640 and Mueller-Hinton on the susceptibility of the mouthwashes Listerine®, Malvatricin® Dentes Sensíveis, Noplak®Max, Oral B®, Periogard®, Plax® e Reach® against C. albicans ATCC 64548, C. glabrata ATCC 90030, C. krusei ATCC 6258, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 e C. tropicalis ATCC 750. The kappa indexes for the comparison between the minimal inhibitory concentrations obtained with each culture medium were good to excellent (0,73 to 1,00). On the agar well diffusion method, the concordance correlation coefficients between the results obtained with the different media were also excellent (0,95 to 0,99). We concluded that both culture media can be used to evaluate the susceptibility of mouthwashes against species of Candida because they have concordance and correlations that go from good to excellent. The kappa indexes for the correlation between the broth macro and microdilution methodologies were excellent (1,00) for all the isolates in the Mueller-Hinton media and varied from 0,42 to 0,72 (good to excellent) with RPMI 1640. The MICs generated by broth macro and microdilution agree which makes it possible to use both methodologies on the evaluation of mouthwashes; however the microdilution detects the inhibitory action of volatile mouthwashes at smaller concentrations. The use of the agar well diffusion method is not advised since the volatile mouthwashes Listerine® and Malvatricin® have not presented inhibitory action in that methodology. All the evaluated mouthwashes presented fungistatic and fungicide activity at the formulation available in the market. The mouthwashes Oral B® and Periogard® presented MICs and MFCs of 1,25% for all strains, methodologies and media. Noplak® and Plax®, MIC and MFC that ranged from 1,25% to 2,5% for all strains, methodologies and media. The mouthwashes Listerine® and Malvatricin® MICs ranged from 5% to 50% and MFCs from 5% to 100% depending on media and methodology. The mouthwash Reach® presented MICs and MFCs ranging from 1,25% to 50% depending on the strain evaluated. Studies with a higher number of strains, bigger variety of species, intermediary concentrations of mouthwashes and interlaboratory results can contribute to the standardization of methods to evaluate mouthwashes.
17

SUSCEPTIBILIDADE DE ISOLADOS DE Malassezia pachydermatis SENSÍVEIS E RESISTENTES AO FLUCONAZOL FRENTE A ANTIFÚNGICOS E ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS. / SUSCEPTIBILITY OF FLUCONAZOLE SENSITIVE AND FLUCONAZOLE RESISTANT Malassezia pachydermatis ISOLATES AGAINST ANTIFUNGALS AND ESSENTIAL OILS

Jesus, Francielli Pantella Kunz de 01 February 2011 (has links)
Malassezia pachydermatis is an opportunistic fungus associated to dermatomycoses and otopathies in domestic and wild animals. The aim of this study was to compare the susceptibility profile of clinical isolates of M. pachydermatis against topic and systemic antifungals, through two standardized CLSI techniques: broth microdilution (M27-A3, 2008) and disk diffusion (M44-A, 2004). A standard Candida albicans strain (ATCC 28367) was used as quality control. M. pachydermatis isolates assayed through the broth microdilution method showed susceptibility to anfotericina-B (100%), fluconazole (97,83%), ketoconazole (95.66%), itraconazole (93,48%), followed by clotrimazole and miconazole (86.96%). The disk diffusion method showed susceptibility of 97,83% to nystatin, 95,66% to itraconazole and to amphotericin B, 91,32% to ketoconazole, 89,14% to fluconazole and of 86.96% to miconazole and clotrimazole. Through the in vitro induction of resistance to fluconazole (100%), cross-resistance was observed through the broth microdilution method among the 30 M. pachydermatis isolates against the azoles itraconazole (93%), ketoconazole (97%) and voriconazole (100%). The study of the activities of the essential oils obtained through the broth microdilution, based on geometric means of the minimum fungicidal concentration, showed that concentrations above 195.42 μg/mL, 332.49 μg/mL and 448.8 μg/mL of oregano, Mexican oregano and cinnamon essential oils, respectively, have fungicidal action against M. pachydermatis, independently of the sensitivity or resistance to fluconazole. The fungicidal activity of the essential oils against fluconazole-resistant M. pachydermatis strains is important for further therapeutic studies of this mycosis. Despite the susceptibility observed among sensitive M. pachydermatis strains suggesting fluconazole as a safe drug for the treatment of most cases of superficial and invasive malasseziosis, it is essential continuous surveillance studies to detect changes in the microbiological profile due to therapeutic practices. / Malassezia pachydermatis é um fungo oportunista, associado à dermatomicoses e otopatias em animais domésticos e selvagens. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o perfil de susceptibilidade de isolados clínicos de M. pachydermatis frente antifúngicos tópicos e sistêmicos, através de duas técnicas padronizadas pelo CLSI: microdiluição em caldo (M27- A3, 2008) e disco-difusão (M44-A, 2004). Para todos os testes foi utilizada uma cepa padrão de Candida albicans (ATCC 28367) como controle de qualidade. Isolados de M. pachydermatis testados através do método de microdiluição em caldo apresentaram em ordem decrescente de susceptibilidade: anfotericina-B (100%), fluconazol (97,83%), cetoconazol (95,66%), itraconazol (93.48%), seguido de clotrimazol e miconazol (86,96%). Pelo método de disco-difusão 97,83% dos isolados foram suscetíveis a nistatina, 95,66% ao itraconazol e a anfotericina-B; 91,32% ao cetoconazol, 89,14% ao fluconazol; e 86,96% ao miconazol e clotrimazol. Através da indução de resistência in vitro, de 30 isolados de M. pachydermatis, ao fluconazol (100%) foi possível evidenciar resistência cruzada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo frente aos antifúngicos azólicos, itraconazol (93%), cetoconazol (97%) e voriconazol (100%). O estudo da atividade de óleos essenciais gerados pelo método de microdiluição em caldo, baseado nas médias geométricas das CFMs, evidenciou-se que concentrações acima de 195.42 μg/mL de óleo essencial de orégano, 332.49 μg/mL de óleo essencial de orégano mexicano e 448.8 μg/mL de óleo essencial de canela, possuem ação fungicida in vitro sobre M. pachydermatis, independente da sensibilidade ou resistência ao fluconazol. A atividade de óleos essenciais frente M. pachydermatis fluconazol resistente, é um achado que consolida a importância destes para estudos futuros voltados a terapêutica desta micose. Apesar dos dados de susceptibilidade apresentados pelas cepas sensíveis de M. pachydermatis sugerirem que o fluconazol ainda é uma droga segura para terapêutica da maioria dos casos de malasseziose superficial ou invasiva, é fundamental que estudos de vigilância epidemiológica sejam realizados continuamente para evidenciar mudanças no perfil microbiológico em função de práticas terapêuticas.
18

Testes de microdiluição em caldo e diluição em ágar para avaliação da suscetibilidade in vitro de dermatófitos / Evaluation of agar dilution and broth microdilution methods for antifungal testing to dermathophytes

ARAUJO, Crystiane Rodrigues de 31 May 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:30:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao CrystianeAraujo.pdf: 881195 bytes, checksum: da026b75ed78f3c38d78f44f6a15271e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-31 / Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi that colonize and invade the stratum corneum of the skin, hair and nails causing the dermatophytosis. An increasing number of antifungal agents has become available for the treatment of dermatophytosis, however not all species have the same susceptibility pattern and may occur relative or absolute resistance of some dermatophytes. The document M38-A developed by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) for determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different antifungal agents against filamentous fungi, has not included the dermatophytes. The broth microdilution method has been evaluated by various researchers, and some parameters as inoculum size, temperature and duration of incubation and endpoint determination has been investigated. In this study, the in vitro activity of fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, griseofulvin and terbinafine against 60 dermatophyte isolates, belong to three species, using the broth microdilution technique, with modifications at temperature and incubation time was used. Additionally, the MIC values obtained by broth microdilution method were compared with those obtained by the agar dilution technique. The results obtained by broth microdilution method showed that all isolates produced clearly detectable growth at 28oC and the MIC values could be determined after 4 days of incubation for the isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and 5 days for T. rubrum and Microsporum canis isolates. Itraconazole, ketoconazole and terbinafine had the lowest MIC values (0.03 &#956;g/ml) for 33.3%, 31.6% and 15% of the isolates, respectively. A good concordance was observed between the agar dilution and broth microdilution methods. The levels of agreement were 91.6% with ketoconazole and griseofulvin, 83.3% with itraconazole, 81.6% with terbinafine and 73.3% with fluconazole for all the tested isolates. In summary, the results of this study suggest that an incubation time of 5 days and temperature at 28oC used in broth microdilution and agar dilution methods can contribute to define and to better interpret the MIC values. Beside, until a reference method for testing the susceptibilities of dermatophytes is standardized, the similar results with broth microdilution method become the agar dilution useful for testing the susceptibility of these fungi. / Os dermatófitos são fungos filamentosos queratinofílicos capazes de colonizar e invadir o extrato córneo da pele, pêlo e unhas produzindo as dermatofitoses. Há vários agentes antifúngicos disponíveis para o tratamento das dermatofitoses, entretanto as espécies de dermatófitos possuem perfis de suscetibilidade diferentes, podendo ocorrer resistência relativa ou absoluta. O documento M38-A desenvolvido pelo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de diferentes agentes antifúngicos para fungos filamentosos, não inclui os dermatófitos. O método de microdiluição em caldo tem sido avaliado por vários pesquisadores, e alguns parâmetros como tamanho do inóculo, temperatura e tempo de incubação e determinação das leituras de CIM são investigados. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a atividade in vitro de fluconazol, itraconazol, cetoconazol, griseofulvina e terbinafina para 60 isolados de dermatófitos, pertencentes a três espécies, através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo, com modificações na temperatura e tempo de incubação. Adicionalmente, os valores de CIM obtidos pelo método de microdiluição em caldo foram comparados com aqueles obtidos pela técnica de diluição em ágar. Os resultados encontrados através do método de microdiluição em caldo mostraram que todos os isolados produziram crescimento claramente detectável a temperatura de 28oC e os valores de CIMs foram determinados após 4 dias de incubação para os isolados de Trichophyton mentagrophytes e 5 dias para os isolados de T. rubrum e Microsporum canis. Itraconazol, cetoconazol e terbinafina mostraram os menores valores de CIM (0,03 &#956;g/ml) para 33,3%, 31,6% e 15% dos isolados, respectivamente. Uma boa concordância foi observada entre os métodos de diluição em ágar e microdiluição em caldo. A concordância entre os dois métodos foi de 91,6% para cetoconazol e griseofulvina, 83,3% para itraconazol, 81,6% para terbinafina e 73,3% para fluconazol para todos os isolados analisados. Em conclusão, os resultados deste estudo sugerem que uma incubação de 5 dias e temperatura de 28oC, utilizados no método de microdiluição em caldo e diluição em ágar, podem contribuir para definir e melhor interpretar os valores de CIM. Além disso, até que um método de referência de teste de suscetibilidade para dermatófitos seja padronizado, os resultados similares entre os métodos de microdiluição em caldo e diluição em ágar tornam este último útil para testar a suscetibilidade in vitro destes fungos.
19

Verifiering av mikrobuljongspädning med Sensititre™-paneler för MIC-bestämning av grampositiva kocker / Verification of broth microdilution with Sensititre™ panels for MIC determination of gram-positive cocci

Bengtsson, Moa, Jacobsson, Hanna January 2021 (has links)
Resistensbestämningar som genererar ett kvantitativt MIC-värde är värdefullt för att kunna välja adekvat antibiotikabehandling. Referensmetoden för MIC-bestämning är mikrobuljongspädning där kommersiella antibiotikapaneler underlättar handhavandet av metoden på kliniska laboratorier. Syftet med studien var att verifiera mikrobuljongspädning med Sensititre™-panelerna SEMSE7 och SEMST7 avsedda för grampositiva kocker, genom att jämföra erhållet resultat med tidigare uppmätta referensvärden av MIC samt SIR-kategorier. Mikrobuljongspädning utfördes med SEMSE7-panel och MH-buljong för Staphylococcus spp. (n=21) och Enterococcus spp. (n=13) samt med SEMST7-panel och MH-F buljong för Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=20). Avläsning av MIC utfördes samt tolkades enligt SIR-systemet. Resultaten jämfördes mot kända referensvärden tidigare uppmätta med mikrobuljongspädning. Isolat analyserade med SEMSE7-panel och SEMST7-panel erhöll en överensstämmelse av MIC på 88,2% respektive 96,7%. Motsvarande kategorisk överensstämmelse av SIR var 92,5% respektive 92,6%. Resultatet visar att Sensititre™-panelen SEMST7 är godkänd i verifieringen av mikrobuljongspädning med god överensstämmelse med referensvärden av MIC samt SIR-kategorier. Vidare bedöms att fortsatt verifiering krävs av SEMSE7-panelen eftersom ej tillfredställande överenstämmelse med referensvärden av MIC erhölls, trots god överenstämmelse av SIR-kategorier. Studien visar att SEMST7-panelen kan implementeras för Streptococcus pneumoniae i den kliniska verksamheten på mikrobiologilaboratoriet, Jönköping. / Antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods generating a quantitative MIC are valuable for choosing adequate antibiotic treatment. Broth microdilution is the reference method for MIC determination and commercial panels with antibiotics facilitate the procedure in clinical laboratories. The aim of the study was to verify broth microdilution with the Sensititre™ panels SEMSE7 and SEMST7 designed for gram-positive cocci, by comparing results with previously measured reference values of MIC and SIR. Broth microdilution was performed using the SEMSE7 panel with MH broth for Staphylococcus spp. (n=21) and Enterococcus spp. (n=13), and using the SEMST7 panel with MH-F broth for Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=20). Reading MIC endpoints was performed and interpreted according to SIR system. Isolates analysed with the SEMSE7 and SEMST7 panel obtained essential agreement of 88,2% and 96,7%, and categorical agreement of 92,5% and 92,6% respectively. In conclusion, the Sensititre™ panel SEMST7 is approved in the verification of broth microdilution with satisfactory essential agreement and categorical agreement. Furthermore, it is considered that further verification is required for the SEMSE7 panel as unsatisfactory essential agreement was obtained, despite satisfactory categorical agreement. The study shows that the SEMST7 panel can be implemented for Streptococcus pneumoniae in the clinical practice at the microbiology laboratory, Jönköping.
20

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing: Effects Of Variability In Technical Factors On Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Using Broth Microdilution

Aziz, Seemal January 2021 (has links)
Background Broth microdilution (BMD) is a gold-standard reference method to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics. For this, a standardized concentration of bacterial inoculum (2e5–8e5 colony-forming units, CFU/ml) is added to progressively higher concentrations of antibiotics. Bacteria stop growing at a particular antibiotic concentration termed MIC. Like other assays, various biological and/or technical factors can affect BMD results.   Aims To investigate the effects of inoculum concentration (5e4–5e6 CFU/ml), growth-medium concentration (cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton Broth (CAMHB)), ranging 0.5x to 2x (1x as standard)) and age (&lt;6-months or &gt;1-year old) of fastidious medium on MIC results. And to compare BMD results using 5 different brands of CAMHBs and 1 cation-non-adjusted MH-broth (non-CAMHB).   Methods 12 isolates of bacteria (gram-positive (n=3), gram-negative(n=5), fastidious isolates (n=7)) and custom-made antibiotics-containing plates for gram-positive (11 antibiotics) or gram-negative bacteria (10 antibiotics) were used. Overnight-grown colonies were used to prepare BMD solutions (MH-broth + inoculum +/- fastidious) which were plated on antibiotic-plates as well as diluted prior to plating on agar-plates. Antibiotic- and agar-plates were incubated (18–20hr, 35°C) and used to determine MICs (following European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing instructions) and actual number of viable bacteria in BMD solutions, respectively.   Results Increasing inoculum concentration increased MICs of all antibiotics except cefoxitin. Piperacillin–tazobactam, levofloxacin, benzylpenicillin and ampicillin were especially sensitive to increase in inoculum and showed a 4-fold increase in &gt;50% isolates. MICs for tobramycin, tigecycline and gentamicin increased by 2-fold in &gt;50% isolates every time MH-broth concentration increased. Age of fastidious medium had no decipherable pattern of effects on MIC. All MH-broths gave similar results except when testing daptomycin which gave higher MICs with non-CAMHB compared to CAMHB.    Conclusion This research reveals some technical factors affecting MIC results. These results could help define parameters for automated BMD-performing-systems. However, this research shows only trends as more replicates are needed to determine statistically significant results.

Page generated in 0.3865 seconds