Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Pendant longtemps, la qualification lege fori a dominé la scène internationale. D'une conception stricte, témoin d'une analyse particulariste du droit international privé, elle a progressivement évolué vers une conception assouplie. Aujourd'hui, les auteurs s'accordent à voir dans la qualification lege fori, une méthode de qualification appropriée. Confrontée au droit des obligations, la qualification lege fori révèle ses faiblesses. Elle est atteinte d'un vice originel qui implique de s'interroger sur son bien-fondé. Même assouplie, la qualification lege fori est incapable de se détacher des concepts du for. Une situation internationale sera donc résolue selon des concepts dictés pour les besoins du droit interne. Ces insuffisances s'observent à l'étude de cas hybrides. Il s'agit d'hypothèses particulièrement délicates à qualifier car elles se situent à la lisière de la matière contractuelle et de la matière délictuelle. La présente étude se propose de rechercher un modèle de qualification qui puisse répondre à la fonction internationale de la règle à appliquer. À côté de la qualification lege fori, il existe une appréhension européenne de la qualification. Celle-ci s'organise autour de l'élaboration de qualifications autonomes, a priori distinctes de la qualification lege fori. La Cour de justice a ainsi opté pour une qualification autonome des notions de matière contractuelle et de matière délictuelle. Confrontée à la qualification lege fori, la qualification autonome révèle sa véritable nature. Sous certains aspects, elle est une forme de qualification lege fori. Sous un autre angle, elle s'en éloigne et peut être analysée comme une véritable qualification internationale. Contrairement à la qualification lege fori, la qualification autonome répond à la fonction internationale de la règle de droit international privé. Elle est donc adaptée aux besoins de la vie internationale. Une fois le bien-fondé de l'approche autonome posée, il était nécessaire de s'interroger sur sa généralisation. En effet, l'adoption d'un ensemble complet de textes en droit international privé européen des obligations a fait émerger un débat sur l'opportunité d'adopter une qualification unitaire des notions communes aux textes de Bruxelles et de Rome. La présente étude se propose de retenir un modèle autonome et moniste de la qualification borné aux seules relations internationales. / For a long time, the lege fori characterisation has dominated the international scene. It has evolved from a strict conception, witness of a particularistic approach of private international law, towards a more flexible conception. Nowadays, authors accept the lege fori characterisation as an appropriate characterisation method. Faced with the law of obligations, the lege fori characterisation shows its weaknesses. It is suffering from an original defect which prompts interrogations on its merits. Even relaxed, the lege fori characterisation cannot be detached from the concepts of the lex fori. An international situation will therefore be resolved according to concepts dictated based on the needs of the law of the forum. Such inadequacies can be observed when studying hybrid cases. Hybrid cases hypotheses are extremely difficult to classify as they stand on the border between matters relating to tort/delict and matters relating to contracts. The present study will search for a characterisation model able to fulfil the international function of the rule to apply. A European understanding of characterisation exists beside the lege fori characterisation. It revolves around the elaboration of autonomous characterisations, in principle distinct from the lege fori characterisation. The European Court of Justice chose an autonomous characterisation for the notions of matter relating to contract and matter relating to tort/delict. Faced with the lege fori characterisation, the autonomous characterisation reveals its true nature. In some respects, it is a type of lege fori characterisation. From another perspective, it diverges from it and can be interpreted as a true international characterisation. Unlike the lege fori characterisation, the autonomous characterisation fulfils the international function of the private international law rule. Therefore, it is suitable to the needs of international affairs. Once the merits of the autonomous approach have been established, it is necessary to consider whether it can be generalized or not. Indeed, the adoption of a complete set of rules in European private international law relating to contractual and non-contractual obligations highlights a debate on the opportunity to adopt a unitary characterisation for the common notions of the Rome and Brussels Conventions and Regulations. The present study suggests to consider an autonomous and monistic model for characterisation but only to the extent international relations are involved.

(résumé en français)<p>Le projet urbain, par la démarche souple et transversale qu’il produit, est emblématique des concepts urbanistiques contemporains. Cette approche peut-elle opérer une reconnexion entre villes, ports et fleuves? A contrario, pourrait-elle renforcer cette déconnexion en cours, dans un contexte où les logiques de marché urbain sont plus favorables aux sphères d’économie résidentielle qu’à la sphère productive? Cette question se pose d’autant plus que ces espaces sont à l’intersection d’enjeux majeurs: la densification urbaine dans un contexte de lutte contre l’étalement urbain; le redéploiement du fret fluvial, alternative durable au réseau routier; et l’amélioration de la gestion de l’eau. En se basant sur les cas de Lille et Bruxelles, ce travail de recherche se fonde sur les facettes matérielle, organisationnelle et existentielle de ces territoires, abordées à différents échelons géographiques. Cette analyse montre que, dans son processus, le projet initie un nouveau dialogue ville-port, par de nouvelles formes de coopération horizontale. Par contre, dans sa matérialisation, il reproduit les coupures fonctionnalistes de l’ère industrielle, causées par les conditions externes et internes à son cadre de conception. Se distinguant de l’environnement conflictuel des sphères de conception et de décision, les pratiques révèlent le rôle de régulation de ces interfaces entre ville et port :des espaces de «quiétude», dans des environnements denses et enclavés. Finalement, les conditions d’une reconnexion sont proposées :l’évolution des formes de gouvernance ville-port, les nouvelles formes d’aménagement, et les processus de projet, comme rouage central au cœur de ces mutations. <p><p>(English summary)<p>The urban development project, thanks to its flexible and cross-sectional approach, is emblematic for contemporary urban concepts. Can this approach prompt a re-connection between cities, inland ports and waterways? On the other hand, could it strengthen this current de-connection, in an economic environment where urban market logic is more favorable to residential economy than to productive economy? This question is particularly important since these spaces are at the intersection of major issues: urban densification in a context of fight against urban sprawl; inland waterway freight transport redeployment, sustainable alternative to road transport; and the improvement of water management. Starting from the cases of Brussels and Lille, this research work is based on material, organizational and existential aspects of these territories, tackled at different geographical levels. This analysis shows that, throughout its process, an urban development project can initiate a new city-port dialogue by means of new forms of horizontal cooperation. In the contrary, in its materialization, it reproduces the functional cuts of the industrial era, caused by constraints and influences of its design framework. Distinguishing themselves from the conflicting environment of design and decision circles, daily practice reveals the role of regulation of these city port interfaces: quiet spaces in dense and landlocked environments. Finally, conditions for a re-connection are put forward: an evolution of city-port governance forms, new forms or urban developments and development processes, as pivotal issue of these transformations. / Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse pose la question de la fortune remarquable du surréalisme en Belgique et porte particulièrement attention à la poétique de Christian Dotremont qui, après une période surréaliste, trace le premier logogramme en 1962. La partie initiale de notre recherche interroge ses rapports avec le groupe surréaliste bruxellois (Paul Nougé et René Magritte), préoccupé par le refus de l’œuvre. Cette démarche subversive se transforme dans l’art expérimental du groupe Cobra (communauté artistique fondée en 1948 par Dotremont). Nous nous intéressons à cette évolution d’une préoccupation logocentrique (où le mot compte pour le contenu qu’il véhicule : il s’agit de la poétique « primitive » de Nougé et des objets bouleversants de Magritte) vers l’exploration du mot comme trace, comme scription et, par là même, comme source de poésie. La deuxième partie de notre recherche traite de l’époque Cobra où se forge ce que nous appelons la poétique du visible chez Dotremont dont le résultat est la découverte du pouvoir créatif du mot en tant que matière, en tant que trace manuscrite. Ces expérimentations centrées sur la matérialité du langage préparent le cheminement artistique de Dotremont vers l’invention du logogramme (objet d’analyse de la troisième partie de la thèse). Dans l’idée d’une légitimation du logogramme en tant que nouveau genre poético-pictural, nous relevons ses invariants créateurs : sans pour autant se soumettre au modèle pictural, celui-ci n’est ni peinture des mots, ni mot-tableau, il exploite la matérialité de la lettre comme source poétique : genre transfrontalier qui ne cesse de mettre en question et d’inclure dans sa cinétique la métamorphose de sa réception. / The main focus of our research points out the noteworthy longevity of the Belgian surrealist group. Thus, we have chosen to analyze the poetic and artistic works of one of its most important representative, Christian Dotremont. His interartistic poetics (beginning with a surrealist phase and continuing until the invention of the logograms in 1962) is in fact symptomatic for the complete transformation of the Belgian movement. Consequently, the first part of our research examines Dotremont’s contacts and collaborations with the surrealist group (Paul Nougé and René Magritte), mainly interested by subversive creative works. Their negative technique is transformed by Dotremont into experimental art along with his own group founded in 1948, Cobra. The second part of this research would particularly like to draw attention to this evolution from a logocentric artistic point of view in which the word is important for its meaning (Nougé’s “primitive” poetry theory or Magritte’s praxis of “objets bouleversants”) toward Dotremont and Cobra’s discovery of the word as materiality, as scription, and as poetic source. This is the object of the second part of our thesis, where we explore Cobra “poetics of visible”: the pictorial and poetic importance of painted not written texts, words or letters. Cobra collective inventions investigate the aesthetic results of in-between artistic techniques and also emphasize Dotremont progression from a subversive surrealist literary point of view to the invention of logograms. This hybrid creation, the logogram, is examined in detail in the third and last part of our thesis.

The diploma thesis entitled "The Brussels I Regulation and Other Procedural Legislation of European Private International Law (with regard to consumer protection)" as presented focuses in details primarily on the consumer protection under the relevant civil procedural law of the EU. The main objective is to analyse certain provisions of relevant law dealing with the effective protection of the weaker contracting party - consumer. The European Union's consumer protection legislation tends to strenghten the legal position of a consumer. The thesis underscores the importance of these special provisions, presents the original purposes, which have led to the adoption of them and the deduced conclusions supports by practical examples and by relevant European case law. It might be concluded that these provisions have created a special branch of the European civil procedure law. The text is divided into seven main chapters. The introduction includes the scope of the topic covered by the thesis. The first chapter is dedicated to the europeanization process of civil procedure and is primarily supposed to introduce the reader into the relevant issues of the thesis. The second chapter is intended to provide basic information about the conception of consumer protection law within the European context. It deals...

© JUDr. Barbora Krajcová Mezinárodní internetové právo a příslušnost soudu v internetových sporech ABSTRACT The aim of this dissertation thesis is to provide an analysis of International Internet Law from an electronic commerce and, in particular, procedural law perspective. The author focuses on questions relating to jurisdiction which are, according to the author's opinion, specific and controversial to electronic commerce cases. Other questions of procedural law, such as, for example, recognition and enforcement of judgments, are not analyzed in this thesis, since the author does not see any specific issues with these questions in connection with electronic commerce. The Chapter No. 1 in the theoretical portion of this dissertation thesis refers to internet as medium operating electronic commerce. The Chapter No. 2 reflects key and basic terms, contains, inter alia, definition of electronic commerce. However, this thesis analyses questions of jurisdiction the Chapter No. 3 analyses also substantive law relating to electronic commerce and the basic terms used throughout this thesis. Due understanding of substantive law (from an EU law perspective; the e-commerce directive and from an international law perspective; the UNCITRAL Convention on Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts) its...

Cette recherche retrace l’histoire des envois de tableaux de l’État englobant les périodes du Directoire, du Consulat et de l’Empire. Grâce au dépouillement des archives publiques, la correspondance entre les acteurs locaux (maire et préfet, d’un côté) et les pouvoirs centraux(administration muséale et ministère de l’Intérieur, d’un autre côté) a pu être en grande partie reconstituée ; elle retrace la genèse de la naissance des musées de province. La suite chronologique de ces envois d’État de 1798 à 1814 prouve qu’il y a différents moments et différents types d’envois de tableaux. Seuls les envois issus de l’arrêté du 14 fructidor an IX (1er septembre 1801) et ceux issus de l’arrêté complémentaire du 16 fructidor an X (3 septembre 1802) se transformeront en création de musées lors de leur achèvement. Le récit et les aléas de l’histoire des envois donnent aussi un aperçu des convictions du ministre de l’Intérieur Jean-Antoine Chaptal (1756-1832) et de sa politique culturelle. Dès 1803, cette politique ministérielle sera parasitée par la gestion du Directeur général du Musée Napoléon, Dominique-Vivant Denon (1747-1825), qui, pour le moins, ne partage pas les positions du ministre. Parallèlement, germent les premiers bourgeons d’une politique culturelle préfectorale.L’intégration des trois villes de Bruxelles, Genève et Mayence dans la répartition artistique du14 fructidor an IX (1er septembre 1801) ne participe pas d’une politique d’assimilation ; elle relève clairement d’une volonté d’apaisement général de la Nation et d’un effort de réalisation de l’unité nationale chers surtout à Napoléon Bonaparte. / This study explores the distribution of paintings by the French government during the periods of the Directory, Consulate, and the Napoleonic Empire. An examination of public archives resulted in the reconstitution of correspondences between local officials (such as themayor and the prefect) and central powers (administrators at the Louvre Museum and the Minister of the Interior). This research highlights the particular policies of the Minister of the Interior Jean-Antoine Chaptal (1756-1832), and sheds light upon the birth of provincial museums (musées de province). The chronology of these national shipments of paintings from1798 to 1814 demonstrates that there are different moments and different kinds of cultural transfers. Only shipments issued under the decree of Fructidor 14 year IX (1 September 1801)and those of the additional order of Fructidor 16 year X (3 September 1802) resulted in the creation of museums upon completion. The history and vagaries of these shipments also reflect the ideology and political beliefs of Chaptal, author and initiator of these two decrees.From 1803 on, this ministerial policy was challenged by the Director of the NapoleonMuseum (Directeur général du Musée Napoléon), Dominique-Vivant Denon (1747-1825),who did not share the Minister’s point of view. At the same time, the first signs of prefectural cultural policy began to appear. The integration of the three towns, Brussels, Geneva and Mainz, under the artistic redistribution of Fructidor 14, was not so much a sign of political assimilation but rather a general desire to appease the nation and achieve national unity -especially important to Napoleon Bonaparte.

European Patents are granted through the European Patent Office. Although such right is unitary, the European patents will break down into a bundle of national patents; each governed by the domestic law of the States which the holder of the right has designated. Since infringement stands in the crossroads between patent enforcement and patent validity, infringement litigation generally touches on the issue of validity as it is impossible to infringe a right that does not exist or no longer exists. The nullity component in infringement litigation gives rise to additional difficulties with respect to the selection of the forum and the applicable law. As a result, the validity challenge is discussed in detail with respect to the application of the relevant rules on international jurisdiction and with respect to the identification of the relevant applicable laws. Cross border litigation in relation to registered intellectual property rights in Europe has been extremely controversial over the years. The jurisdiction of the courts to deal with foreign intellectual property rights is after all not entirely obvious or straightforward in the light of the exclusive jurisdiction provision in the Brussels system. The judgment which the Court of Justice delivered on 13th July 2006 in case Roche and GAT result substantial conflicts. Divergent views had been expressed concerning cross border jurisdiction over intellectual property cases on Article 6(1) of the Brussels I Regulation; and Article 16(4) of the Brussels Convention 1968, what is now Article 22(4) of the Brussels I Regulation. This thesis focuses on the jurisdiction and applicable law on European patent disputes.

This dissertation analyses the consequences of seemingly placeless processes like the European integration and the increasing economic globalisation on Brussels and the people living there. The study shows that Brussels has become one of our time's most important international political capitals and a leading business node in Europe. European institutions, international organisations, headquarters and subsidiaries of transnational corporations are increasingly locating themselves in Brussels. Simultaneously there has been an influx of transnational professionals working in the international sector. This research shows that with the internationalisation of Brussels there has been concomitant economic restructuring with the emergence of an advanced service economy. The labour market has become polarised between those who have jobs and those who do not. Brussels has also experienced a spatial and socio-economic polarisation along ethnic lines. The thesis explores the connections between these changes and Brussels' international role. Drawing on the world / global city thesis of Saskia Sassen and John Friedmann, a theoretical framework is developed to analyse this. One of the important results of this study is that the world / global city thesis needs to be complemented with a thorough analysis of the place: the political and historical context, and also the role of the local agents, to enable an explanation of the observed development. The interplay between global and local processes needs to be clarified. It is also argued that to properly understand cities with an international role like Brussels, we need to know why international agents locate there. Michael Storper's concepts of 'economic reflexivity' and 'territorial specificities' are used to analyse the rise of Brussels into a reflexive world city - a city vibrating with specific knowledge, produced through inter alia social interaction and critical reflection, that some transnational agents find extremely vital to tap into.

Cette thèse pose la question de la fortune remarquable du surréalisme en Belgique et porte particulièrement attention à la poétique de Christian Dotremont qui, après une période surréaliste, trace le premier logogramme en 1962. La partie initiale de notre recherche interroge ses rapports avec le groupe surréaliste bruxellois (Paul Nougé et René Magritte), préoccupé par le refus de l’œuvre. Cette démarche subversive se transforme dans l’art expérimental du groupe Cobra (communauté artistique fondée en 1948 par Dotremont). Nous nous intéressons à cette évolution d’une préoccupation logocentrique (où le mot compte pour le contenu qu’il véhicule : il s’agit de la poétique « primitive » de Nougé et des objets bouleversants de Magritte) vers l’exploration du mot comme trace, comme scription et, par là même, comme source de poésie. La deuxième partie de notre recherche traite de l’époque Cobra où se forge ce que nous appelons la poétique du visible chez Dotremont dont le résultat est la découverte du pouvoir créatif du mot en tant que matière, en tant que trace manuscrite. Ces expérimentations centrées sur la matérialité du langage préparent le cheminement artistique de Dotremont vers l’invention du logogramme (objet d’analyse de la troisième partie de la thèse). Dans l’idée d’une légitimation du logogramme en tant que nouveau genre poético-pictural, nous relevons ses invariants créateurs : sans pour autant se soumettre au modèle pictural, celui-ci n’est ni peinture des mots, ni mot-tableau, il exploite la matérialité de la lettre comme source poétique : genre transfrontalier qui ne cesse de mettre en question et d’inclure dans sa cinétique la métamorphose de sa réception. / The main focus of our research points out the noteworthy longevity of the Belgian surrealist group. Thus, we have chosen to analyze the poetic and artistic works of one of its most important representative, Christian Dotremont. His interartistic poetics (beginning with a surrealist phase and continuing until the invention of the logograms in 1962) is in fact symptomatic for the complete transformation of the Belgian movement. Consequently, the first part of our research examines Dotremont’s contacts and collaborations with the surrealist group (Paul Nougé and René Magritte), mainly interested by subversive creative works. Their negative technique is transformed by Dotremont into experimental art along with his own group founded in 1948, Cobra. The second part of this research would particularly like to draw attention to this evolution from a logocentric artistic point of view in which the word is important for its meaning (Nougé’s “primitive” poetry theory or Magritte’s praxis of “objets bouleversants”) toward Dotremont and Cobra’s discovery of the word as materiality, as scription, and as poetic source. This is the object of the second part of our thesis, where we explore Cobra “poetics of visible”: the pictorial and poetic importance of painted not written texts, words or letters. Cobra collective inventions investigate the aesthetic results of in-between artistic techniques and also emphasize Dotremont progression from a subversive surrealist literary point of view to the invention of logograms. This hybrid creation, the logogram, is examined in detail in the third and last part of our thesis.