<p>Title</p><p>Energy-efficiency – of slab blocks built in the sixties</p><p>Authors</p><p>Richard Sandahl and Kim Söderberg</p><p>Education</p><p>Halmstad University, Section for economy and technique Construction Engineering 180 ECTS</p><p>Supervisor</p><p>Margaretha Borgström, Universitylector construction physics, Halmstad University</p><p>Contact person at HFAB</p><p>Ulf Johansson Heating, sanitation and energy co-ordinator</p><p>Report</p><p>Examination paper at the construction engineering program is performed in cooperation with HFAB (Halmstad real estate concern Inc.)</p><p>Aim</p><p>This examinations work is done in cooperation with HFAB and there project on the block around the street Maratonvägen. HFAB:s dwelling stock on this area are going through a bigger renovation and in relation to this they are looking on the possibilities to make this building more energy efficient. That is why this examination paper has as purpose to answer the question if it is possible to make slab blocks built in the sixties more energy efficient. This is done by calculate energy efficient measures on a chosen apartment block at Maratonvägen in Halmstad, in an energy and expense perspective.</p><p>Method</p><p>The examination paper is based on different methods, mainly calculation but also qualitative conversation studies, economic calculations and literature studies. Energy calculations has been done with the computer program VIP+, which is doing the calculations based on a energy balance in consideration to the building construction. The calculation in the program is also done with consideration for climate and thermal bridges. The investment calculation is done with the pay off-method. The litterateur study is built on searches in the databases HULDA, LIBRIS and Internet. Since the development in this particularly area is progressing fast we have focused on information published after the year 2002 and forward. The dialogue interviews are founded on an interview guide. This to collect as much information as possible and be able to adjust the questions depending on the answers.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The conclusion that is presented in this examination paper is among others that there are good possibilities to make slab blocks built in the sixties more energy efficient. VIP+ is reliable as a calculation method for this examination paper. A change of a window with u-value 0,9W/°C is the most energy-efficient measure that we calculated and that solar-heating is a good way to provide the building with hot water.</p><p>Key word</p><p>Energy-efficiency, VIP+, energy-efficiency measures, slab blocks built in the sixties, Maratonvägen,</p>

Title Energy-efficiency – of slab blocks built in the sixties Authors Richard Sandahl and Kim Söderberg Education Halmstad University, Section for economy and technique Construction Engineering 180 ECTS Supervisor Margaretha Borgström, Universitylector construction physics, Halmstad University Contact person at HFAB Ulf Johansson Heating, sanitation and energy co-ordinator Report Examination paper at the construction engineering program is performed in cooperation with HFAB (Halmstad real estate concern Inc.) Aim This examinations work is done in cooperation with HFAB and there project on the block around the street Maratonvägen. HFAB:s dwelling stock on this area are going through a bigger renovation and in relation to this they are looking on the possibilities to make this building more energy efficient. That is why this examination paper has as purpose to answer the question if it is possible to make slab blocks built in the sixties more energy efficient. This is done by calculate energy efficient measures on a chosen apartment block at Maratonvägen in Halmstad, in an energy and expense perspective. Method The examination paper is based on different methods, mainly calculation but also qualitative conversation studies, economic calculations and literature studies. Energy calculations has been done with the computer program VIP+, which is doing the calculations based on a energy balance in consideration to the building construction. The calculation in the program is also done with consideration for climate and thermal bridges. The investment calculation is done with the pay off-method. The litterateur study is built on searches in the databases HULDA, LIBRIS and Internet. Since the development in this particularly area is progressing fast we have focused on information published after the year 2002 and forward. The dialogue interviews are founded on an interview guide. This to collect as much information as possible and be able to adjust the questions depending on the answers. Conclusions The conclusion that is presented in this examination paper is among others that there are good possibilities to make slab blocks built in the sixties more energy efficient. VIP+ is reliable as a calculation method for this examination paper. A change of a window with u-value 0,9W/°C is the most energy-efficient measure that we calculated and that solar-heating is a good way to provide the building with hot water. Key word Energy-efficiency, VIP+, energy-efficiency measures, slab blocks built in the sixties, Maratonvägen,

Projektet redovisar genomförda och av examinanden ritade byggnadsprojekt under 19 år (1994-2012), i huvudsak flerbostadshus i Stockholmstrakten. Genom att sammanställa dessa med en text om teknik och arkitektur, vars huvuddrag tillkom i början av perioden, ges en inblick i kopplingen, eller kanske snarare bristen på densamma, mellan teori och praktik för en vanlig husarkitekt idag. De i textdelen skisserade ställningstagandena försvinner djupt ner bland lagren av tillfälligheter och sociala och ekonomiska makthierarkier i ett vanligt byggprojekt idag. Trots detta kan man genom att ha studerat till exempel hightech-arkitekturens bakgrund och historia ha tillskansat sig en beredskap och förståelse för hur varierad husbyggnadsprocessen kan vara, och som är användbar i praktiken om man vill utveckla sig som arkitekt. / The project reports completed and by the candidate designed buildings during 19 years (1994-2012), mainly apartment buildings in Stockholm. By compiling these with a text about technology and architecture, whose main features were added in the beginning of the period, the reader is given an insight into the coupling, or rather the lack of it, between theory and practice for an architect of today. Most of the outlined standpoints in the text  disappear among the layers of circumstance and social and economic hierarchies of power in a typical construction project today. Nevertheless, it is by studying, for example, high-tech architecture's history that gives you an understanding of how varied a building construction process can be, which is useful in practice if you want to develop as an architect.

För ett mer hållbart samhälle står världen inför stora utmaningar vad det gäller miljön i form av effektivisering av energiförbrukning. Byggsektorn stod för 30 % av Sveriges totala energiförbrukning år 2014. Därför har regering en vision att minska energiförbrukningen med 50 % fram till år 2050. Enligt Boverket byggdes 1 005 578 bostäder mellan 1965-1974 vilket senare kallades för ”miljonprogrammet”. Idag är många av dessa byggnader i dåligt skick och uppfyller inte dagens energikrav eller livsstil, därför är de i stort behov av ombyggnation eller omfattande renoveringslösningar. Flerbostadshuset som undersöks i Sundsgatan 10 i Säffle kommun är ett sådant flerbostadshus från miljonprogrammet som har en hög energiförbrukning. Målet var att finna och jämföra energieffektiva renoveringsåtgärder för flerbostadshuset. Resultat av liknande projekt har studerats för att undersöka renoveringsmöjligheter och begränsningar. Beräkningar har utförts med hjälp av olika datorprogram och SundaHus databas. VIP-Energy har använts vid beräkning av energi för flerbostadshuset. Priset för åtgärdsmaterial hämtades från nätet samt utförda kalkyler har upprättats med BidCon. SundaHus användes för att finna renoveringsmaterial som är anpassat för miljö och hälsa. Resultat redovisas i form av tre renoveringspaket: Renoveringspaket 1 innefattar: en energieffektiv renovering där specifik energiförbrukning blev cirka 32 kWh/m2 och kostade 5,7 miljoner kr. Renoveringspaket 2 innefattar: en ekonomisk renovering som klarar av BBR-kravet för flerbostadshus. Specifik energiförbrukning blev cirka 99 kWh/m2 och kostade 1,5 Mkr. Renoveringspaket 3 innefattar: en kombination av både ekonomisk och energieffektiv renovering där specifik energiförbrukning blev cirka 68 kWh/m2 och kostade 2,1 Mkr. / For a more sustainable society to be attained, the world is faced with major setbacks ranging from environmental factors to the efficiency of energy consumption.  The construction sector accounted for over 30 % of Sweden's total energy consumption in 2014. Consequently, the government developed a vision to reduce energy consumption by 50 % by 2050. According to the Boverket, 1,005,578 residential units were built between 1965-1974, and subsequently called for the million program project. Today, many of these buildings are in poor condition and do not meet today's energy requirements or lifestyle which has led to the need for rebuilding or providing extensive renovation solutions. The multi-family house is located in Sundsgatan 10 in Säffle county, is from the million program that has a high energy consumption. The goal was to find and compare energy-efficient renovation measures for the multi-family house. Results of similar projects have been studied to investigate renovations and limitations. Various analyses have been performed using computer programs and SundaHus database. VIP-Energy has been used to calculate for energy extraction for the multi-family house. Also, the price for action material was retrieved from the network and execution calculations have been made with BidCon. Furthermore, SundaHus was used to find renovation materials adapted to the environment and health. Results were presented in the form of three renovation packages: Performance package 1 introduces energy-efficient renovation where the specific energy consumption was approximately 32 kWh/m2 and cost 5,7 MSEK. Performance Package 2 introduces an economic renovation that meets the BBR requirement for multi-family houses. Specific energy consumption was approximately 99 kWh/m2 and cost 1,5 MSEK. Performance Package 3 incorporates a combination of both economic and energy efficient refurbishment where the specific energy consumption was approximately 68 kWh/m2 and cost 2,1 MSEK.

In today’s society, there are very high expectations on urban planning and it´s possibilities to contribute to a good city and a good life for the citizens. A planner has to have both economical, ecological and social sustainability in mind while developing the city. An important part of the social sustainability is that all residents feel like a part of the society in the city they live in. Social integration between different social groups in the society is an important matter in today’s society. The question is if urban planning has the potential to contribute to the social integration. In this thesis, neighborhood boundaries are investigated in order to identify possibilities and barriers in the built environment for people´s movement in the city. Factors that could have an impact are identified through literature studies. The empirical investigation of the neighborhood boundaries is carried out through observations in field is supplemented by a description and discussion of three methods, multiple centrality assessment and observations, that can be used to estimate the possibilities for a good urban life. The result of the investigation is presented through a comparison of the neighborhood boundaries where factors like streets that connect the neighborhoods and the barrier impact from streets is assessed. According to the literature, streets and green areas can have barrier impact, while public space and bicycle- and footpath can have positive effects on urban life. Finally, the physical structure and the built environment is considered to have an impact on people´s movement´s in the city and urban life. In the discussion, advantages and disadvantages of the three methods and suggestions of how they can be developed are brought up. For example, it can be good to combine calculations of the connectedness of the network with observations of where and how urban life is taking place. Last but not least it´s important to point out that it seems to be agreed on in the literature that the built environment can have an impact on how people move in the city and social processes among citizens, but it is and will continue to be discussed how big the impact is. / Det finns idag höga förväntningar på att stadsplaneringen ska kunna förbättra staden och livet för stadens invånare. En planerare ska ta med både ekonomisk, ekologisk och social hållbarhet när staden ska utvecklas. En viktig del av den sociala hållbarheten är att alla invånare ska känna sig som en del av det samhälle de lever i. Integration mellan olika grupper i samhället är därför ett viktigt och mycket aktuellt tema i dagens samhälle. Frågan är vilka förutsättningar stadsplaneringen har för att kunna bidra till denna integration. I denna uppsats undersöks stadsdelsgränsers karaktär för att identifiera möjligheter och hinder i den byggda miljön för människors rörelser i staden. Genom litteraturstudier identifieras ett antal faktorer som kan påverka detta. Denna empiriska studie av stadsdelsgränser som utförs genom iakttagelser i fält kompletteras med en beskrivning och diskussion om två befintliga metoder, multiple centrality assessment och observationer, för att bedöma en plats möjlighet till ett fungerande stadsliv. Resultatet av den empiriska undersökningen presenteras som en jämförelse av de olika stadsdelarna där faktorer som antal sammanlänkande gator och gator med barriärverkan bedöms. Resultatet av litteraturstudien visar att gator och grönområden anses kunna ha en barriäreffekt, medan offentliga rum och cykel- och gångstråk anses kunna bidra positivt till det sociala livet i staden. Slutligen anses stadens fysiska struktur och den byggda miljöns utformning kan påverka människors rörelser i staden och stadens sociala liv. I diskussionen diskuteras för och nackdelar med de tre metoderna och förslag på hur de kan utvecklas och kompletteras. Det kan exempelvis vara bra att kombinera beräkningar på det fysiska nätverkets sammanlänkning med observationer av hur stadslivet fungerar. Avslutningsvis finns det en samstämmighet i litteraturen om att den byggda miljön påverkar sociala processer i staden, men det diskuteras hur stor denna påverkan är och denna diskussion kommer troligen fortsätta.

BARA BOSTÄDER Placerat mellan Bollmora flerbostadshus och den gamla landsvägen breder Tyresö gymnasium ut sig. Vår ingång blir att riva skolan, materialet ’kremeras’ till tegelkross och sprids i en röd löparbana längs den befintliga landsvägen, att tillåtas glömma för att senare minnas. Gymnasiet förstås som en del av det befintliga landskapet, det ändrar bara form och byter plats. Vad händer när man släcker ett lager i AutoCad? Det närvarar i sin frånvaro. Djup genom lager. Gestaltat i platsmodell- höjdkurvor, vägar och fält, blir det tydligt att de separerade lagrerna inte går att särskilja. Konstruktionen är närvarande i såväl landskap som byggd miljö. Error- går det att separera det byggda från det byggda? Samspel och motsättning- relation och konflikt eller inget av dera alt båda samtidigt. Projektet berör teman som samarbete, representation och (klurar på saken…) Vad blir det tredje? Teman ---&gt; Det platsspecifika, idéen om det konstruerade. Berättelse och historia. / HOUSING TYRESÖ   Between Bollmora social housing complex and the old highroad one find Tyresö gymnasium. Our starting point is to demolish the school, “cremate” its material in to brick-ash and spread it as a red running track along the existing highroad, permission to forget in order to remember. The gymnasium is understood as part of the existing landscape, it only changes form and place.   What happens if you turn off a layer in AutoCad? Presence through absence. Depth through layers. Represented in site model- terrain, roads and fields, it becomes clear that the separated layers cannot be distinguished from one another.  The constructed nature is present, in the landscape as well as the built environment.   Default- is it possible to separate the built from the built?   Interplay and opposition, relation and conflict or neither one, alternative both at once. The project touches upon themes such as collaboration, representation and (thinking about it…) what will the third become?   Themes –&gt; The site-specific, the idea of the natural and the idea of the constructed. History and fiction.

Between 1965 and 1975 a major housing project was carried out in Sweden to resolve a major housing crisis, the so-called one million housing program (Swedish: miljonprogrammet). To raise the standards and create a more attractive housing in these areas is currently a very relevant topic in Sweden.Evidence-based design is the process of basing decisions of the built environment on credible research and studies to achieve the best possible outcome. This method is primarily used in the healthcare sector to improve quality of care and reduce costs by creating healthy environments.The possibility of refurbish apartment buildings from miljonprogrammet using evidence-based design has been studied by means of an extensive literature review and a closer examination of the residential area, Husby in Stockholm, which has been chosen to represent the miljonprogrammet in its entirety. Furthermore, the evidence-based research has been limited to seven fields; nature, noise, color, wayfinding, safe environment, daylight and thermal comfort which has been assessed to be applicable on housing. In order to obtain a comprehensive overview of the different fields, four different subjects were chosen to investigate further within each field; research and studies, laws and regulations, constructional aspect and Husby. The analysis has shown that the seven fields to varying degrees can be applicable to miljonprogrammet. The thesis concludes that an evidence-based method can be used for refurbishment of miljonprogrammet. Some of the fields investigated in the thesis may need further development, in particular; nature, color and wayfinding. Some of the benefits of the evidence-based design process may be to give architects an instrument to justify their design decisions which were earlier based on experience and intuition rather than credible research.

Denna rapport utreder användningen av prefabricerade takelement i byggbranschen med fokus på hur prefabricering påverkar produktionstid och kvalitet. Studien genomfördes i samarbete med Arcona AB med syfte att utforska deras projekt “Påsen - 1”, där en jämförelse av prefabricerade takelement mot traditionellt platsbyggda tak utfördes. Syftet är att utvärdera hur prefabricering påverkar effektivitet och kvalitet i byggprojekt. Genom litteraturstudier, projektdata och kvalitativa intervjuer undersöktes de potentiella fördelar och utmaningar. Resultaten visar att användningen av prefabricerade takelement ger en betydande tidsbesparing på nästan 60 % jämfört med platsbyggda tak. Undersökningen visar att snabbare montering, överlappande arbetsmoment, bättre arbetsflöde och även bättre kvalitet. Den kontrollerade fabriksmiljön säkerställer den förbättrade kvalitet genom noggranna tester och kontroller, vilket minskar risken för fel vid monteringen. Trots detta förblir hantverksskicklighet en avgörande faktor för slutkvaliteten i både prefabricerade och platsbyggda konstruktioner. Rapporten lyfter fram svårigheterna med att generalisera resultaten eftersom varje projekt har unika förutsättningar och komplexitet bakom sig. Allt från ekonomiska till logistiska överväganden spelar en avgörande roll vid beslutet om användningen av prefabricerade tak. Slutsatsen som rapporten lyfter fram är att prefabricerade takelement erbjuder omfattande fördelar inom produktionstid och kvalitet i tidigt skede innan montage jämfört med traditionellt byggt tak. Däremot krävs det vidare forskning för att förstå de långsiktiga effekterna och praktiska komplikationerna. / This report investigates the use of prefabricated roof elements in the construction industry with a focus on how prefabrication affects production time and quality. The study was carried out in collaboration with Arcona AB with the aim of exploring their project "Påsen - 1", where a comparison of prefabricated roof elements against traditionally site-built roofs was carried out. The purpose is to evaluate how prefabrication affects efficiency and quality in construction projects. Through literature studies, project data, and qualitative interviews, the potential benefits and challenges were studied. The results showed that the use of prefabricated roof elements provides a significant time saving of almost 60% compared to site-built roofs. The survey shows faster assembly, overlapping work steps, better workflow and also better quality. The controlled factory environment ensures improved quality through careful tests and checks, which reduces the risk of errors during assembly. Despite this, craftsmanship remains a critical factor in the final quality of both prefabricated and site-built structures. The report highlights the difficulties in generalizing the results because each project has unique conditions and complexity behind it. Everything from economic to logistical considerations plays a decisive role in the decision on the use of prefabricated roofs. The conclusion that the report highlights is that prefabricated roof elements offer advantages in production time and quality in the early stages before assembly compared to traditionally built roofs. However, further research is required to understand the long-term effects and practical complications.

Flerbostadshus anses viktiga för att minska energianvändningen i byggnader, och potentialen att energieffektivisera i samband med renovering är stor. Denna studie behandlar hur arbete med energifrågor genomförs i renovering av flerbostadshus byggda under miljonprogrammet i stadsdelen Östra Sätra i Gävle. Avhandlingens analytiska verktyg baseras på perspektiv utvecklade inom teknik och vetenskapsstudier (STS) och aktörsnätverksteori (ANT) samt urbana studier. I studien utvecklas och tillämpas verktyget energisammansättningar. Genom en symmetrisk ansats studeras energifrågors definition och innehåll i renoveringen genom att spåra kedjor av översättningar. Det empiriska underlaget är kvalitativa intervjuer, mål- och strategidokument, beslutsprotokoll och observationer. Avhandlingen visar att energiarbetets innehåll flätades samman med exempelvis kommunal planering och energipolitik, med bostadsbolagets befintliga arbetssätt för renoveringar och dess relationer till sina kunder, samt med lagen för allmännyttiga bostadsbolag. Studien identifierar också att spänningar uppstod i energiarbetet inom flera områden. Dessa rör hur de ekonomiska vinsterna och kostnaderna för energiarbete ska beräknas och fördelas, översättningar av energimål, var och hur energiarbete ska prioriteras i den bebyggda miljön, i vilken takt energiarbetet ska ske och hur de boende ska delta i energiarbete. Studien visar att energieffektiviserande åtgärder prioriterades i renoveringen så länge som de beräknades vara ekonomiskt affärsmässiga och en del av det allmännyttiga arbetet, men även hur förändringar var svåra att genomföra om de utmanade eller förändrade befintliga relationer och arbetssätt. Det gällde särskilt i relationen till de boende i området och till ekonomiska kostnader för renoveringen. / Transforming the energy used in apartment buildings have become increasingly important issues. This study examines how energy issues were designed in a refurbishment project for apartment buildings built during the “Million Programme” era in Sweden in the district of Östra Sätra in Gävle. The analytical approach and tools used are based on science and technology studies (STS), actor–network theory (ANT), and urban studies. Specifically, the study applies the concept of assemblages, which in this study are called energy assemblages. Energy issues are examined as they translated and negotiated in practice by actors and how they are incorporated into the refurbishment design. The empirical data are based on qualitative interviews, analyses of documents, and observations. The analyses demonstrate that work on energy issues was intertwined with the city’s work on planning and energy issues, the housing company’s working practices, as well as the laws governing public housing companies. The study also demonstrates that sometimes tensions arose in situations in which different energy assemblage processes collided. The study identifies several areas of tension. First, tensions arose in situations of diverse translations of energy goals. Second, in negotiations about calculations of the financial costs of energy transition. Third, tensions also arose when determining where energy transition should be located. Fourth, about resident participation in energy issues. Fifth, the energy transition timeframe. The study demonstrates that energy efficiency measures were prioritized in the refurbishment as long as they were treated as financially beneficial and did not challenge or change existing relationships, work practices, and customer relations.

Rosengård was built in the 1960s and 1970s as part of the million program, in which one million new homes were built in ten years. But since then there have been no major changes besides minor cosmetic changes. These efforts have not been sufficient enough and have not given any significant improvement of the area and the problems remain until today. Malmö is today very a divided city, a segregated city, and integrating the eastern and western parts of the city is an important issue for the municipality government in Malmö. Today's urban form of Rosengård has major shortcomings and makes it more difficult for the inhabitants of the area to integrate into the city of Malmö. In the land use plan for Malmö city, Rosengård is pointed out as a prioritized area with a strong focus on urban development. The focus is on turning Amiralsgatan into an urban high street with a rich range of shops and life and movement on the sidewalks. An analysis of Rosengård is made from a perspective of density and mixed-use development. Based on the compact urban model, a development proposal has been constructed in which will be a vision for the future development of the area. The theoretical starting point "The Compact City" is a planning strategy that emphasizes the dense city, which guarantees good accessibility with integrated public transport. The compact city allows for a more pedestrian and bicycle friendly city and less car use. The mixed-use development is also a central pillar in the compact city and leads to better access to commercial and service. The goal is to achieve a denser urban form by applying the driving factors that characterize the compact urban model. The new Rosengård will be a continuation of Malmö's inner city and Amiralsgatan is the main central axis, which will undergo a major overhaul. The street's width is reduced from 120 meters to 40 meters and a new tram line goes in the center of the street. The shopping mall of today’s Rosengård center is being demolished in favor of a dense grid plan that is more walking and cycling oriented. Emilstorp industrial area is transformed into a new neighborhood with a new central park, housing and commercial areas.