自由貿易風潮席捲全球，在國外競爭對手紛紛進入台灣市場、或是與我國貿易夥伴結盟的壓力下，台灣的企業不得不進軍國際市場，進行國際化擴張來確保企業永續發展。傳統理論主張，國際化享有分散市場風險的好處，也幫助企業可借到更充裕的銀行資金，有助企業經營發展。然而，從管理層面來看，國際化也會使得管理風險上升，並且讓銀行不易監控，代理成本問題惡化，導致拉高資金借貸成本，以致造成企業營運危機。因此，本研究要探討企業進行國際化是有利還是不利公司營運穩定以及公司借得資金。 本研究參考相關的文獻，從公司國際化的程度以及涉入國家類型兩個層面，來探討國際化對營運風險以及對借貸能力的影響，並提出三個假設：首先，先看國際化程度跟公司營運風險是否有U型的關係曲線，是否有一個最適的國際化程度使營運風險為最低。再來看國際化程度跟公司借貸能力是否有倒U型的關係曲線，是否有一個最適的國際化程度使借貸能力為最強。最後換個角度，看企業國際化涉入國家的金融發展程度，是否也會造成國際化程度相同的企業營運穩定跟資金借貸有不同表現。 本研究以台灣製造業規模較大的廠商為樣本來進行實證研究，應用事件研究法，取各廠商2004年到2009年間的平均值為研究資料，樣本數為208家。採迴歸方法分析資料，以資產報酬率的變異、長期債務相對股東權益的比例，分別作為衡量風險及借貸能力的依變項，自變項則有代表國際化程度的海外銷售比例或國外資產比例、代表市場金融發展程度的銀行放款佔GDP比率之加權平均。控制變數則有獲利能力、公司規模、研發支出、成長潛力、及產業別虛擬變數等等。 研究結果顯示國際化程度跟營運風險有U型關係，跟借貸能力有倒U型關係，國際化程度高於或低於某最適水準（國外資產比率45%，外銷比率55%），都會使營運風險上升、借貸能力下降。企業國際化活動涉入國家金融深化程度對借貸沒有顯著的影響，但是卻會增加營運風險。

Cette thèse comprend trois essais en économie de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles sous incertitude. Le premier essai propose un modèle de jeu différentiel qui analyse la pollution globale à travers la quête à l’hégémonie politique entre pays. Le second essai utilise des données boursières pour estimer une version stochastique de la règle de Hotelling et ainsi inférer sur le rôle des ressources naturelles non renouvelables dans la diversification du risque. Le troisième essai montre comment la prise en compte des perspectives futures modifie la règle de Hotelling dans un contexte de diversification du risque. / My thesis is composed of three essays on environmental and natural resource economics under uncertainty. The first essay proposes a differential game analysis of the quest for hegemony among countries as a generator of global pollution. The second essay uses stock market data on market capitalization to estimate a stochastic version of the Hotelling rule of exhaustible resource exploitation and uses it to infer on the riskiness of investment in nonrenewable resources and its effect on the resource price paths. The third essay shows how uncertainty about future prospects modifies the Hotelling rule in a context of risk diversification.

由於許多公司會利用資本弱化來從事跨國利潤移轉，各國政府因而相繼制定反資本弱化條款，在稅務上限縮公司可減除的利息費用，以防堵企業規避稅負。惟多數探討反資本弱化條款有效性的實證文獻，都是以地主國的觀點看外來投資。 不同於之前文獻偏重探討某一特定國家 (大多數是歐美國家) 的反資本弱化條款是否會改變其境內公司之資本結構，本文則是以居住國的觀點，探討 2008 年至 2012 年台灣電子製造業的上市公司與其國內外關係企業的資本結構，是否會受到其所在國的反資本弱化條款影響。另外，基於內部債務和外部債務間的替代性，本文進一步將負債區分為內部債務與外部債務，以期能更細部了解公司的融資行為。 本文共分為四個模型：以模型一、二分析反資本弱化條款對公司內部債務的影響；以模型三、四分析反資本弱化條款對公司外部債務的影響。實證結果發現，處罰方式若為重分類為股利，會造成公司的內部債務比率下降15.45%，外部債務比率上升 27.66%。而安全港比率中的分子若指所有負債，會造成公司的外部債務比率下降 14%。此外，反資本弱化條款的施行對公司外部債務比率的影響取決於處罰方式和安全港比率中負債的定義。最後，若安全港比率的分子僅指關係人間負債，公司仍可透過增加外部債務的方式，繼續享受利息費用的稅盾效果。 / Because many companies shift their profits through debt financing, governments had imposed anti-thin capitalization rules one after another to limit the tax deductibility of interest expenses. However, most empirical researches on the effectiveness of the anti-thin capitalization rules are from host countries perspectives. Different from previous literature focusing on how the anti-thin capitalization rule of one country affects capital structures of companies in that country, this paper is from a home country perspective to analyze the effects of the anti-thin capitalization rules on capital structures of Taiwanese listed companies (Electronics manufacturing industry) and their affiliates over the period 2008-2012. This paper subdivides debt into internal debt and external debt on account of the substitution between them so that it would help us to understand financing behavior of companies in depth. Model 1 and Model 2 are to investigate how anti-thin capitalization rules affect internal debt of companies. Model 3 and Model 4 are to investigate how anti-thin capitalization rules affect external debt of companies. The findings indicate that reclassifying excess interest as dividends reduces a company’s internal debt ratio by 15.45% and increases its external debt ratio by 27.66%. Defining the numerator of the safe haven ratio as total debt reduces a company’s external debt ratio by 14%. Moreover, how the enforcement of the anti-thin capitalization rule affects a company’s external debt ratio depends on the penalty and the definition of the debt measure in the numerator of the safe haven ratio. Finally, if the numerator of the safe haven ratio refers to related-parties debt, a company may still make good use of the tax shields of interest expenses by increasing external debt.

市地重劃是目前落實都市計畫的重要工具之一透過市地重劃可取得十公共設施用地及部分設施之建設經費。在地方政府財源短絀的情況下，市地重劃不啻是為優良之地方建設工具之一。 市地重劃運用使用者付費之觀念，將開發利益以公共設施用地及建設經費的內容，轉換成抵費地之方式回饋社會，目前依法令規定此回饋比例不得超過市地重劃總面積之百分之四十五。然而如何適當地評估開發利益（即市地重劃效益），並依此獲利負擔回饋（即市地重劃負擔）是本研究所欲了解的。本研究藉由地價理論，確定市地重劃效益主要是因為公共設施投資建設所產生之寧適性與可建性，資本化為每宗土地之土地價值一部分而得；其次依分配價值理論與使用者付費方法，確定市地重劃負擔具有類似稅捐性質，其意為每宗土地支付重劃負擔所繳納之土地比例。由此觀點，本研究藉由市地重劃地價函數之建立，依特徵價格法（ Hedonic Price Method）建構實證模型，並且選定臺中市第七期及第八期重劃區為實證地區，以討論公共設施投資建設對市地重劃後土地價值的景響程度，２重劃負擔法定比例的經濟意義及土地所有權人對重劃負擔的真實負擔能力，以及3以個體經濟之觀點，衡量土地所有權人對重劃之利益與負擔，願意支付之價格。最後再進一步檢討1現行市地重劃分配計算方式之缺失，2以抵費地支付重負擔之問題，以及3重劃估價方式之間題，並提出改進方向。 本研究經以理論及實證分析，獲得之主要結論為：參與市地重劃之住宅地，透過地方性公共建設投資資本化作用，可獲得相當利益，此時以抵費地方式回饋部分利益是極可行的方式，且依實證結果可知，目前地主支付重劃負擔之實力仍大於法規要求之百分之四十五。因此，若再考慮土地使用變更所獲之超額利益，則回饋利益之比例應遠大於百分之四＋五。

L’interdépendance entre les différents métiers de la banque s’est considérablement renforcée au cours des deux dernières décennies. En effet, la globalisation financière a accru la porosité entre les différents métiers bancaires notamment lors de chocs qui bien qu’initialement circonscrits sur un segment de l’activité des banques contaminent maintenant rapidement la santé financière globale des banques. Cet état de fait est étayé par la crise des subprimes. L’échec de la réglementation bancaire révélé à travers la crise financière globale nous oblige à réexaminer le régime réglementaire en vigueur et à accorder une grande importance aux réformes réglementaires dans le système bancaire. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’identifier les carences de la réglementation bancaire et d’analyser les pistes de réforme réglementaire pour remédier à ces lacunes du régime réglementaire actuel. Ce travail de thèse fournit des évidences empiriques sur le fait que la mise en œuvre conjointe d’une stratégie de levier élevé et d’une stratégie de liquidité risquée a déstabilisé les banques au cours des années récentes. Les réglementations futures doivent donc s’orienter vers la complémentarité entre la réglementation de la capitalisation et la réglementation de la liquidité. En accord avec ces résultats empiriques, ce travail de thèse propose finalement un cadre théorique pour montrer que la prise en compte de la réglementation de la liquidité en tant que le complément de la réglementation de capitalisation est socialement optimale. / The interdependence between different banking businesses has significantly increased over the past two decades. In fact, financial globalization increased the porosity between banking businesses in the case of shocks that rapidly infects the global financial health of banks, although they were initially limited to one segment of banking activities. That was shown by the Subprime crisis. The failure of banking regulation, as the global financial crisis demonstrated, is forcing us to review the existing regulatory regime and to pay attention to regulatory reforms in the banking system. This thesis aims to identify the flaws in the banking regulation and to analyze possible reform avenues. In this study, we provide empirical evidence on the joint use of risky leverage strategy and risky liquidity strategy by banks over the past years. Consequently, the future regulatory reforms have to shift towards the complementarity between capitalization regulation and liquidity regulation. In line with our empirical results, we finally propose a theoretical framework in order to establish that implementing liquidity regulation, as complement to the actual capitalization regulation is socially optimal.

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Rodrigues Carneiro (29.08.16).pdf: 1344012 bytes, checksum: c098ba2e7f96772ca0f42cb9ac4c3df5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-02 / O presente trabalho tem por objeto o estudo do modelo de governança da Superintendência de Seguros Privados – Susep, autarquia comum, confrontando-o com o modelo de autarquia especial, principalmente com o de agência reguladora, espécie daquele. O estudo teve origem em pesquisa exploratória, por meio da realização de entrevistas com executivos que atuam e possuem larga experiência no setor de seguros privados, resseguro, previdência complementar aberta e capitalização. Conforme as observações colhidas nas entrevistas, os principais problemas característicos do modelo de governança atual da Susep são ausência de independência orgânica e de autonomia financeira e orçamentária. O presente trabalho aprofundou na literatura nacional a compreensão dessas características no âmbito das agências reguladoras federais brasileiras, em contraste com as características atuais peculiares ao modelo de governança de autarquias comuns. O modelo das agências reguladoras foi escolhido pois a maioria dos próprios entrevistados manifestou entendimento no sentido de que o atual modelo de governança da Susep está ultrapassado e que a adoção do modelo de agência reguladora seria o mais adequado para o setor. Foram consultadas a legislação e doutrina especializada em agências reguladoras, Direito Tributário e Direito Econômico, bem como examinados acórdãos do Tribunal de Contas da União e pesquisas, relatórios e estudos nacionais já realizados nas searas da independência orgânica e da autonomia financeira e orçamentária das agências reguladoras federais brasileiras. Também foram analisados diversos projetos de lei em tramitação no Congresso Nacional, que propõem alterações na estrutura organizacional das agências reguladoras federais brasileiras e nas leis que tratam da gestão financeira e orçamentárias dessas agências. Por fim, concluiu-se que, embora a criação de uma agência reguladora para o setor de seguros privados, resseguro, previdência complementar aberta e capitalização possa contribuir para a superação de problemas associados ao modelo atual de governança da Susep, tal modelo não trará uma solução definitiva para os problemas atualmente existentes na Susep no que diz respeito à ausência de independência orgânica e de autonomia financeira e orçamentária do órgão. Além disso, embora o modelo de agência reguladora possa apresentar vantagens em relação ao modelo de autarquia comum, o modelo de governança das agências reguladoras federais brasileiras necessita ser aperfeiçoado para que se assegure maior independência e efetiva autonomia financeira e orçamentária. / This study's purpose is the study of the governance model of the Superintendency of Private Insurance - SUSEP, common autarchy, confronting it with the special autarchy, mainly with the regulatory agencies. The study originated in exploratory research through interviews with executives who work and have extensive experience in the private insurance industry, reinsurance, open private pension and capitalization. As the observations made in interviews, the main characteristic problems of the current governance model Susep are no organizational independence and financial and budgetary autonomy. This work has deepened in the national literature understanding these characteristics within the brazilian federal regulatory agencies, in contrast to the current peculiar characteristics of the governance model of common autarchy. The model of regulatory agencies was chosen because most of the interviewees expressed understanding in the sense that the current governance model of Susep is outdated and that the adoption of the regulatory agency model would be the most appropriate for the sector. Specialized law and doctrine regulatory agencies were consulted, so as Tax and Economic Laws. There were examinated judgments of the Court of Audit and researches, national reports and studies carried out in the fields of organic independence and financial autonomy and budget of brazilian federal regulatory agencies. There were also analyzed several bills pending in Congress that propose changes in the organizational structure of the brazilian federal regulatory agencies and laws dealing with financial management and budget of these agencies. Finally, it was concluded that although the creation of a regulatory agency for the private insurance industry, reinsurance, open private pension and capitalization can contribute to overcoming problems associated with the current model of governance of Susep, such a model will not bring a definitive solution to the current problems in the Susep regarding the lack of organizational independence and financial and budgetary autonomy of the organ. Furthermore, although the regulatory agency model may present advantages over common autarchy model, the governance model of the brazilian federal regulatory agencies needs to be improved to ensure greater independence and effective financial and budgetary autonomy.

The aim of diploma thesis is to evaluate selected company as a whole for its inner purpose. This purpose allocate category value, respectively determination of venture?s market value, which is most often defined as estimated amount for shift assets to the date of evaluation among optional and independent partners. Theoretical part of thesis qualify theoretical problem frame of company valuation. In this part of thesis essential key words, factors and value categories are defined. Part of the problem is also strategic and financial analysis and projection of future reports or financial plan. Last part deals with methods of valuation itself ? methods based on revenue analysis, market and assets. For evaluation purpose has been chosen company BRÁZDA-AUDIT, a. s., which deals with experts activities in field of economics.

El presente trabajo investiga el efecto presente del tamaño y la capitalización de las instituciones financieras sobre el riesgo de liquidez medido de dos maneras: el ratio LTD, créditos/depósitos, y el que brinda la SBS, activos líquidos/pasivos de corto plazo, se toma en cuenta 34 instituciones financieras con datos de frecuencia mensual para los años 2013-2019 en Perú. Para propósito de la investigación se utiliza una regresión panel de efectos fijos para capturar el efecto conjunto, posteriormente se desagrega la muestra por tipo de institución financiera para evaluar el impacto desagregado de las variables por especialización bancaria. Los resultados muestran que ambas variables tienen un efecto directo (LTD) e inverso (RL) con el riesgo de liquidez, sin embargo, en cuanto a la capitalización el efecto no es el esperado, incluso cuando se desagrega por la especialización bancaria. El trabajo está dividido en 6 secciones: (1) introducción, (2) marco teórico donde se aborda al sistema financiero y el análisis de los estudios previos, (3) los objetivos e hipótesis de la investigación, (4) la presentación y análisis de los datos, (5) los resultados, la metodología empleada y el análisis con los estudios previos, y por último (6) las conclusiones del presente trabajo. / This paper investigates the present effect of the size and capitalization of financial institutions on liquidity risk measured in two ways: the LTD ratio (loans / deposits), and the one provided by the SBS (liquid assets / short-term liabilities). 34 institutions are taken into account with monthly frequency data for the years 2013-2019 in Peru. For the purpose of the research, a fixed effects panel regression is used to capture the joint effect, then the sample is disaggregated by type of financial institution to evaluate the disaggregated impact of the variables by banking specialization. The results show that both variables have a direct (LTD) and inverse (RL) effect with liquidity risk, however, regarding capitalization, the effect is not as expected, even when broken down by bank specialization. The paper is divided into 6 sections: (1) introduction, (2) theoretical framework, where the financial system and the analysis of previous studies are addressed, (3) the objectives and hypotheses of the research, (4) the presentation and analysis of the data, (5) the results, the methodology used and the analysis with the previous studies, and finally (6) the conclusions of the present paper. / Trabajo de investigación

Master thesis deals with the issue of selected business share transactions from the accountancy and tax view. In the first part of thesis there are defined the basic theoretical concepts. The analytical part is focused on the analysis of the law connected with acquisition, holding and selling a business share. The practical part is based on acquired knowledge to elaborate a methodical tool. Suggest methodical tool is subsequently applied to the example.

The diploma´s thesis is processed on topic of „Valuation of the firm by using income capitalization approach“. The theoretical part is focused on the definition of basic terms, methods and procedure of valuation. The practical part deals with valuation of the company STAVITELSTVÍ JOKEŠ, spol. s r.o. at 1.1.2018 by using method of discounted cash flow.