This study focused on the use of oleoresin capsicum (OC) as a means of force and also tested the effectiveness of OC. A medium-size police agency was studied from 1991-2001. The following reports were collected for analysis: excessive force reports, reports of officers injured during arrests, use of hands-on restraint, and use of police baton. This study revealed an increase in reported incidents of excessive force and a reduction in the number of officers injuired making arrests while using various defensive techniques. Implementing OC into the force continuum remains a solid decision in review of this research. This study has shown oleoresin capsicum to be a safe, effective level in the law enforcement force continuum.

No description available.

Analyse de la diversité inter et intra-spécifique des paramètres de l’architecture des systèmes racinaires chez les Solanacées. Les racines des plantes jouent un rôle important pour garantir productivité et résistance à de nombreux stress. Dans le nouveau contexte agricole, l’importance de ce système racinaire et de sonarchitecture sont remises au premier plan. Notre étude porte sur la dynamique de l’architecture racinaire des solanacées, qui contient un ensemble d’espèces horticoles importantes pour l’alimentation. Notre travail porte sur 32 génotypes, parmi 3 groupes d’espèces: aubergines, piments et tomates.Dans cette étude, nous proposons tout d’abord une analyse de la diversité inter et intraspécifique de l’architecture racinaire à travers l’évaluation d’un ensemble de traits qui sont aussi les paramètres d’un modèle dynamique de simulation (ArchiSimple : Pagès et al, 2012). Cette première évaluation a été faite en pots, en utilisant un milieu très favorable à la croissance des plantes et à l’enracinement. Nous montrons que les traits racinaires choisis présentent en effet des variations d’origine génétique, généralement plus fortes entre espèces qu’au sein des espèces. Nous avons également observé des corrélations entre certains traits qui révèlent des compromis ou des coordinations dans les processus de développement.Pour aller plus loin dans la signification des traits racinaires choisis et leur stabilité vis‐à‐vis des conditions environnementales, nous avons également évalué ces traits en conditions de culture hydroponique. C’est un milieu reconnu comme radicalement différent, intéressant pour les possibilités de visualisation des racines qu’il offre. Un dispositif avec des rhizotrons hydroponiques a été construit spécifiquement pour cette expérimentation. Nous avons confirmé, dans ces nouvelles conditions, les différences d’origine génétique entre les différents génotypes utilisés. De plus, nous avons comparé de manière systématique les valeurs de traits mesurés avec celles de la précédente expérimentation. Certains traits se révèlent stables ou très corrélés (e.g. diamètres, distances interramification)alors que d’autres présentent des différences beaucoup plus fortes (e.g. vitesses de croissance, vitesses d’émergence des racines adventives).Une troisième expérimentation, utilisant différentes combinaisons de greffage entre génotypes, nous a permis d’approfondir la question du contrôle des traits par des interactions au sein de la plante: soit à courte distance au sein du système racinaire, soit à plus longue distance parle système aérien. Deux traits importants ont été étudiés (le diamètre apical et la densité de ramification) en utilisant des combinaisons de génotypes ayant des valeurs contrastées par rapport à ces traits. Il en ressort des réponses très différentes, avec un effet marqué du greffon sur les111RésuméBui H.H. (2015), Diversité inter- et intra-spécifique des paramètres racinaires chez les Solanacées diamètres, révélant qu’une partie au moins du contrôle de ce trait est effectuée par le système aérien, et un effet faible ou inexistant du greffon sur la densité de ramification, révélant un contrôle local de ce trait, par des interactions à courte distance entre les racines. Cette expérimentation par greffage a montré un potentiel très intéressant pour mettre en lumière divers mécanismes de contrôle des traits au sein de la plante entière.Cette étude mérite d’être prolongée par des analyses plus systématiques des déterminismes de variation des traits de l’architecture racinaire, et par des simulations par modèle qui permettront de synthétiser les conséquences des variations de traits sur les performances globales des systèmes racinaires pour la prospection du sol. / Analysis of the inter and intra specific diversity of the parameters of the root system architecture in the Solanaceae.Plant roots play an important role to ensure the productivity and the resistance to manystresses. In new agricultural context, the importance of root system and its architecture are placed tothe forefront. Our study focuses on the root architecture dynamics of Solanaceae, which contains aseries of important horticultural species for the alimentation. Our work was based on 32 genotypesbelonging to three groups of species: aubergines, capsicums, and tomatoes.In this study, we propose firstly an analysis of inter‐ and intra ‐ specific diversity of rootarchitecture through evaluating a set of traits which are also the parameters of a dynamic simulationmodel (ArchiSimple: Pagès et al, 2012). The experiment in pots with a very favorable condition forplant growth and rooting was conducted for the first evaluation. It showed that the selected roottraits present an effect of genetic ‐ originated variations and this effect is usually stronger amongspecies than within species. We also found correlations between certain traits, which revealcompromises or coordinations in the developmental processes.In order to go deeper into the signification of selected root traits and their stability toenvironmental conditions, we also evaluated these traits in hydroponic culture. This environment isradically different, and interesting for its possibilities to visualize the roots. An experimental setupwith hydroponic rhizotrons was specially built for this experiment. In the new conditions, the genetic‐ originated differences between different genotypes used also were found. In addition, wecompared systematically the traits values with those of the previous experiment. Certain traits arestable or highly correlated (e.g., apical diameter, inter‐branch distance), while others are muchdifferent (e.g., root growth rate, emission rate of adventitious roots).In a third experiment, we used different grafting combinations between genotypes todeepen the question of the control of root traits by interactions within plant: either short distancecontrol within root system or long distance control by aerial system. Two important root traits (apicaldiameter and branching density) have been studied by grafting between genotypes which havecontrasting values on these traits. The different responses appear: a significant effect of scion ondiameters, which indicate that at least of this trait is controlled by shoot system, and a weak effect orno effect of scion on branching density, revealing the local control of this trait, by short distanceinteractions between the roots. This experiment showed a great potential of grafting to highlightvarious control mechanisms of root traits within whole plant.AbstractBui H.H. (2015), Diversité inter- et intra-spécifique des paramètres racinaires chez les Solanacées 113This study deserve to be extended by more systematic analysis of determinisms of variationsof root architecture traits, and by using simulation model which allow to integrate the consequencesof traits variations on global performances of root system for prospecting of soil.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-03-29T13:15:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_vania_marques_gehling.pdf: 823705 bytes, checksum: bb9a04c4074928df8353da917cbc35a4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T17:44:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_vania_marques_gehling.pdf: 823705 bytes, checksum: bb9a04c4074928df8353da917cbc35a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T17:45:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_vania_marques_gehling.pdf: 823705 bytes, checksum: bb9a04c4074928df8353da917cbc35a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T17:45:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_vania_marques_gehling.pdf: 823705 bytes, checksum: bb9a04c4074928df8353da917cbc35a4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-03 / Sem bolsa / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho fisiológico de sementes e plântulas de pimenta e de tomateiro sob influência de diferentes temperaturas. Foram conduzidos, separadamente, dois experimentos no Laboratório Didático de Análise de Sementes – FAEM - UFPel. No primeiro experimento foram utilizadas sementes de pimenta Cayenne Long Slim®, e no segundo experimento foram empregadas sementes de tomateiro Gaúcho®. Em ambos os experimentos, os tratamentos consistiram de temperaturas constantes, sendo: 18; 20; 22; 24 e 26ºC. Para a determinação do desempenho fisiológico das sementes e plântulas foram empregadas as avaliações de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, teste de frio, comprimento de parte aérea e de raiz primária, massa da matéria seca de parte aérea e de raízes, emergência de plântulas aos 14 e 21 dias após a semeadura e índice de velocidade de emergência. Os resultados demonstraram que a germinação de sementes de pimenta não é afetada de maneira marcante pelas temperaturas de 18 a 24oC, assim como sementes de tomateiro sob temperatura de 18 a 26oC, que não apresentaram diferença significativa na germinação. A primeira contagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação e os valores de envelhecimento acelerado foram incrementados linearmente com o aumento da temperatura, em pimenta e tomateiro. Todavia, o teste de frio e de emergência, tanto aos 14 como aos 21 dias após a semeadura, foram influenciados positivamente, até a temperatura aproximada de 22ºC, para ambas as culturas. Deste modo, a expressão do vigor de sementes, de ambas as espécies, é afetada negativamente pela redução da temperatura de desenvolvimento, sendo resultados marcantes obtidos nas temperaturas de 18 e 20oC. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological performance of seeds and pepper and tomato seedlings under the influence of different temperatures. They were conducted separately in two experiments in the Didactic Laboratory of Seed Analysis - FAEM - UFPel. In the first experiment pepper seeds were used Cayenne Long Slim®, and in the second experiment Gaúcho® tomato seeds were employed. In both experiments, the treatments consisted of constant temperatures, as follows: 18; 20; 22; 24 and 26ºC. To determine the physiological performance of the seeds and seedlings were employed germination assessments, first count, germination speed index, accelerated aging, cold test, shoot length and primary root mass of dry matter air and root, seedling emergence at 14 and 21 days after sowing and emergence speed index. The results show that the pepper seed germination is not affected markedly by the temperature from 18 to 24ºC, as well as tomato seeds at a temperature of 18 to 26ºC, which showed no significant difference in germination. The first count, germination speed index and the accelerated aging values were increased linearly with increasing temperature in pepper and tomato. However, the cold test and emergency, both at 14 and at 21 days after sowing, were influenced positively to the approximate temperature of 22°C, for both crops. Thus, the expression of seed vigor of both species is adversely affected by reducing the growth temperature, with remarkable results obtained at temperatures of 18 to 20ºC.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-30T13:43:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GILMARA GURJÃO CARNEIRO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2011..pdf: 30662641 bytes, checksum: aa84f2ffe32ed6a6c6a8ebbc9b66ba92 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-30T13:43:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GILMARA GURJÃO CARNEIRO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2011..pdf: 30662641 bytes, checksum: aa84f2ffe32ed6a6c6a8ebbc9b66ba92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02 / Capes / As pimentas são consumidas em várias partes do mundo, são bastante apreciadas, especialmente na forma de conservas ou mesmo junto a outros condimentos para valorização do sabor, podendo contribuir como valor agregado a produtos como geleias. Objetivou-se, com esta pesquisa, a elaboração tal como a avaliação físico-química, sensorial e reológica de geleias de pimenta da variedade Cambuci (Capsicum baccatum L. var. pendulum) em diferentes estádios de maturação e concentrações de sacarose. Utilizaram-se pimentas em três estádios de maturação (verde, semimaduro e maduro) e três concentrações de sólidos solúveis (64, 65 e 66 °Brix) para a elaboração das geleias. Realizou-se a caracterização física e físico-química dos frutos in natura e após o processamento. Os dados das avaliações físicas e físico-química das pimentas foram tratados de acordo com o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições para cada estádio de maturação. Nas avaliações físico-químicas das geleias de pimenta, os dados foram submetidos ao delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 (três estádios de maturação e três concentrações) com 3 repetições. Nessas análises utilizou-se o programa Assistat, versão 7.5 beta. Para a análise sensorial das geleias, utilizou-se uma escala hedônica de cinco pontos na qual foram avaliados os atributos sabor, aroma, aparência, cor e intenção de compra e os dados foram tratados pelos programas Consensor 1.1 e Assistat versão 7.5 beta em esquema fatorial 3x 3 (três estádios de maturação e três concentrações) com três repetições. O estudo do comportamento reológico das geleias foi realizado nas temperaturas 20, 30, 40 e 50 °C, cujas leituras foram realizadas por um viscosímetro Brookfield DV-II+Pro e os dados ajustados através dos modelos de Ostwalde-de-Waelle e Hershel Bulkey. Concluiu-se, nesta pesquisa, que: as pimentas no estádio semimaduro apresentaram maior comprimento, diâmetro, quantidade de massa fresca e pectina, enquanto as pimentas maduras apresentaram maiores teores de acidez titulável, açúcares redutores, sólidos solúveis, ácido ascórbico, minerais, antocianinas, carotenóides e flavonóides. Quanto aos parâmetros físico-químicos (pH, acidez e sólidos solúveis), as geleias se encontram dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela ANVISA para a formação do gel. Para os três estádios de maturação e concentração, as geleias de pimenta que apresentaram maior aceitabilidade foram também as que obtiveram o maior percentual de intenção de compra, que foram as geleias de pimenta verde e madura a 66 °Brix; respectivamente, as de menor aceitabilidade foram as geleias de pimenta semimadura e madura a 64 e 65°Brix, respectivamente. As geleias de pimenta nos diferentes estádios de maturação e concentração de sacarose, apresentaram comportamento de fluido não newtoniano com características pseudoplástica. Dentre os modelos reológicos utilizados para descrever o comportamento reológico das geleias, o modelo de Ostwalde-de-Waelle demonstrou ser o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais, apresentando os maiores valores de coeficiente de determinação (R2), em torno de 99,9. / The peppers are consumed in various parts of the world, are greatly appreciated, especial ly in the form of preserved or with other spices for flavor enhancement, which may contribute to value-added products such as jellies. The objective of this research was evaluate the physicochemical, sensory and rheological characterization of the variety of pepper jellies Cambuci (Capsicum baccatum L.var. pendulum) at different stages of maturation and sucrose concentrations. Peppers were used in three matunty stages (green, half-mature and mature) and three concentrations of soluble solids (64, 65 and 66 °Bríx) for the preparation of jellies. The physical and physicochemical of raw fruits and after processing were performed. The data of the physical evaluations and physicochemical of peppers were treated according to a randomized design with four replications for each matunty stage. In the physicochemical evaluations of pepper jellies, data were submitted to a randomized design in factorial 3x 3 (three maturity stages and three concentrations) with three replications.For these tests was used the program Assistat, version 7.5 beta. At the sensory analysis for gel, was used a scale of five points in which evaluated the flavor, aroma, appearance, color and purchase intent, and data were processed by programs Consensor 1.1 and Assistat version 7.5 beta in a factorial 3x 3 (three maturity stages and three different concentrations) with three replications. The study of rheological behavior of the jellies was carried out at temperatures 20, 30, 40 and 50 °C, whose readings were performed by a Brookfield viscometer DV-II + Pro and the adjusted data through the models of Ostwald- de-Waelle and Hershel Bulkey. It was concluded in this research, that: the peppers in the stadium half-mature showed greater length, diameter, quantity of fresh mass and pectin, while the ripe peppers showed higher leveis of acidity, reducing sugars, soluble solids, ascorbic acid, minerais, anthocyanins, carotenoids and flavonoids. As for the physicochemical parameters (pH, acidity and soluble solids), jellies are within the standards established by ANVISA for the gel formation. For the three stages of ripeness and concentration, the pepper jellies that showed greater acceptability were also those who had the highest percentage of purchase intention, which was the green pepper jelly and mature to 66 °Brix, respectively, the acceptability of minor were semimadura pepper jellies and mature at 64 and 65 °Brix, respectively. Pepper jellies in different stages of maturity and concentration of sucrose, showed non-Newtonian fluid behavior with pseudoplastic characteristics. Among the rheological models used to describe the rheological behavior of jellies, the model of Ostwald-de-Waelle proved to be the best fit to experimental data, showed the highest coefficient of determination (R % around 99.9.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:57:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4858.pdf: 1500028 bytes, checksum: 6eb4c7f69ba670ca722b5e1e34100812 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-04 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The cultivation of peppers occurs in practically all regions of the country and is one of the crops that better integration exerts between the small farmer and the agribusiness. Thus it is desirable to develop technologies that combine the production of peppers with the conservation of natural resources, allowing recovery of soils and the economic stability of families that depend on this system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of species and managements of green manure on mineral nutrition, growth and productivity of pepper-pout (Capsicum chinense). The experiment was conducted in the agricultural year 2010/2011 at the Center for Agricultural Sciences, UFSCar, Araras-SP. The treatments were a combination between green manure species: bean (Canavalia ensiformis DC) and sunn-hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), and three forms of management of green manure in consortium with pepper-pout: green manures grown throughout the cycle of pepper, green manures managed (cut) in the flowering of pepper (75 days after transplanting, DAT), green manures handled at the first harvest of the fruits of pepper (90 DAT). And one more treatment (control), only with the pepper-pout plants, with mineral fertilization. The results showed that the species Crotalaria juncea and bean-pig conducted in consortia with plants of pepper-pout, when handled at 75 days after transplanting of vegetable crop, caused an increase in height and canopy diameter of pepper and fruit yield similar to the cultivation of pepper with exclusive use of mineral fertilizer. Overall, the releases of nutrients from biomass of green manure followed the nutritional demand of pepper plantspout, regardless of the time of cutting. But the bean-pig conducted throughout the cycle of pepper reduced fruit yield, probably by competition established between green manure and pepper. / O cultivo das pimentas ocorre praticamente em todas as regiões do país e é uma das culturas que melhor exerce a integração pequeno agricultoragroindústrias. Dessa forma é desejável o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que conciliem a produção de pimentas com a conservação dos recursos naturais, permitindo a recuperação dos solos e a estabilidade econômica das famílias que dependem desse sistema. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das espécies e manejos dos adubos verdes na nutrição mineral, crescimento e produtividade da Pimenta-biquinho (Capsicum chinense). O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2010/2011 no Centro de Ciências Agrárias, UFSCar, município de Araras-SP. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação entre as espécies de adubos verdes: feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis D.C.) e crotalária-júncea (Crotalaria juncea L.), e três formas de manejo dos adubos verdes em consórcio com a Pimenta-biquinho: adubos verdes cultivados durante todo o ciclo das pimenteiras; adubos verdes manejados (cortados) na floração das pimenteiras (75 dias após transplantio-DAT); adubos verdes manejados por ocasião da primeira colheita dos frutos das pimenteiras (90 DAT). E um tratamento adicional (testemunha), cultivo exclusivo das plantas de Pimenta-biquinho com adubação mineral. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que as espécies crotalária-júncea e feijão-de-porco conduzidas em consórcios com as plantas de Pimenta-biquinho, quando manejados aos 75 dias após o transplantio da olerícola, promoveram aumento na altura e no diâmetro de copa das pimenteiras, e produtividade de frutos semelhante ao cultivo exclusivo da pimenteira com uso da adubação mineral. De forma geral, as liberações dos nutrientes da fitomassa dos adubos verdes acompanharam a demanda nutricional das plantas de Pimenta-biquinho, independente da época de corte. Porém, o feijão-de-porco conduzido durante todo o ciclo da pimenteira reduziu a produtividade de frutos, provavelmente pela competição estabelecida entre o adubo verde e a pimenteira.

Orientador: Rumy Goto / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Sebastião Wilson Tivelli / Banca: Arlete Marchi Tavares de Melo / Resumo: Avaliou-se a produtividade, o acúmulo e a exportação de nutrientes por plantas de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) enxertadas e não enxertadas, cultivadas sob ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido de agosto de 2003 a maio de 2004 na Escola Técnica Estadual Augusto Tortolero Araújo pertencente ao Centro Estadual de Educação Tecnológica Paula Souza, em Paraguaçu Paulista, SP. Os porta-enxertos utilizados, AF 2638 e AF 2640, possuem resistência à Phytophthora capsici Leonian e Meloidogyne incognita raça 2. Os tratamentos constaram dos híbridos 'Rúbia R' e 'Margarita' sem enxertar, enxertados sobre os dois porta-enxertos e enxertados neles mesmos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com oito tratamentos, quatro repetições e 15 plantas por parcela. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto a altura da maior haste, altura da primeira bifurcação, precocidade de florescimento, comprimento e número médio de internódios, produção e características dos frutos produzidos em 12 colheitas, massa de matéria verde e seca de folhas, caules e frutos. As análises químicas foram realizadas em uma planta por parcela aos 35, 83, 135, 178 e 213 dias após o transplante, para determinar a marcha de absorção e exportação de nutrientes. Verificou-se que os híbridos enxertados e não enxertados apresentaram produtividades médias de 132 e 153 t ha-1 para as combinações enxertadas de 'Rúbia R' e 'Rúbia R' pé-franco respectivamente e de 144 e 132 t ha-1 para as combinações enxertadas de 'Margarita' e 'Margarita' pé-franco respectivamente. O acúmulo de nutrientes não foi significativamente diferente entre plantas enxertadas e pés-francos, e a ordem decrescente dos nutrientes acumulados foi: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S. A partir do que foi observado, concluiu-se que, nessas condições, a enxertia em plantas de pimentão não alterou seu desempenho agronômico, nem teve influência sobre a marcha de absorção de nutrientes. / Abstract: It was evaluated the yield, accumulation and exportation of nutrients by sweet pepper plants grafted and non grafted, under protected cultivation. The research was carried out from August 2003 to May 2004, at the Technical School Augusto Tortolero Araújo, part of Paula Souza State Center of Technological Education, in Paraguaçu Paulista, SP, in Brazil. The rootstocks used - AF 2638 and AF 2640, are resistant to Phytophthora capsici Leonian and Meloidogyne incognita race 2. The treatments were constituted of non grafted hybrids 'Rúbia R' and 'Margarita'; grafted on two evaluated rootstocks and grafted on themselves. The experimental design was of completely randomized blocks with eight treatments, four replications and fifteen plants per plot. Five plants were sent for chemical analysis. Evaluations of the total plants height, first fork height, early blossom, length and average number of internodes, total yield and fruits characteristics of 12 harvests, fresh and dry matter of leaves, stems and fruits, were carried out. The samples for the chemical analysis were taken at the 35th, 83th, 135th, 173th and 213th days after transplantation, with the objective of determining the accumulation and exportation of the nutrients. The results proved that the grafted and non grafted plants had average yield, with the average of 132 and 153 t ha-1 for the grafted combinations of 'Rúbia R' and non grafted plants of 'Rúbia R' respectively and 144 and 132 t ha-1 for the grafted combinations of 'Margarita' and non grafted plants of 'Margarita' respectively. The accumulation of the nutrients was equivalent for grafted combinations and non grafted plants, and nutrients in decreasing order of accumulation were: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S. It was evidenced that grafting sweet pepper plants neither its agronomic performance, nor interfered on the uptake of nutrients' absorption. / Doutor

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Among the diverse methods of water harvesting used for humanidade, or which uses water resources and agriculture through the irrigation process, allowing agricultural crops to grow more and being able to meet demand for food for both human consumption and food. animal consumption A way to measure the quantity of water and through the application of the water punch method as a quantity of water, directly and indirectly, used in the production of a product divided into three components: green, blue and cinza. Sendo assim, O objective of this study is to determine the values of water glued two components blue, green and cinza for the production of chilli pepper through the traditional method using or CROPWAT model during the years of 2012, 2013 and 2014. O trabalho desenvolveu-se na região Agreste do Estado de Sergipe, more precisely not Perimeter of Irrigação Piauí (PIPIA) pertencente à Companhia de Desenvolvimento de Recursos Hídricos y Irrigação (COHIDRO), located not in the municipality of Lagarto, in Sergipe. The results obtained for the years of 2012, 2013 and 2014 show a green PH of 14,09 (m³ ton-1), 33,41 (m³ ton-1) and 25.73 (m³ ton-1), respectively. A blue pH of 68.67 (m³ ton-1), 136.15 (m³ ton-1) and 122.20 (m³ ton-1), respectively, and a PH cinza of 0.57 (m³ ton-1), 2.42 (m³ ton-1) and 2.18 (m³ ton-1), respectively. The results show that the values of green PH and cinza diminuem à as it has acréscimo na irrigação. Conversely, the values of the blue pH increase as the irrigation increases. A green PH apreceenta maior contribuição barely during a winter season, uma time that a precipitação pluviométrica da região Agreste do Estado de Sergipe, presents a regular distribution not espaço e no tempo, surpassing evapotranspiração da cultura or that contributed to or lesser use da irrigação. / Entre os diversos métodos de aproveitamento da água adotados pela humanidade, o que mais utiliza recursos hídricos é a agricultura através do procedimento da irrigação, permitindo os cultivos agrícolas em um espaço mais abrangente e sendo capaz de atender a demanda por alimentos tanto para consumo humano como consumo animal. Uma forma de medir a quantidade de água é através da aplicação do conceito de pegada hídrica como sendo a quantidade de água, direta e indiretamente, usada na produção de um produto e dividida em três componentes verde, azul e cinza. Sendo assim, O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os valores da pegada hídrica dos componentes azul, verde e cinza para a produção da pimenta malagueta através do método tradicional utilizando o modelo CROPWAT durante os anos de 2012, 2013 e 2014. O trabalho desenvolveu-se na região Agreste do Estado de Sergipe, mais precisamente no Perímetro de Irrigação Piauí (PIPIA) pertencente à Companhia de Desenvolvimento de Recursos Hídricos e Irrigação (COHIDRO), localizado no município de Lagarto, em Sergipe. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram para os anos de 2012, 2013 e 2014 uma PH verde de 14,09 (m³ ton-1), 33,41(m³ ton-1) e 25,73(m³ ton-1), respectivamente. Uma PH azul de 68,67 (m³ ton-1), 136,15 (m³ ton-1) e 122,20 (m³ ton-1), respectivamente e uma PH cinza de 0,57(m³ ton-1), 2,42 (m³ ton-1) e 2,18 (m³ ton-1), respectivamente. Os resultados evidenciaram que os valores da PH verde e cinza diminuem à medida que há acréscimo na irrigação. Inversamente, os valores da PH azul aumentam à medida que há incremento na irrigação. A PH verde apresenta maior contribuição apenas durante a estação de inverno, uma vez que a precipitação pluviométrica da região Agreste do Estado de Sergipe, apresenta uma distribuição regular no espaço e no tempo, superando a evapotranspiração da cultura o que contribuiu para o menor uso da irrigação. / São Cristóvão, SE

The following contains two projects focused on the fungal pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum. The first project was purely computational in the examination of transposable elements (TEs), which are mobile sequences with the ability to multiply and move in their host genome. In F. oxysporum, TEs such as miniature impala elements are associated with the secreted in xylem gene that are related to its virulence over its host. The F. oxysporum species complex can be utilized as a model system for the examination of TE content and TE expression during the infection cycle. To find whether TEs play a role in the infection process and if their expression changes when fungi are in planta, a comparison was made using RNA-seq data from a pathogenic (Fo5176) and a non-pathogenic strain (Fo47) of F. oxysporum interacting with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Complementary to this, the copy numbers of the same TEs were calculated in the two aforementioned strains and in F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici 4287 (Fo4287) to find if there was a correlation between expression and copy number. Using these two different datasets together showed that TE expression and copy number are lower in the non-pathogenic strain and unlinked in the infection course. The second project examined the growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum isolates Fo32931 (the isolate pathogenic to immunocompromised humans) and Fo4287 with the use of extracts from chilies of Capsicum chinense. Pepper plants were grown from seed and the peppers were harvested for an ethanol (100%) extraction. After preparation, the optical density of growth of the F. oxysporum isolates was measured for a 48-hour period with 96-well plate containing varying concentrations of the extracts and controls. Growth curves were analyzed and normalized to a growth control. After doing High Performance Liquid Chromatography, an estimated concentration of capsaicin (the causal agent of the burning sensation from hot chilis) was established. A correlation between the amount of growth inhibition and the concentration of capsaicin was made. Taken together, the data suggests that an increase of capsaicin concentration in extracts is correlated with reduced growth for the two tested isolates of F. oxysporum.

A series of field, rainshelter, growth cabinet and modelling studies were conducted to investigate hot pepper response to different irrigation regimes and row spacings; to generate crop-specific model parameters; and to calibrate and validate the Soil Water Balance (SWB) model. Soil, climate and management data of five hot pepper growing regions of Ethiopia were identified to develop irrigation calendars and estimate water requirements of hot pepper under different growing conditions. High irrigation regimes increased fresh and dry fruit yield, fruit number, harvest index and top dry matter production. Yield loss could be prevented by irrigating at 20-25% depletion of plant available water, confirming the sensitivity of the crop to mild soil water stress. High plant density markedly increased fresh and dry fruit yield, water-use efficiency and dry matter production. Average fruit mass, succulence and specific leaf area were neither affected by row spacing nor by irrigation regimes. There were marked differences among the cultivars in fruit yields despite comparable top dry mass production. Average dry fruit mass, fruit number per plant and succulence were significantly affected by cultivar differences. The absence of interaction effects among cultivar and irrigation regimes, cultivars and row spacing, and irrigation regimes and row spacing for most parameters suggest that appropriate irrigation regimes and row spacing that maximize productivity of hot pepper can be devised across cultivars. To facilitate irrigation scheduling, a simple canopy cover based procedure was used to determine FAO-type crop factors and growth periods for different growth stages of five hot pepper cultivars. Growth analysis was done to calculate crop-specific model parameters for the SWB model and the model was successfully calibrated and validated for five hot pepper cultivars under different irrigation regimes or row spacings. FAO basal crop coefficients (Kcb) and crop-specific model parameters for new hot pepper cultivars can now be estimated from the database, using canopy characteristics, day degrees to maturity and dry matter production. Growth cabinet studies were used to determine cardinal temperatures, namely the base, optimum and cut-off temperatures for various developmental stages. Hot pepper cultivars were observed to require different cardinal temperatures for various developmental stages. Data on thermal time requirement for flowering and maturity between plants in growth cabinet and open field experiments matched closely. Simulated water requirements for hot pepper cultivar Mareko Fana production ranged between 517 mm at Melkassa and 775 mm at Alemaya. The simulated irrigation interval ranged between 9 days at Alemaya and 6 days at Bako, and the average irrigation amount per irrigation ranged between 27.9 mm at Bako and 35.0 mm at Zeway. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted