Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent years, the aim of the production of broilers became more focused on the increase of the performance of the birds in order to increase profit. To obtain an increased performance with broiler chicks, it is necessary to look at the development of their gastrointestinal tract, the feed requirements and the ability to digest certain nutrients in the period post hatch. Research have shown clear evidence of increased performance of chicks by the inclusion of certain carbohydrate and protein sources in the prestarter diets, but in contrast to this there are also some research that found no significant effects on the performance of broilers when certain carbohydrate and protein sources were included in the pre-starter diet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect that a product containing specific carbohydrate and protein sources, included in the pre-starter diets of broiler chicks, would have on their performance. It was believed that the products to be tested would result in increased performance of the chicks in the following growth phases. Special emphasis was placed on the average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, cumulative feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), European production efficiency factor (EPEF) and the protein efficiency ratio. Different inclusion levels of the different raw materials were investigated in the first trial. Three raw materials and a control were compared using a summit dilution process at 100:0, 66:34, 50:50, 34:66 and 0:100. Specific production parameters such as ADG total live weight gain, feed intake per week, cumulative feed intake, FCR, EPEF and PER were measured and calculated in order to determine if there were any significant differences between the treatments with the different raw material inclusions on the performance of the chicks. No significant differences (P>0.05) were found between the 13 treatments for the ADG, total live weight gain, feed intake per week, cumulative feed intake, FCR, EPEF and PER. The results therefore indicated that there were no significant differences between the different inclusion levels of the different raw materials and no significant differences for the production parameters for animals receiving diets with various levels of the three raw materials. It is thus concluded that these raw materials can be successfully utilised in pre-starter diets of broiler chicks. The effect of the contribution of sugar to the metabolisable energy (ME) of the raw materials was tested in a commercial grower trial. The three raw materials had inclusion levels leading to supply of either 12% or 18% of the ME in the form of sugar. No significant differences were found between the seven treatments for ADG, total live weight gain, feed intake per week, cumulative feed intake, FCR, EPEF or the PER. It was concluded that the percentage in contribution of sugars between 12 and 18% to the ME of the prestarter diets had no significant effects on the production parameters tested. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die produksie van braaikuikens word daar deesdae al hoe meer klem gelê op die verhoging van die produksie van die kuikens om dan dus ‘n verhoging in die wins te bewerkstellig. Om hierdie verhoogde produksie by braaikuikens te kan bereik, is dit nodig om na eienskappe van die kuiken soos die ontwikkeling van die spysvertering stelsel, die nutrient- behoeftes van die kuiken en die vermoë om sekere nutriënte te kan verteer in die periode na uitbroei. Sommige navorsing het gewys dat die insluiting van sekere koolhidraat – en proteïen bronne in die voor-aanvangs diëete van braaikuikens, lei tot ‘n positiewe effek op die produksie van die kuikens, waar ander navorsing geen effek gevind het nie. Daarom was die doel van die huidige navorsing gewees om te toets wat die effek van die insluiting in die voor-aanvangs dieet van braaikuikens ‘n sekere produk met ‘n spesifieke koolhidraat –en proteïen bron samestelling op die produksie van die kuikens sal wees in die daaropvolgende fases. Dit was verwag dat die insluiting van hierdie produkte in die voor-aanvangs diëte van braaikuikens ‘n positiewe effek sou hê op die produksie van die kuikens. Spesiale klem was gelê op die parameters soos gemiddelde daaglikse toename (GDT) voer inname, kumulatiewe voer inname, voeromset verhoudings (VOV) Europese produksie doeltreffendheids- faktor (EPEF) en die proteïen doeltreffendheids faktor (PER). Verskillende insluitings vlakke van die verskillende produkte wat getoets is, is in die eerste proef ondersoek. Die drie produkte is deur middel van ‘n piek verdunnings proses by verhoudings van 100:0, 66:34, 50:50, 34:66 en 0:100 met mekaar vergelyk. Spesifieke produksie- parameters soos die GDT, lewende massa, weeklikse voer- inname, kumulatiewe voer- inname, VOV, EPEF en die PER is gemeet. Geen betekenisvolle verskille (P>0.05) was vir die 13 behandelings verkry nie. Die resultate het derhalwe getoon dat daar geen betekenisvolle verskille tussen die verskillende insluitings vlakke van die onderskeie produkte was nie en dat daar geen betekenisvolle tussen die produksieparameters van die kuikens wat die diëte met die verskillende insluitingspeile van die drie roumateriale ontvand het, was nie. Daarom is tot die slotsom gekom dat hierdie roumateriale suksesvol in die vooraanvangsdieet van braaikuikens aangewend kan word. Die effek van die bydrae van die suiker tot die metaboliseerbare energie (ME) van die produkte was in ‘n kommersiële groei proef getoets. Die drie rou materiale was by beide 12- en 18% ingesluit. Geen betekenisvolle verskille (P>0.05) was vir die sewe behandelings vir GDT, lewende massa, weeklikse voer- inname, kumulatiewe voer- inname, VOV, EPEF en PEF verkry nie.

<p>During pulp and papermaking process a huge amount of water is used. The wastewater contains a large amount of pollutants and has to be treated before it reaches the recipient. In March 2004 a new bleaching plant was started up at SCA Graphic Sundsvall AB, Ortviken’s paper mill using peroxide. The production of bleached thermo mechanical pulp and thus the load to the wastewater plant increased. During bleaching substances dissolve from the pulp and the amount of COD in the wastewater increase. To keep the efficiency of chemical and biological oxygen demand (COD, BOD) removal, the aerated lagoon is supplied by liquid oxygen. In November the same year a new pre-step including a pre-aeration, carrier and selector step was added to the existing wastewater plant. The COD-loading to the lagoon decreased and the supply of liquid oxygen was reduced.</p><p>This master thesis has been carried out at SCA Graphic Research AB, Sundsvall. The aim was to chemically characterize the wastewater with focus on the composition of carbohydrates, lignin and extractives and its influence on the biodegradability. Measurements have been carried out on total samples, suspended solids, colloidal and dissolved substances using GF/A and ultra filtration. Measurements were performed on process water from the bleaching plant and on water during the wastewater treatment process. The results show that the chemical composition of dissolved substances has a larger impact on the biodegradability than the total amount of COD. A large amount of lignin will make the wastewater harder to degrade. Suspended solids have lower biodegradability compared to the dissolved fraction. Analyzes of suspended material from the bleaching plant show a relative composition of around 41 % lignin. Analyzes done before on the dissolved fraction show a composition of 29 %. It seems that a larger amount of lignin is represented in suspended solids compared to the dissolved fraction. This can explain the low biodegradability, combined with the theory that the suspended solids are less accessible for the microorganisms. To reduce the outgoing COD the incoming flow of dissolved lignin and suspended solids to the active sludge plant has to decrease. COD in the outgoing wastewater to the recipient consists of around 90 % lignin. Extractives as saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acid plus lignans (which is interpreted as a byproduct from lignin degradation) do not degrade remarkable during wastewater treatment. Flocculation of COD is one way to reduce the discharge to the recipient. Addition of 2,6 g/l PAX-18 (a high charged aluminum complex) to the wastewater from the bleaching plant gives a reduction of 40 % COD and 50 % lignin in laboratory scale and it is recommended to study further. Time related studies of BOD show that the microorganisms need five days to degrade organic material and the hydraulic retention time in the aerated lagoon has to be guaranteed.</p> / <p>Vid massa- och pappersframställning åtgår stora mängder vatten. Det processberörda avloppsvattnet innehåller mycket föroreningar varför det måste renas innan det släpps ut till recipienten. I mars 2004 startades ett nytt väteperoxidblekeri vid SCA Graphic Sundsvall AB, Ortvikens pappersbruk varvid produktionen av blekt termomekanisk massa ökade och den biologiska reningen belastades hårdare. Blekning löser ut vedämnen från massan och bidrar således till ökad mängd syreförbrukande ämnen i avloppet. För att upprätthålla reduktionen av syreförbrukande ämnen (COD, BOD) tillförs ren syrgas till den luftade dammen. I november samma år utökades den externa reningsanläggningen med ett biologiskt försteg, en s.k. multibioanläggning bestående av ett frisimmarsteg, ett bärarsteg samt ett selektorsteg. COD-belastningen in till den luftade dammen minskade och tillförseln av ren syrgas kunde reduceras.</p><p>Examensarbetet har utförts vid SCA Graphic Research AB, Sundsvall med syftet att kemiskt karaktärisera avloppsvattnets sammansättning av kolhydrater, lignin och extraktivämnen och dess inverkan på vattnets grad av biologisk nedbrytbarhet. Analyser har gjorts på totalprov, suspenderande ämnen samt kolloidalt och löst material via fraktionering med hjälp av GF/A- och ultrafiltrering. Analyser gjordes dels på processvatten från blekerierna och dels på avloppsvatten under reningsprocessen. Resultaten visar att den kemiska sammansättningen hos löst material har större inverkan på avloppsvattnets grad av nedbrytbarhet än den absoluta halten av syreförbrukande ämnen. En hög andel lignin ger ett mer svårnedbrytbart vatten. Suspenderat material är vidare mer svårnedbrytbart än de lösta fraktionerna. Analys av suspenderande substans hos blekpressat visar att andelen lignin är omkring 41 % medan arkiverade analysresultat på den lösta fasen visar ett innehåll på omkring 29 %. Det tyder alltså på en betydligt högre andel lignin i den partikulära fasen jämfört med den lösta, vilket i kombination med att materialet inte är lika lättillgängligt för mikroorganismerna kan förklara den låga bionedbrytbarheten. Om COD-utsläppet ska minskas bör inkommande flöde av löst lignin och suspenderande substans till den biologiska reningen reduceras. COD-halten i utgående avloppsvatten till recipienten utgörs av omkring 90 % lignin. De extraktivämnen som inte bryts ned är mättade fettsyror, exempelvis palmitin- och stearinsyra samt lignan, vilket antas bildas som restprodukt vid degradering av lignin. Flockning av syreförbrukande ämnen är ett sätt att gå till väga för att minska utsläppet av dessa till recipienten. Genom tillsats av 2,6 g/l PAX-18 (ett högladdat aluminiumkomplex) till blekeriavloppet kunde 40 % COD och 50 % lignin reduceras. Flockningsförsöket är gjort i laboratorieskala vid rumstemperatur och ytterligare utvärdering rekommenderas. Tidsstudier av BOD visar att mikroorganismerna behöver fem dagars uppehållstid för att hinna bryta ned organiskt material i avloppsvattnet, varför omloppstiden i den luftade lagunen inte bör understiga denna tidsrymd.</p>

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of post-exercise carbohydrate-protein feedings on muscle glycogen restoration following exhaustive cycle ergometer exercise. Seven male collegiate cyclist (age=25.6±3.3y, ht.=180.9±8.5cm, wt.=75.4±10.7kg, VO2max=4.20±0.4 1•miri 1) performed three trials, each separated by -lwk, 1) 100% (x-D glucose (CHO), 2) 70% carbohydrate-20% protein-10% fat (CHOPRO), and 3) 86% carbohdyrate-14% amino acid (CHO-AA). All feedings were eucaloric, based upon 1.0 g•kgb.W.'1•hr"1 of carbohydrate, and administered every half hour during a four hour muscle glycogen restoration period in an 18% wt./vol. solution. Muscle biopsies were obtained immediately and four hours post exercise. Following the exhaustive exercise and every half hour for four hours a blood sample was drawn. Muscle glycogen concentrations increased 53%, 47%, and 57% for the CHO, CHO-PRO, and CHO-AA feedings, respectively, however no differences among the feedings were apparent in muscle glycogen restoration. The plasma glucose and insulin concentrations demonstrated no differences throughout the restoration period among the three feedings. These results suggest that muscle glycogen restoration does not appear to be enhanced with the addition of either protein or amino acids to an eucaloric carbohydrate feeding following an exhaustive cycle exercise. However, it appears that if adequate amounts of carbohydrates are consumed (greater than 0.70 g•kgb,W,."'•hf' carbohydrate) following exhaustive exercise, maximal muscle glycogen restoration occurs. / School of Physical Education

Orientador: Dagoberto Martins / Banca: Luciano Soares de Souza / Banca: Ana Catarina Cataneo / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar em condições de casa de vegetação a eficiência de herbicidas inibidores das enzimas acetolactato sintase (ALS) e protoporfirinogênio oxidase (PROTOX) em pós-emergência em plantas de Euphorbia heterophylla, Bidens pilosa e Ipomoea grandifolia quando submetidos a déficit hídrico, bem como a ação destes sobre algumas características bioquímicas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x2, sendo quatro herbicidas utilizados (fomesafen, lactofen, chlorimuron-ethyl e imazethapyr) e dois níveis de déficit hídrico: com déficit (-0,5 MPa) e sem déficit (-0,01 MPa). Quando as plantas daninhas atingiram o estádio de um par de folhas definitivas a manutenção da umidade do solo nos dois níveis de cada tratamento. Aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação (DAA) dos herbicidas foi avaliado o controle (por escala visual) e aos 28 DAA a massa seca da parte aérea. As plantas utilizadas para a determinação dos solutos orgânicos (carboidratos solúveis, proteínas totais e aminoácidos livres) foram coletadas às 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas após a aplicação (HAA). Todos os herbicidas controlaram as plantas daninhas de I. grandifolia, enquanto que apenas os inibidores da PROTOX foram eficientes no controle de E. heterophylla, contudo para as plantas de B. pilosa o fomesafen foi o único herbicida que proporcionou um controle satisfatório. O déficit hídrico reduziu o controle de todos herbicidas estudados. Tanto o déficit hídrico como a aplicação de herbicidas aumentaram o conteúdo de carboidratos solúveis em todas as plantas estudadas. O teor de proteínas encontrado nas plantas daninhas estudadas foi reduzido pelo déficit hídrico e a aplicação dos herbicidas, enquanto que para as concentrações de aminoácidos livres os herbicidas proporcionaram um incremento nessa concentração ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate conditions in the greenhouse the efficiency of herbicides inhibitors of acetolactate synthase (ALS) and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) post-emergence in plant of Euphorbia heterophylla, Ipomoea grandifolia and Bidens pilosa when subjected to water deficit, as well as to determine the effect of these on some biochemical characteristics. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 4x2, with four herbicides (fomesafen lactofen, chlorimuron-ethyl and imazethapyr), and two levels of water deficit: with deficit (-0,5 MPa) and no deficit (-0,01MPa). When weeds reached the stage of a pair of true leaves to maintain soil moisture at the two leaves of each treatment. At 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application (DAA), was evaluated the control (a visual scale), and 28 DAA, the dry weight of shoots. The plants used for the determination of organics solutes (soluble carbohydrates, protein and free amino acids) were collected at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after application (HAA). All herbicides controlled the weeds of I. grandifolia whereas only PROTOX inhibitors were effective in control of E. heterophylla, however, to plants of B. pilosa fomesafen was the single that provided satisfactory control. Water deficit reduced the control of all the herbicides. Both the water deficit and herbicide application increased the soluble carbohydrate content in all species studied. The protein found in the weeds studied were reduced by water deficit and herbicide application, whereas for concentrations of free amino acids the herbicides have provided an increase in this concentration, but with respect to water deficit caused reduction of amino acids, except for plants B. pilosa / Mestre

Os carboidratos apresentam-se envolvidos em diversos eventos celulares, tais como geração de energia, sustentação celular, reconhecimento celular, processos de sinalização, etc. A OGlcNAcilação, uma das alterações proteicas pós-traducionais relacionada à adição de Nacetilglicosamina a resíduos de serina ou treonina em proteínas citoplasmáticas ou nucleares, vem demonstrando ser uma das alterações recíproca a O-fosforilação de proteínas e pode estar envolvida no desencadeamento de patologias como câncer, diabetes tipo II, e doenças neurodegenerativas. Tendo em vista à relevância da O-GlcNAcilação e a necessidade de ferramentas para seu estudo, temos como objetivo, desenvolver uma rota sintética para a obtenção de moléculas modificadas derivadas de N-acetilglicosamina, contendo o átomo de flúor ligado ao grupo N-acetil. As moléculas correspondem aos derivados glicopiranosídeo de metila 1 e glicoaminoácidos de serina 2 e treonina 3. Uma vez padronizada, os intermediários finais da rota serão utilizados para futura marcação com o 18F, o qual poderá ser empregado em estudos do processo de sinalização celular por O-GlcNAcilação, e no diagnóstico de câncer por PET. Assim, foram propostas, inicialmente, duas rotas sintéticas, uma para a síntese do derivado glicopiranosídeo de metila 1 e outra para os glicoaminoácidos 2 e 3, ambas utilizando o reagente cloridrato de 2-amino-2-desoxi-D-glicose (4) como percursor. A síntese do derivado 1 foi conduzida por meio da proteção do grupo amino do composto 4 pela formação de carbamato 5, e sequencial reação de glicosilação de Fischer (6 e 7), per-Oacetilação 8 e remoção do grupo protetor do amino 9. As etapas sequenciais relacionadas à condensação com o ácido bromoacético 10, e finalmente halogenação e desproteção do carboidrato 11 estão em andamento. A rota sintética proposta para a obtenção dos glicoaminoácidos 2 e 3 foi fundamentada na obtenção de um doador glicosídico contendo o grupo tricloroacetimidato e as hidroxilas protegidas com grupos benzílicos 16, e na utilização do aceptor glicosídico serina 17 e treonina 18, contendo os grupos amino e carboxila protegidos com 9-fluorenilmetóxicarbonil (Fmoc) e benzil (Bn), respectivamente. Até o momento não foi possível a síntese dos glicoaminoácidos 2 e 3 empregando o doador glicosídico inicialmente proposto (tricloroacetimidato), e mesmo após a variação do doador glicosídico, empregando tioaçucares per-O-benzilado 28, ou per-O-acetilado 26, não foi possível a obtenção do produto desejado. As dificuldades observadas na obtenção dos compostos, conduziram a elaboração de novas estratégias sintéticas que possuem o átomo de cloro como grupo abandonador na posição anomérica e a) uma amida {[(4- metilfenil)sulfonil]oxi}acético (33) em C-2, a qual exerce assistência anquimérica em C-1, e permite a funcionalização com o flúor e b) um azido em C-2, preparado a partir de glicais per- O-acetilados, desprovido de participação em C-1. Ambas as rotas sintéticas estão em andamento. / Carbohydrates are involved in many cellular events, such as energy source, sustenance, recognition, signaling processes, etc. O- GlcNAcylation is a post- translational proteins\' alteration related to the addition of N-acetylglucosamine to residues of serine or threonine in cytoplasmic or nuclear protein which has proven to be one of the reciprocal changes to Ophosphorylation of proteins and may be involved in the onset of pathologies such as cancer, type II diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Given the relevance of O- GlcNAcylation and the importance of tools required for the study of this event, we aim to develop a synthetic route to obtain modified molecules derived from N-acetylglucosamine containing fluorine atom attached to the N -acetyl group. The molecules correspond to methyl glucopyranoside derivatives 1 and gluco-amino acids derived from serine 2 and threonine 3. Once the synthetic route is established, the final intermediates of the route will be used for further labeling with 18F, which may be employed in studies of cell signaling processes, involving OGlcNAcylation, and cancer diagnosis by PET. Thus, two synthetic routes were initially proposed: one for the preparation of the methyl glucopyranoside derivative 1 and another one for the gluco-amino acids 2 and 3, both using glucosamine hydrochloride (4) as a precursor. The synthesis of derivative 1 was conducted by protecting the amine group of compound 4 to form the carbamate 5, and sequential Fischer glycosylation (6, 7), per-O-acetylation (8) and removal of the protecting group from the amine (9). The sequential steps related to condensation with bromoacetic acid (10), halogenation and deprotection of the carbohydrate 11 are in progress. The proposed synthetic route for the preparation of 2 and 3 was based on a glycosidic donor containing trichloroacetimidate group, the protection of the hydroxyl groups with benzyl group (16) and glycoside acceptors serine 17 and threonine 18 containing amine and carboxyl groups protected with 9- fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) and benzyl (Bn), respectively. Hitherto, the synthesis of gluco-amino acids 2 and 3 was not achieved using the glycosidic donor initially proposed (trichloroacetimidate), even after the change of the glycosidic donor using per-O-benzylated (28) or per-O-acetylated (26) thiosugars. The difficulties encountered for the synthesis of the target compounds led the design of new synthetic strategies which comprise a chlorine atom as leaving group in the anomeric position and either: a) an amide acetic acid (33) at C-2, which exerts anchimeric assistance at C-1, and allows functionalization with fluorine and b) an azide group at C- 2, prepared from per-O-acetylated glucal, with no participation at C-1. Both synthetic routes are in progress.

A interleucina-6 (IL-6) é uma citocina com dupla função na sensibilidade à insulina. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar o efeito da IL-6 durante 1 e 24 horas no metabolismo de células musculares resistentes à insulina. Em células de indivíduos saudáveis, 1 hora de exposição à IL-6 aumentou a síntese de glicogênio e a captação de glicose além de pJAK2 e pSTAT3, mas não em células de diabéticos tipo 2. Diferentemente, a IL-6 aumentou a oxidação de ácido graxo em ambos os grupos. Por outro lado, em células musculares da linhagem L6, a IL-6, em 24 horas, reduziu a síntese de glicogênio e a captação de glicose em condições normais, mas não em células resistentes à insulina. Além de reduzir pJak2, pStat3 e pAkt. A IL-6 aumentou oxidação de ácido graxo e pACC em ambos os grupos. Sendo assim, células musculares resistentes à insulina apresentam uma resposta alterada ao efeito da IL-6. Nessas células, o efeito dessa citocina está abolido no metabolismo de carboidratos mas permanece efetivo no lipídico. / Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine with a dual role in modulating insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of IL-6 exposure for 1 hour and 24 hours on metabolism of insulin-resistant skeletal muscle cells. In muscle cells from healthy subjects, 1 hour of exposure to IL-6 increased glycogen synthesis, glucose uptake, pJAK2 and pSTAT3, which were not observed in muscle cells of type 2 diabetic subjects. In contrast, IL-6 increased fatty acid oxidation in cells from both groups. On the other hand, in skeletal muscle cell line L6, IL-6 for 24 hours reduced glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake in normal conditions, which were not observed in insulin-resistant L6 cells. In addition, pJak2, pStat3 and pAkt were reduced in insulin-resistant cells. In contrast, IL-6 increased fatty acid oxidation and pACC in both groups. Therefore, insulin resistant skeletal muscle cells have an altered response to the effect of IL-6. On these cells, the effect of IL-6 is abolished on carbohydrate metabolism, while remaining effective on lipid metabolism.

Muitos estudos têm sido direcionados para gerar melhorias na cultura de cana-de-açúcar, sendo uma das alternativas o uso de técnicas biotecnológicas, como a embriogênese somática (ES). O objetivo deste projeto foi estudar a multiplicação celular na ES de cana-de-açúcar da variedade SP80-3280. Culturas embriogênicas (CE) e não-embriogênicas (CNE) foram monitoradas e parâmetros bioquímicos foram analisados. Foi observado que CE e CNE apresentaram crescimento máximo aos 24 dias de cultivo, sendo que as CE apresentaram maior incremento em matéria fresca. Dos carboidratos analisados, a sacarose foi predominante em CE, enquanto a glicose predominou em CNE. Os conteúdos de glicose e frutose variaram simultaneamente em CE. As concentrações de amido, poliaminas (Pas) totais e a razão entre PAs [Razão PA= Put/(Spd+Spm)] apresentaram maiores valores nas CNE, sendo a espermidina a poliamina predominante em CE e putrescina em CNE. O conteúdo de proteínas totais foi significativamente maior em CE, em todas as fases de crescimento. / Many studies have been directed to generate improvements in the sugarcane cultures, one of the alternative use of biotechnology techniques such as somatic embryogenesis (SE). The objective of this project was to study the cell multiplication in SE of sugarcane, variety SP80-3280. Embryogenic cultures (EC) and non-embryogenic (NEC) were monitored and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Was observed that EC and NEC showed maximum growth to 24 days of culture, and the EC showed greater increase in fresh weight. Of the carbohydrates tested, sucrose was predominant in EC, while glucose was predominant in the NEC. The contents of glucose and fructose varied simultaneously in EC. The concentrations of starch, polyamines (PAs) and the ratio of total PAs [Ratio PA = Put / (Spd + Spm)] showed higher values in the NEC, and the spermidine is predominant polyamine to EC and putrescine is predominant in NEC. The content of total protein was significantly higher in CE, at all stages of growth.

Foi objetivo do presente estudo avaliar os efeitos do tempo de aeração ou do teor de carboidratos solúveis sobre as características nutricionais e fermentativas da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Para tal foram realizados dois experimentos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 3 tratamentos e quatro repetições por tratamento, utilizando-se 12 silos experimentais, confeccionados a partir de baldes plásticos com 6 litros de capacidade. O primeiro ensaio contou com três tratamentos correspondentes aos diferentes tempos de aeração (0, 4 e 8h). No segundo ensaio a cana-de-açúcar passou por moagem, para a retirada do caldo. No primeiro tratamento, todo o caldo retirado foi retornado à cana (100%). No segundo tratamento, apenas 50% do caldo foi retornado à cana, com 50% de água. No terceiro, 100% de água foi adicionada, sem a adição do caldo. Os silos foram abertos após 85 dias de ensilagem, ocasião em que foram determinados os teores dos ácidos orgânicos, estabilidade aeróbia e a composição químico-bromatológica das silagens. No primeiro ensaio observou-se desvio da linearidade (P<0,05) do tempo de aeração sobre os teores de matéria seca. Efeito linear (P<0,05) crescente foi observado sobre os teores de fibra detergente ácido, fibra detergente neutro e carboidratos solúveis, porém decrescente para a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca. Sobre os teores de ácidos orgânicos, observou-se desvio da linearidade sobre o ácido acético e comportamento linear (P<0,05) decrescente para o ácido lático e butírico, bem como para os valores de pH. Os valores de etanol observados foram em torno de 22% da MS, apesar de considerados elevados, independente do tempo de aeração, esses valores não foram significativos. A estabilidade aeróbia da silagem piorou com o aumento do tempo de aeração. No segundo ensaio observou-se efeito linear (P<0,05) decrescente do conteúdo de carboidratos sobre os teores de matéria seca, o mesmo ocorrendo para carboidratos solúveis e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca. Foi observado aumento linear (P<0,05) nos teores de fibra detergente ácido, fibra detergente neutro e lignina. Observou-se efeito linear (P<0,05) decrescente para o etanol, ácido lático, butírico e perdas de matéria seca. Efeito linear (P<0,05) crescente foi observado sobre as concentrações de ácido acético, valores de pH e nitrogênio amoniacal. Os dados de estabilidade aeróbia foram inconclusivos. A produção de etanol seria nula se a cana-de-açúcar contivesse apenas 12,4% de carboidratos solúveis com base na matéria seca. / This trial aimed at evaluating the effects of aeration time or contents of water-soluble carbohydrate on nutritive value and other fermentative characteristics of sugarcane silage.Two experiments was used in a completely randomized design with three treatments and four repetitions per treatment, the material was ensiled in 12 laboratory silos (6 liter-capacity plastic buckets). In experiment I fresh chopped sugarcane was exposed to aeration for 0, 4 or 8 hours, and ensiled soon after. In experiment II sugarcane was squeezed in order to remove juice. In the first treatment, juice was totally added back to sugarcane (100%). In the second treatment, only 50% of the juice were added back to sugarcane, along with 50% of water. In the third, 100% of water were added, with no addition of juice. Silos were opened 85 days after ensiling, when organic acids contents and chemical composition of silages were determined. In first experiment deviation of linearity (P<0.05) was observed for aeration time on dry matter content. Positive linear effect was observed (P<0.05) on ADF, NDF and soluble carbohydrates content, but negative for in vitro digestibility of dry matter. For organic acids content, deviation of linearity (P<0,05) was observed on acetic acid, with the lowest content (1.5% of DM) observed after 8 hours of aeration, and negative linear effect (P<0,05)was observed for lactic and butyric acids, as well as for pH values. There were no effects on ethanol concentration, which remained very high (22% of DM), independent on the aeration time. Aerobic stability of silage worsened with the increase of aeration time. In second experiment, withdrawal of sugarcane WSC resulted in negative linear effects (P<0,05) on dry matter, soluble carbohydrate contents and on in vitro digestibility of dry matter, but with linear increase for ADF, NDF and lignin contents. About fermentation data, there was linear decrease for dry matter losses, lactic and butyric acids and ethanol contents. Positive linear effects (P,0,05) were observed on pH values and ammoniacal nitrogen and acetic acid contents. Data from aerobic stability were inconclusive Ethanol production would be null if sugarcane had only 12.4% of water-soluble carbohydrates on dry matter basis.

Crescente ênfase vem sendo dada ao estudo e desenvolvimento de alimentos ricos em carboidratos não-disponíveis em virtude de seus benefícios já comprovados. O presente trabalho visou caracterizar carboidratos da banana verde e avaliar efeitos fisiológicos de seus carboidratos não-disponíveis sobre a tolerância à glicose, entre outros parâmetros relacionados a ela ou à saúde em geral. A massa de banana verde (MBV) (banana verde cozida com casca) e o amido de banana verde (ABV) (amido isolado) foram os principais produtos estudados. Foram realizados ensaios de curta duração em humanos e em ratos, e de média duração somente em ratos. Para a caracterização dos produtos e rações utilizados, foram avaliados principalmente os teores de amido resistente (AR), fibra alimentar (FA), fração indigerível (FI) e o perfil da fermentação in vitro. Os efeitos fisiológicos dos produtos e rações foram avaliados por curvas glicêmicas, teste de tolerância à glicose (TTG), perfil lipídico e de fermentabilidade in vivo. Os produtos de banana verde e as rações elaboradas com os mesmos apresentaram alto teor de carboidratos não-disponíveis, diferentes em quantidade e qualidade, mas com alta fermentabilidade, sinalizada pelo aumento da produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e diminuição de pH na fermentação colônica in vitro ou in vivo. A ingestão de MBV ou ABV como primeira dieta, em ensaios de curta duração com ratos, afetou a glicemia pós-prandial de uma segunda dieta padrão, o que não foi observado com rações contendo tais produtos em menor proporção. Por outro lado, em 28 dias as rações contendo MBV ou ABV causaram menor secreção de insulina em ilhotas pancreáticas, o que possibilita poupar as células ß. Os resultados indicam que os produtos estudados têm grande potencial para serem utilizados na elaboração de alimentos destinados à prevenção de determinadas doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis, como diabetes tipo 2. / The study of unavailable carbohydrates has been of great concern due to their proven benefits to health. This work aimed to characterize carbohydrates of unripe bananas, as well as to evaluate physiological effects of their unavailable carbohydrates over glucose tolerance, among other parameters related to it or to individuals\' health in general. The unripe banana mass (MBV) (unripe banana cooked with peel) and the unripe banana starch (ABV) (isolated starch from the fruit in natura) were the main studied products. Short term assays were carried out with humans and rats, while medium term ones were realized with rats. In order to characterize the products and diets used in this work, several parameters were evaluated, such as quantifications of resistant starch (RS), dietary fiber (DF), indigestible fraction (IF) and the study of the in vitro fermentation profile. The physiological effects of the products and diets were evaluated through glycemic curves, glucose tolerance test (GTT), and lipidic and fermentative characteristics. The unripe banana products, as well as the diets elaborated with them, presented high amount of unavailable carbohydrates, in different quantity and quality, but all of them with high fermentative rates, signalized buy an increase in short chain fatty acids (SFCA) production and decrease in pH on colonic fermentation carried out in vivo or in vitro. In the short term assays, the MBV and ABV intakes affected the postprandial glycemic response to a following diet in rats. Similar effect was not noticed in medium term assays after the intake of diets containing unripe banana products in lower proportions for 28 days. On the other hand, in this medium term assays, rats diets containing MBV or ABV lead to lower insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic islets, which may preserve ß cells function. The results of this work point that the unripe banana products have great potential to be applied in special food elaboration aiming the prevention of some non-transmissible chronic diseases.

O déficit hídrico decorrente da seca se estabelece quando a absorção de água pelas raízes não consegue atender as demandas da planta, entre as quais estão a fotossíntese e transpiração, essenciais ao crescimento vegetal. Para avaliar a influência de déficits hídricos de diferentes intensidades nas relações hídricas, trocas gasosas, crescimento e acúmulo de carboidratos de Bauhinia forficata Link, plantas foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação durante três meses em vasos de 20 L e submetidas aos seguintes regimes: regas diária (controle) e regas a cada 7 (7D) e 15 dias (15D) retornando as regas diárias nos regimes 7D e 15D aos 75 dias de experimento. Em intervalos quinzenais (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 dias) foram avaliados a umidade do solo (Usolo), potencial hídrico foliar (wf), a fotossíntese em resposta a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (AxPAR) para obtenção da assimilação liquida máxima (Amax) e do ponto de saturação luminoso (PARsat), área foliar total (AFT) e massas secas (MS) de folhas (MSf), caules (MSc) e raízes (MSr). Foi também coletado material vegetal para as análises bioquímicas quantitativas dos teores de açúcares solúveis totais (AST), redutores (AR), amido (S) e prolina (Pro) por métodos colorimétricos e qualitativos da composição de carboidratos solúveis neutros por HPAEC/PAD e análise de açúcares alcoóis por GC/MS. O déficit hídrico afetou as relações hídricas, fotossíntese e crescimento das plantas, sendo que os menores valores de Usolo observados nos tratamentos 7D e 15D respectivamente, coincidiram com os menores wf, Amax e acúmulo de MS. Alterações nos PARsat em resposta ao déficit hídrico foram observadas apresentando valores médios de 665, 275 e 254 mol fótons m-2 s-1 no Controle, 7D e 15D respectivamente. O retorno das regas diárias após 75 dias de experimento, promoveu a recuperação de Amax (7,8 e 9,6 mol CO2 m-2 s-1) e dos PARsat (588 e 643 mol fótons m-2 s-1) das plantas 7D e 15D respectivamente aos 90 dias, com valores maiores daqueles observados nas plantas controle (4,7 mol CO2 m-2 s-1 e 631 mol fótons m- 2 s-1), sugerindo forte dependência da fotossíntese de B. forficata à disponibilidade hídrica no solo. Os baixos teores de amido em folhas nos tratamentos 7D e 15D podem explicar a manutenção dos teores de AST semelhante ao controle, bem como, o aumento dos ASTs após o retorno das regas diárias, os quais poderiam ser prontamente utilizados na osmorregulação e concomitante retomada do crescimento das plantas. A alta detecção de mio-inositol nas análises de HPAEC/PAD sugerem que os açúcares alcoóis podem constituir grande parte dos ASTs não redutores em folhas e raízes de B. forficata. Nas raízes, os aumentos na concentração de glicerol, galactinol e galactosilglicerol detectados por GC/MS seguem o gradiente de disponibilidade hídrica dos tratamentos, indicando uma função osmorreguladora destes açúcares em B. forficata. / The water deficit caused by drought occurs when root water uptake cannot attend plant demands to maintain photosynthesis and transpiration, two essential processes for plant growth. Aiming to evaluate the influence of water deficits of different intensities on water relations, gas exchange, growth, and carbohydrate accumulation, potted plants of Bauhinia forficata Link were grown under greenhouse conditions during three months and submitted to the following water regimes: daily irrigated (control) and irrigated every 7 (7D) or 15 days (15D), recovering the daily irrigations after 75 days of the beginning of the experiment. At fortnightly intervals (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 days) we evaluated soil moisture (Usolo), leaf water potential (wf), photosynthesis in response to photosynthetically active radiation (AxPAR) to obtain the maximum net assimilation (Amax) and light saturation point (PARsat), total leaf area (AFT) and dry mass (MS) of leaves (MSf), stems (MSc) and roots (MSr). Leaves and roots were also sampled for analyses of total soluble sugars (AST), reducing sugars (AR), starch (S), and free proline (Pro) by colorimetric methods. The analyses of the soluble sugar composition were carried out by HPAEC/PAD and GC/MS. The imposed water stress affected the water relations, photosynthesis, and plant growth. Decreases in Usolo values observed in the treatments 7D and 15D, respectively, coincided with the lowest wf, Amax and accumulation of MS. Changes in PARsat in response to water deficit showed mean values of 665, 275, and 254 mol photons m-2 s-1 in control, 7D, and 15D, respectively. The re-watering after 75 days led to the recovery of Amax (7.8 and 9.6 mol CO2 m-2 s-1) and PARsat (588 and 643 mol photons m-2 s-1) of plants 7D and 15D, respectively, at 90 days, with higher values than those observed in the control plants (4.7 mol CO2 m-2 s-1 e 631 mol photons m-2 s-1), suggesting a strong dependence of the photosynthesis of B. forficata of the soil water availability. The low leaf starch contents in the 7D and 15D treatments could explain the maintenance of the concentration of AST similar to control, as well as the increase in AST contents after re-watering. These sugars could be promptly used for osmoregulation and concomitant re-start of plant growth. The presence of high amounts of of myo-inositol detected by HPAEC/PAD analysis suggests that sugar alcohols can constitute the major part of non-reducing ASTs in leaves and roots of B. forficata. In roots, increases in the contents of glycerol, galactinol, and galactoglycerol detected by GC/MS indicating that these sugars can play a role in the osmoregulation of B. forficata.