The first part of my Diploma Thesis is dedicated to dying, it focuses on the perspective of the dying person. It also deals with the essential topics as hospice and palliative care. The second part tries to analyse ethically and evaluate in what sense is dying activity or inactivity and what possible moral attitudes may engage dying person in process of dying. At the beginning of the second part, there are defined the key words activity and inactivity. Basically, I'm trying to use this analysis to ethnically evaluate in which sense of dying is the dying person actually conducting and in which failures to act. Then follows simple typological analysis and evalauation based on inspiring typology of German philosopher Robert Spaemann. In the final part of the Thesis there are implied some connections between dying and the problem of sense of life. The most important is the answer of this question if needs of the sense is belong to everyone (included of dying people) in the same way. Also, how important is the influence in moral attitude of actual human after the sense of life.

A universal human dignity, conceived as an inherent and inalienable value or worth in all human beings, which ought to be recognised, respected and protected by others, has become one of the most prominent and widely promoted interpretations of human dignity, especially in international human rights law. Yet, it is also one of the most difficult interpretations of human dignity to justify and ground. The fundamental problem rests on how one can justify bestowing an equal high worth to all human lives, whilst also attributing to all human life a worth that is superior to all non-human animal life. To avoid the speciesist charge it seems necessary to provide further reasons, over and above species membership, for why all humans have a unique worth and dignity. However, intrinsic capacities, such as autonomy, intelligence or language use, are too demanding for many humans (including foetuses or the severely cognitively disabled) to meet the required minimum standard, whilst also being obtainable by some non-human animals, regardless of where the level is set. This thesis offers a solution to this problem by turning instead to the significance of the relational ties between individuals or groups that transcend individual capacities and abilities, and consequently does not require that all individuals in the group need meet the minimum required capacity for full moral status. Rather, it is argued that a universal human dignity could be grounded in our social nature, the interconnectedness and interdependence of human life and the morally considerable relationships that can and do arise from it, especially in regards to our shared vulnerability and dependence, and our ability to engage in caring relationships. Care represents the antithesis to the dehumanizing effects of humiliation, and other degrading and dehumanizing acts, and as a relational concept, human dignity is often best realised through our caring relationships. The way that individuals and groups treat each other has a fundamental role in determining both an individual’s sense of self-worth and well-being, as well as their perceived public value and worth. Thus, whilst species membership is not in itself morally fundamental or basic, it often shapes the nature of our social and moral relations. These relational ties between humans, it is argued, distinguish us most clearly from other non-human animals and accord human relationships a special moral significance or dignity.

This dissertation documents the everyday lives and spaces of a population of youth typically constructed as out of place, and the broader urban context in which they are rendered as such. Thirty-three female and transgender street youth participated in the development of this youth-based participatory action research (YPAR) project utilizing geo-ethnographic methods, auto-photography, and archival research throughout a six-phase, eighteen-month research process in Bogotá, Colombia. This dissertation details the participatory writing process that enabled the YPAR research team to destabilize dominant representations of both street girls and urban space and the participatory mapping process that enabled the development of a youth vision of the city through cartographic images. The maps display individual and aggregate spatial data indicating trends within and making comparisons between three subgroups of the research population according to nine spatial variables. These spatial data, coupled with photographic and ethnographic data, substantiate that street girls’ mobilities and activity spaces intersect with and are altered by state-sponsored urban renewal projects and paramilitary-led social cleansing killings, both efforts to clean up Bogotá by purging the city center of deviant populations and places. Advancing an ethical approach to conducting research with excluded populations, this dissertation argues for the enactment of critical field praxis and care ethics within a YPAR framework to incorporate young people as principal research actors rather than merely voices represented in adultist academic discourse. Interjection of considerations of space, gender, and participation into the study of street youth produce new ways of envisioning the city and the role of young people in research. Instead of seeing the city from a panoptic view, Bogotá is revealed through the eyes of street youth who participated in the construction and feminist visualization of a new cartography and counter-map of the city grounded in embodied, situated praxis. This dissertation presents a socially responsible approach to conducting action-research with high-risk youth by documenting how street girls reclaim their right to the city on paper and in practice; through maps of their everyday exclusion in Bogotá followed by activism to fight against it.

Das Dissertationsvorhaben greift zu Beginn einen Praxisfall im Krankenhaus auf und verdeutlicht exemplarisch, dass der Krankenhausarzt in einen Konflikt zwischen ökonomischen und ethischen Anforderungen gerät. Um die Frage beantworten zu können, wie die soziale Praxis der Krankenhausärzte gelingen kann, wird das Problem im ersten Schritt rekonstruiert. Nach der Diskussion verschiedener Lösungsansätze für das Problem im zweiten Schritt, werden im dritten Schritt Anregungen für die Praxis abgeleitet.

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The concept of care has recently gained significant attention in cultural institutions and among artists. This trend was particularly evident in 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic and the Black Lives Matter movement, which contributed to increased public programming focused on caring practices and the concept of care. One notable example is documenta fifteen, organized by ruangrupa, which used "lumbung" (a method of collectivity and sharing) as its core working method for both funding distribution and organization. Previous research has shown how the role of the curator has changed from one who takes care of artworks to one that is dependent on “social infrastructures and personal charm.” This study identifies problems and structures that hinder care practices among curators through interviews and an auto-ethnographic approach.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T13:10:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Marques Ferreira.pdf: 1136535 bytes, checksum: 3c653d7eaddb2859712b6d72d5995c0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-12 / The Community Health Workers (CHW) show themselves to be intriguing actors in what concerns the dialogue between the common knowledge and practice with the medical and scientifical knowledge. By the very nature of their work, they deal with an ethical and humane practice, which is connected to the very exercise of citizenship. However, neither do they possess a Code of Professional Ethics that endorses them, nor are they trained to solve ethical problems related to their daily life. Hence, the goal of this dissertation submitted as a requirement for the Master's degree was to show the perception of the inherently ethical aspects of the CHW who work in the Family Health Teams (FHT) in the city of Rolândia, state of Paraná, Brazil, by the means of a study that was both quantitative and qualitative and of descriptive ethics, hence non-normative. The subjects of said study were 52 (fifty two) female CHW out of the 72 (seventy two) CHW who work in the twelve FHT in that city. For the acquiring of systematic data, two steps were taken: 1) A sociologic and economic questionnaire was applied, followed by 2) a semi-structured interview, in which all CHW were exposed to three theoretical situations that are common in their daily practice, concerning: Systemic hypertension (SH), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and taking care of teenagers. All of their interviews were read and analyzed by the "content analysis" method. Eight thematic axes were identified, allowing their perceptions on daily ethical issues to be comprehended. Even though the participants don't have a code of deontology, they tend to guide their conduct by their own moral principles and did present answers that were considered, most of the times, to be correct. However, every single one of them stated that they believe the existence of such code to be necessary, in example of other professional categories. The interviews revealed the ethical dilemmas that spring from such a close relation to the community and also how these women perceived the complexity of these, otherwise, simple hypothetical situations. The proposed educational measure of intervention is the contextualized training of the CHW that work in Rolândia, which will certainly enhance their capability to take action / Os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) revelam-se atores intrigantes no que se refere ao diálogo entre os saberes e práticas populares com o conhecimento médico-científico. Pela natureza do seu trabalho, lidam com uma prática ética, humana e vinculada ao exercício da cidadania. No entanto, não possuem um Código de Ética Profissional que os respaldem ou são capacitados para solucionar questões éticas relacionadas ao seu cotidiano. Nesse sentido, o objetivo dessa dissertação de mestrado foi revelar a percepção dos aspectos éticos inerentes ao processo de trabalho dos ACS que atuam na ESF do município de Rolândia, do estado do Paraná, por meio de estudo, quantitativo e qualitativo, de ética descritiva, portanto, de cunho não normativo. Os sujeitos do estudo foram 52 (cinquenta e dois) ACS do sexo feminino dos 72 (setenta e dois) que trabalham nas 12 (doze) equipes da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) de Rolândia, Paraná. Para coleta sistemática dos dados foi aplicado um questionário para obtenção dos dados sociodemográficos (primeira etapa) seguido de entrevista semi-estruturada (segunda etapa), onde as ACS foram expostas a três situações hipotéticas comuns em sua vivência profissional sobre: Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS), Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) e atendimento com adolescentes. Os discursos foram lidos e analisados pelo método da análise de conteúdo . Oito eixos temáticos foram identificados permitindo a compreensão da percepção das ACS quanto a questões éticas cotidianas. Apesar das participantes desta pesquisa não terem o referencial de um código de deontologia, balizam sua conduta em preceitos morais e apresentaram respostas que foram consideradas em sua maioria corretas. No entanto, todas as ACS declararam que acham importante a existência de legislação específica, à semelhança de outras profissões. As entrevistas revelaram os dilemas éticos oriundos deste relacionamento próximo com a comunidade e como elas percebem os casos apresentados, que são triviais, mas complexos. A medida de intervenção educativa proposta é a capacitação contextualizada das ACS de Rolândia, o que certamente potencializará suas ações